Landscape and Urban Planning最新文献_第5页

Availability is not enough, but visitation and usage matter: Assessing associations between natural environments and depressive and anxiety symptoms 可用性是不够的，但访问和使用很重要：评估自然环境与抑郁和焦虑症状之间的关系

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105288

Yuliang Lan , Matthew H.E.M. Browning , Marco Helbich

Background

Few studies have simultaneously considered nature availability and visitation frequency in nature-mental health research, with even fewer distinguished different types of green and blue spaces.

Objective

To assess the pathways linking nature availability and visitation frequency with three mediators to depressive and anxiety symptoms, considering various green and blue space types. We also examined whether income moderated these pathways.

Methods

A population-representative survey of 11,505 adults was conducted in the Netherlands. Respondents self-reported their depressive and anxiety symptoms, and visitation frequency to different types of green and blue spaces. Nature availability was captured based on respondents’ residential neighborhoods. We employed structural equation modelling to understand the theorized pathways.

Results

More frequent visits to all types of green and blue spaces, except lakes, were associated with weaker depressive symptoms through one or more mediators. Residential nature availability was only indirectly associated with depressive symptoms. Green space availability was associated with depressive symptoms through forest visits and subsequently social contact, physical activity, and stress reduction. Associations between blue space availability and depressive symptoms were serially mediated by visits to rivers or beaches and subsequently by physical activity. The results for anxiety symptoms were largely insignificant. Income moderated pathways related to blue space and sports field visits.

Conclusions

Merely having natural spaces in a residential neighborhood may not be sufficient to yield mental health benefits. Instead, the frequency of nature visits and the specific activities therein may play crucial roles. Planning professionals might need to prioritize promoting the visitation and usage of green and blue spaces as part of mental health promotion efforts.

在自然心理健康研究中，很少有研究同时考虑到自然的可用性和访问频率，区分不同类型的绿色和蓝色空间的研究就更少了。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring the effectiveness of street renewal design: Insights from visual preference surveys, deep-learning technology, and eye-tracking simulation software 衡量街道更新设计的有效性：来自视觉偏好调查、深度学习技术和眼动追踪模拟软件的见解

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105291

Rong Liu , Paulina Neisch

This study investigates the impact of urban renewal projects (URPs) on the visual quality of street space (VQoS) through the evaluation of both psychological and visual perception, addressing the significant gap in empirical evidence. Analysing fifty-one URPs in densely populated Asian cities with complex urban settings, it assesses how measurable changes in spatial features such as greenness, walkability, and openness affect perceived VQoS pre- and post-renewal to identify the effective street improvements. The methodology includes capturing multi-year Google Street View images (SVIs) of selected URPs and conducting online visual preference surveys to gather data on perceived VQoS. Deep learning algorithms were used to identify key elements within the street scene. Additionally, eye-tracking emulation technology was utilized to investigate how individuals subconsciously interact with visual stimuli, aiming to determine whether variations in perceived VQoS are linked to how readily transformed street elements capture visual attention. Results indicate that VQoS improvements are predominantly associated with increased greenery, suggesting that enhanced green spaces contribute to higher visual appeal. There is also an unconscious preference for visually engaging with street elements, such as buildings and greenery, while less detailed areas, including sidewalks, driveways, and unadorned building façades, are often overlooked. Moreover, attention-catching designs of new building facades can significantly enhance VQoS. These findings suggest that urban design interventions should prioritize incorporating greenery and visually stimulating elements to create more engaging and visually appealing street spaces, thereby improving the overall visual quality of urban environments.

本研究通过对心理和视觉感知的评估，探讨了城市更新项目（URPs）对街道空间视觉质量（VQoS）的影响，解决了经验证据的重大空白。本文分析了亚洲人口密集城市的51个urp，评估了绿地、步行性和开放性等空间特征的可测量变化如何影响更新前后感知的VQoS，以确定有效的街道改善措施。该方法包括捕获选定urp的多年谷歌街景图像（SVIs），并进行在线视觉偏好调查，以收集感知VQoS的数据。深度学习算法用于识别街景中的关键元素。此外，眼动追踪仿真技术被用于研究个体如何下意识地与视觉刺激相互作用，旨在确定感知到的VQoS的变化是否与转换后的街道元素捕获视觉注意力的容易程度有关。结果表明，VQoS的改善主要与绿化的增加有关，这表明增强的绿色空间有助于提高视觉吸引力。还有一种无意识的偏好，即在视觉上与街道元素相结合，例如建筑物和绿色植物，而不太详细的区域，包括人行道、车道和未经装饰的建筑立面，往往被忽视。此外，引人注目的新建筑立面设计可以显著提高VQoS。这些发现表明，城市设计干预措施应优先考虑将绿化和视觉刺激元素结合起来，以创造更具吸引力和视觉吸引力的街道空间，从而改善城市环境的整体视觉质量。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of imageability of architecture on brain health: A systematic literature review 建筑可想象性对大脑健康的影响：一项系统的文献综述

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105286

Cristian A. Maestre , Shana Garza , Yohany Albornoz , Silvia Mejia-Arango , Jesus D. Melgarejo , Gladys E. Maestre

Imageability is a component of urban design and planning that has been recognized for its potential to enhance people’s perceptual and emotional engagement with their environment. Nevertheless, evidence supporting specific strategies and its mpacts on brain health is still unclear. This systematic review aimed to characterize and summarize the evidence on the importance of imageability of architecture for brain cognitive and psychological health.

This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Our keywords included imageability and architecture, environment, built environment, neuroarchitecture, aphantasia, urban design, memorability, visual recall, mental visualization, architectural features, façade, wayfinding, familiarity, vividness, cognition, expectations, green walls, biophilia, aesthetics, emotions, embodied cognition and embodiment. We searched electronic databases for studies showing the relationship among imageability, architecture, and neuroscience.

From the 5,270 identified articles, we included 56 original peer-reviewed articles. The findings suggest that environments with high imageability are correlated with better cognitive and psychological health, high emotional engagement, and enhanced social connectivity. In conclusion, studies have also highlighted that high-imageability environments enhance livability, promote wayfinding, and support physical activity. However, some gaps were identified, including the need for standardized methods to assess imageability and its impact on brain health by examining brain structures and functions with imaging studies. Imageability seems to play an important role in creating environments that promote cognitive and psychological health, physical activity and foster a sense of community belonging. Future research should focus on developing objective, replicable methods for evaluating imageability and exploring the neural paths that underlie its effects.

形象性是城市设计和规划的一个组成部分，它被认为具有增强人们对环境的感知和情感参与的潜力。然而，支持具体策略及其对大脑健康影响的证据仍不明确。本系统综述旨在描述和总结有关建筑形象性对大脑认知和心理健康重要性的证据。

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引用次数: 0

Methods for quantifying the cooling effect of urban green spaces using remote sensing: A comparative study 城市绿地降温效果的遥感量化方法比较研究

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105289

Wen Zhou, Yiqi Yu, Shihan Zhang, Jie Xu, Tao Wu

The cooling effect of urban green space (UGS) and its influencing factors have been extensively studied. However, the related results are sporadic, irregular, and even contradictory, which largely prevented the application of results to practical actions. One of the main reason may be the lack of consistency in the literature regarding the method used to quantify the cooling effect of UGS. In this study, three common methods using to quantify the cooling effect of UGS including buffer averaging method, visual interpretation method and basin analogy method were verified, compared, and evaluated. This study confirmed that different quantitative methods of measuring the cooling effect of UGS can lead to considerable differences in the results. The buffer averaging method is only applicable to conditions that the shape of UGS is regular and its surrounding landscape is homogenized, otherwise the cooling effect is easily overestimated. Visual interpretation method is the most laborious but recommended method, since it has high accuracy and can describe the directionality of cooling effect of the UGS to surrounding environment. The cooling effect quantified using basin analogy method may be uniformly overestimated or underestimated with the setting of the slope threshold, but it does not affect its accurate representation of the strength order of the cooling effect among different UGSs. The results calculated by visual interpretation method and basin analogy method are credible and highly correlated. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting and unifying quantitative method of cooling effect of UGS, which also helps to parallel compare and organize the results of relevant studies.

城市绿地（UGS）的降温效果及其影响因素已被广泛研究。然而，相关研究结果零星、不规范，甚至相互矛盾，这在很大程度上阻碍了研究结果在实际行动中的应用。其中一个主要原因可能是文献中用于量化 UGS 冷却效果的方法缺乏一致性。本研究验证、比较和评估了三种常用的 UGS 冷却效果量化方法，包括缓冲区平均法、目视解释法和流域类比法。该研究证实，不同的定量测量 UGS 冷却效果的方法会导致测量结果存在很大差异。缓冲区平均法只适用于 UGS 形状规则、周围景观均匀的条件，否则冷却效果容易被高估。目视判读法是最费力但值得推荐的方法，因为这种方法精度高，能描述 UGS 对周围环境降温效应的方向性。采用盆地类比法量化的降温效应可能会随着坡度阈值的设置而被均匀地高估或低估，但这并不影响其准确表达不同 UGS 之间降温效应的强弱顺序。直观解释法和盆地类比法计算的结果可信度高，相关性强。本研究强调了选择和统一 UGS 冷却效应定量方法的重要性，也有助于对相关研究结果进行平行比较和整理。

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引用次数: 0

Insufficient space: Prioritizing large tree species and planting designs still fail to meet urban forest canopy targets 空间不足：优先考虑大型树种和种植设计仍然不能满足城市森林冠层的目标

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105287

Paticia Rettondini Torquato, Christopher Szota, Amy K. Hahs, Stefan K. Arndt, Stephen J. Livesley

The benefits associated with urban forests have led municipalities to set ambitious canopy cover targets to be achieved over the next few decades. Identifying tree species and planting strategies that can achieve these targets is crucial. We applied species-specific tree crown growth models for 20 species commonly planted in Melbourne, Australia to simulate canopy cover increase in newly developed residential suburb over 30 years (2025–2055). Tree species selection and planting strategies were simulated under high and low rainfall. The default strategy represented current tree species selection and planting practices. The two alternative strategies i) occupied all available street planting spaces prioritizing the planting of large crown species at maturity, and ii) occupied all available street planting spaces, maximizing the number of trees planted. Both the default strategy and maximising the number of trees planted achieved 11–15 % canopy cover after 30 years. Prioritising planting trees with large crowns at maturity achieved 16–22 % canopy cover after 30 years. Low rainfall reduced canopy cover in all scenarios by 4–6 %. Increasing the number of species with a large crown at maturity will likely achieve higher canopy cover. However, canopy cover targets will be difficult to achieve unless tree planting on private property increases.

城市森林带来的好处促使市政当局制定了雄心勃勃的林冠覆盖目标，希望在未来几十年内实现。确定能够实现这些目标的树种和种植策略至关重要。本文以澳大利亚墨尔本20种常见树种为研究对象，应用树种特异性树冠生长模型，模拟了30年（2025-2055年）新开发住宅郊区冠层盖度的增长。模拟了高、低降雨条件下的树种选择和种植策略。默认策略代表了当前的树种选择和种植实践。两种策略：(1)占据所有可用的街道种植空间，优先种植成熟的大型冠状树种；(2)占据所有可用的街道种植空间，最大限度地增加树木的种植数量。默认策略和最大化树木种植数量在30年后都实现了11 - 15%的树冠覆盖率。优先种植成熟期树冠大的树木，30年后树冠覆盖率达到16 - 22%。低降雨量使所有情景下的冠层盖度减少4 - 6%。增加成熟期大冠的物种数量可能会获得更高的冠层覆盖。然而，除非增加在私人土地上植树，否则很难达到树冠覆盖的目标。

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引用次数: 0

Nature in nature-based solutions in urban planning 城市规划中基于自然的自然解决方案

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105282

Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira

There has been a surge of academic studies on nature-based solutions in the last decades, reflecting the growing view that nature can help us address the climate and the ecological crises. While definitions of nature-based solutions are commonly referenced in the literature, “nature” itself is rarely defined. This article investigates the ideas of nature in nature-based solutions discourses in urban planning and argues that unpacking their connotations is crucial for a more precise and locally sensitive development of planning for humans and more-than-humans. The findings reveal that “nature” is often used abstractly or through proxies such as ecosystem services or biodiversity. Although the place-specificity of NBS is recognized in the literature, local definitions and values of nature are not sufficiently included, which can compromise the long-term uptake of NBS. The study further highlights the growing recognition of the plural values of nature and the potential for ecocentric approaches to challenge the anthropocentric underpinnings of NBS. The article concludes that unpacking the often-diverging meanings of nature is paramount for a more conscious development of NBS research in planning theory and practice, enhancing the effectiveness, inclusivity, and environmental justice of NBS initiatives and their effective mainstreaming. By embracing plural definitions of nature and fostering a deeper understanding of human-nature relationships, NBS research can support more sustainable, resilient, and equitable urban futures.

在过去的几十年里，关于基于自然的解决方案的学术研究激增，反映出越来越多的人认为自然可以帮助我们解决气候和生态危机。虽然基于自然的解决方案的定义通常在文献中被引用，但“自然”本身很少被定义。本文研究了城市规划中基于自然的解决方案话语中的自然理念，并认为揭示其内涵对于更精确、更本地敏感的人类和超越人类的规划发展至关重要。研究结果表明，“自然”经常被抽象地使用，或者通过生态系统服务或生物多样性等代理来使用。虽然在文献中认识到国家统计局的地方特异性，但没有充分包括当地的定义和自然价值，这可能会影响国家统计局的长期吸收。该研究进一步强调了人们日益认识到自然的多元价值，以及生态中心方法对国家统计局的人类中心主义基础提出挑战的潜力。本文的结论是，揭示自然的不同含义对于在规划理论和实践中更有意识地发展国家统计局研究，增强国家统计局举措的有效性、包容性和环境正义，并有效地将其纳入主流至关重要。通过对自然的多元定义和促进对人与自然关系的更深入理解，国家统计局的研究可以支持更可持续、更有弹性和更公平的城市未来。

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引用次数: 0

A hybrid framework for assessing outdoor thermal comfort in large-scale urban environments 评估大规模城市环境中室外热舒适度的混合框架

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105281

Siqi Jia , Yuhong Wang , Nyuk Hien Wong , Qihao Weng

Given the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and global warming, outdoor thermal comfort has become crucial for urban livability. However, there is a lack of field survey-based research on large-scale thermal comfort assessment across continuous urban spaces. To address this gap, this study developed a framework for assessing outdoor thermal comfort. A total number of 668 onsite observations from field studies during the daytime on typical summer days were collected and used for model development. The sites were distributed in diverse local climate zones (LCZs) of Hong Kong, enabling the prediction of outdoor thermal comfort across the city under different urban settings. A neural network model was trained for predicting daytime outdoor thermal comfort based on both meteorological and morphological variables. Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used to indicate objective measures of human thermal comfort. The model was then applied to wider urban layouts and dynamic climatic conditions. The results revealed that during extreme hot conditions, approximately 74.8% of areas experienced strong to extreme heat stress, with thermal sensations classified as hot or very hot, while the remaining 25.3% fell under moderate heat stress. High levels of thermal stress were observed in urban layouts of low-rise buildings, with LCZ 3 showing the highest extreme heat stress percentage at 61.3%, followed closely by LCZ 6 at 57.6%. In both LCZs, over 90% of areas faced strong to extreme thermal stress. These findings are crucial for identifying urban regions with high thermal stress. The framework could be valuable for cities with similar climate and geographical contexts.

考虑到快速城市化和全球变暖带来的挑战，室外热舒适已经成为城市宜居性的关键。然而，基于现场调查的大尺度连续城市空间热舒适评价研究尚缺乏。为了解决这一差距，本研究开发了一个评估室外热舒适的框架。在典型的夏季白天，收集了668个实地研究的现场观测数据，并将其用于模型开发。这些站点分布在香港不同的本地气候带（lcz），可以预测不同城市环境下整个城市的室外热舒适。建立了基于气象和形态变量的室外热舒适预测神经网络模型。通用热气候指数（UTCI）是人类热舒适的客观指标。然后将该模型应用于更广泛的城市布局和动态气候条件。结果表明，在极端高温条件下，约74.8%的地区经历了强烈到极端热应激，热感觉分为热或非常热，其余25.3%的地区处于中等热应激状态。低层建筑的城市布局中存在高水平的热应力，其中lcz3的极端热应力百分比最高，为61.3%，其次是lcz6，为57.6%。在这两个lccs中，超过90%的地区面临强至极端热应力。这些发现对于确定高热应力的城市区域至关重要。该框架对气候和地理环境相似的城市可能很有价值。

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引用次数: 0

Urban equity of park use in peri-urban areas during the Covid-19 pandemic 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间城郊地区公园使用的城市公平性

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105269

Yangyi Wu , Yehua Dennis Wei , Meitong Liu , Ivis García

Studies of parks underscore the significance of park equity, considering both its quantity and quality. However, the vulnerability of peri-urban communities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic concerning park utilization, goes beyond what objective assessments of access and quality can capture. Based on a multidimensional and comparative framework and combining objective evaluation and subjective perceptions and demands, this study explores park equity within Salt Lake City during COVID-19, spotlighting variations between urban and peri-urban areas. The analysis identifies pronounced regional disparities in park equity measures. The southern peri-urban community is identified as a disadvantaged group regarding accessibility by traditional spatial measures, yet their own perception of accessibility remains optimistic. While the urban center and west peri-urban groups generally share similar objective accessibility indices, their perceptions vary, and a discernible west-east disparity in park quality emerges, especially in terms of amenities. The analysis of demands and preferences also shows that western residents have a higher need for essential infrastructure enhancements to offset their current underdeveloped parks. The COVID-19 pandemic further magnified these disparities, emphasizing western communities’ vulnerabilities as they are more likely to be affected by quality perception issues than the other two groups. Additionally, the intricate and non-linear dynamics of park visitation choices during the pandemic highlight the necessity for a cross-disciplinary synthesis in urban planning paradigms.

公园的研究强调了公园公平的重要性，从数量和质量两个方面考虑。然而，城郊社区的脆弱性，特别是在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，超出了对可及性和质量的客观评估所能捕捉到的范围。本研究基于多维比较框架，结合客观评价和主观感知与需求，探讨了2019冠状病毒病疫情期间盐湖城公园的公平性，突出了城市和城郊地区之间的差异。分析表明，在公园公平措施方面存在明显的地区差异。通过传统的空间测量，南部近郊社区在可达性方面被确定为弱势群体，但他们自己对可达性的看法仍然乐观。虽然城市中心和西部城郊群体普遍具有相似的客观可达性指标，但他们的感知却存在差异，并且在公园质量方面出现了明显的东西差异，特别是在设施方面。对需求和偏好的分析也表明，西部居民对基本基础设施的改善有更高的需求，以抵消他们目前不发达的公园。2019冠状病毒病大流行进一步扩大了这些差距，凸显了西方社区的脆弱性，因为他们比其他两个群体更容易受到质量认知问题的影响。此外，大流行期间公园游客选择的复杂和非线性动态突出了跨学科综合城市规划范式的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

An audience segmentation study of native plant gardening behaviors in the United States 美国本土植物园艺行为的受众细分研究

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105272

Veronica M. Champine , Kaiya Tamlyn , Megan S. Jones , Meena M. Balgopal , Brett Bruyere , Jennifer N. Solomon , Rebecca M. Niemiec

Audience segmentation can be used to identify target audiences in environmental public engagement and communication, but few studies have used segmentation to study biodiversity conservation behavior. This study used segmentation to better understand perceptions and behaviors around different types of actions related to native plant gardening. With a United States representative survey (n = 1,200), we measured beliefs and intentions to engage in personal-sphere (i.e., individual), social diffusion (i.e., encouraging others to act), and civic action behavior (e.g., voting). A latent class analysis (LCA) revealed four distinct groups within the population: Disengaged, Potential Adopters, Potential Amplifiers, and Potential Advocates. Each class comprised approximately one-quarter of the United States population. We found that certain groups are more receptive to personal-sphere behavior, while others may be more receptive to social diffusion behavior or civic action behavior. The groups varied by key distinguishing characteristics: perceptions around civic action, previous personal-sphere and social diffusion behavior, and intentions to engage in personal-sphere action. Findings revealed opportunities to create tailored public engagement strategies to engage different groups in urban biodiversity conservation behavior.

受众细分可以用来识别环境公众参与和传播中的目标受众，但很少有研究将受众细分用于研究生物多样性保护行为。本研究使用分割来更好地理解围绕与原生植物园艺相关的不同类型行动的感知和行为。通过一项美国代表性调查（n = 1200），我们测量了参与个人领域（即个人）、社会扩散（即鼓励他人行动）和公民行动行为（如投票）的信念和意图。潜在阶级分析（LCA）揭示了人群中四个不同的群体：不参与群体、潜在采用者、潜在放大者和潜在倡导者。每个阶层大约占美国人口的四分之一。我们发现，某些群体更容易接受个人领域行为，而另一些群体可能更容易接受社会扩散行为或公民行动行为。这些群体在关键的显著特征上有所不同：对公民行动的看法，以前的个人领域和社会扩散行为，以及参与个人领域行动的意图。研究结果揭示了创建量身定制的公众参与策略以吸引不同群体参与城市生物多样性保护行为的机会。

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引用次数: 0

Dietary diversification of an insect predator along an urban-rural gradient 城乡梯度下昆虫捕食者的膳食多样化

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105273

Carolin Scholz , Tobias Teige , Kevine P. Ngoufack Djoumessi , Sascha Buchholz , Fabienne Pritsch , Aimara Planillo , Christian C. Voigt

Urbanisation generally leads to a loss of taxonomic and functional diversity in almost all animal taxa, yet a mosaic of highly variable habitats within the urban matrix could offer a diversity of insect prey to highly mobile predators such as bats. We therefore asked if insect-feeding bats change in trophic interactions along rural–urban gradients.

We predicted that the diet of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) diversifies with increasing levels of urbanisation and that urban bats include more pest and nuisance insect species than rural conspecifics.

Using metabarcoding of faecal samples over three years of sampling, we observed a more diverse diet in urban compared with rural noctule bats. Furthermore, urban bats consumed more than twice as many agricultural pests and six times as many nuisance insects as their rural conspecifics. Finally, insect species richness in the diet decreased with increasing levels of sealed surface and vegetation cover at the sampling site.

We argue that a highly mobile bat species such as the noctule bat compensate for the lower abundance of insects in urban areas by foraging over relatively large spatial scales, including adjacent rural areas. A high proportion of pest and nuisance insects highlights the importance of urban bats for providing important ecosystem services to humans. Urban planning needs to consider maintaining and establishing dark flight corridors and a diversity of habitats to support urban bat populations.

城市化通常会导致几乎所有动物类群的分类和功能多样性的丧失，然而，在城市矩阵中，高度可变的栖息地可以为蝙蝠等高度移动的捕食者提供多样化的昆虫猎物。因此，我们想知道食虫蝙蝠是否会沿着乡村-城市梯度改变营养相互作用。

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引用次数: 0