Landscape and Urban Planning最新文献_第6页

New York City 2100: Environmental justice implications of future scenarios for addressing extreme heat 2100 年的纽约市：应对极端高温的未来方案对环境正义的影响

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105249

Maya Dutta , Pablo Herreros-Cantis , Timon McPhearson , Ahmed Mustafa , Matthew I. Palmer , Mika Tosca , Jennifer Ventrella , Elizabeth M. Cook

Climate-driven hazards, such as extreme heat or precipitation, are threatening the current and future livability of New York City (NYC) and disproportionately affecting low-income communities and communities of color. To envision future climate resilience, government stakeholders and researchers co-produced future scenarios for 2100 in response to climate hazards for NYC during participatory workshops in Fall 2021. A commonly co-produced strategy included urban green infrastructure (UGI) because of its potential to retain runoff and provide cooling benefits. We ask, what are the potential environmental justice implications of ecosystem services provisioned from UGI distribution in the co-produced NYC future scenario compared to a business-as-usual future scenario? To analyze potential outcomes and tradeoffs, we integrated spatially-explicit UGI strategies into simulated land use and cover models. We then assessed two ecosystem services (flood and heat mitigation) using the spatially-explicit tool Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). We explored potential environmental justice implications by comparing the provision of ecosystem services to sociodemographic indicators within census block groups between scenarios. Presently, ecosystem services are disproportionately lower for communities of color, including predominantly Asian, Black/African-American, and Hispanic/Latino communities. In future scenarios we found ecosystem service provision will decrease within these communities under business-as-usual land development. The future scenario co-produced for extreme heat resilience, however, shows an increase in overall provisioning across NYC, including in neighborhoods with a high proportion of people of color. Our results show that co-produced future scenarios can be used to inform strategic future planning for inclusive adaptation decisions to improve future climate resilience and justice.

极端高温或降水等气候灾害正威胁着纽约市（NYC）当前和未来的宜居性，对低收入社区和有色人种社区的影响尤为严重。为了展望未来的气候适应能力，政府利益相关者和研究人员在 2021 年秋季的参与式研讨会上共同制定了 2100 年纽约市应对气候灾害的未来方案。共同制定的一项战略包括城市绿色基础设施（UGI），因为它具有截留径流和提供降温效益的潜力。我们要问的是，与 "一切照旧 "的未来情景相比，在共同制定的纽约市未来情景中，城市绿色基础设施分布所提供的生态系统服务对环境正义有哪些潜在影响？为了分析潜在的结果和权衡，我们将空间明确的 UGI 策略整合到模拟的土地利用和覆盖模型中。然后，我们使用空间显式工具生态系统服务和权衡综合估值 (InVEST) 评估了两种生态系统服务（洪水和热量缓解）。我们通过比较不同情景下人口普查区块组内生态系统服务的提供与社会人口指标，探讨了潜在的环境正义影响。目前，有色人种社区（主要包括亚裔、黑人/非裔美国人和西班牙裔/拉丁裔社区）的生态系统服务不成比例地较低。在未来情景中，我们发现在 "一切照旧 "的土地开发情况下，这些社区的生态系统服务供应将减少。然而，为抵御极端高温而共同设计的未来情景显示，整个纽约市（包括有色人种比例较高的社区）的总体供应量将增加。我们的研究结果表明，共同制作的未来情景可用于为包容性适应决策的未来战略规划提供信息，以改善未来的气候适应能力和公正性。

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引用次数: 0

Landscapes of thermal inequality: Exploring patterns of climate justice across multiple spatial scales in Spain 热不平等景观：探索西班牙多种空间尺度的气候公正模式

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105255

Szymon Marcińczak , Ricardo Iglesias-Pascual , Dominik Kopeć , Klaudia Wróbel , Veronika Mooses

Over the last four decades, global temperatures have seen a generalized, long-term increase, and Europe is at the forefront of this trend, with temperatures rising by over twice the global average in the past 30 years. And the problem of excessive heat exposure is disproportionately more serious urban areas than it is in rural areas. This study investigates the issue of thermal inequality in Southern Europe, a largely understudied region exposed to substantial heat stress. We selected five major Spanish cities that reflect different socio-demographic and environmental contexts of the country, using the city’s administrative boundaries as our unit of analysis. We used bespoke neighborhoods to investigate heat inequality at multiple spatial scales. To illustrate the relationship between the thermal inequality patterns and the socio-demographic characteristics of neighborhoods, we estimated three separate generalized least squares regression models for each city, with the outcome variable being the average land surface temperature values in bespoke neighborhoods across the three spatial scales: 300 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m. The actual link between heat exposure and neighborhood characteristics appears to be sensitive to the local social, economic, institutional, historical and geographical context. Nonetheless, the connection between heat exposure and residents’ socioeconomic status, as well as the association of neighborhood population density with land surface temperature, seems to maintain consistent significance, often retaining their importance despite the spatial scale of analysis and employed zoning method.

在过去的四十年里，全球气温出现了普遍、长期的上升，而欧洲正处于这一趋势的前沿，在过去的三十年里，气温上升幅度是全球平均水平的两倍多。而与农村地区相比，城市地区的过热问题要严重得多。本研究调查了南欧的热不平等问题，南欧在很大程度上是一个未被充分研究的地区，面临着巨大的热压力。我们选择了西班牙的五个主要城市，这些城市反映了该国不同的社会人口和环境背景，我们以城市的行政边界作为分析单位。我们使用定制街区来调查多个空间尺度上的热不平等问题。为了说明热不平等模式与居民区社会人口特征之间的关系，我们为每个城市分别估算了三个广义最小二乘法回归模型，结果变量为定制居民区在 300 米、1000 米和 2000 米三个空间尺度上的平均地表温度值。热暴露与居民区特征之间的实际联系似乎对当地的社会、经济、制度、历史和地理环境非常敏感。尽管如此，热暴露与居民社会经济地位之间的联系，以及居民区人口密度与地表温度之间的联系，似乎保持着一致的重要性，尽管分析的空间尺度和采用的分区方法不同，但其重要性往往保持不变。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated assessment of urban green infrastructure multifunctionality: Insights from Stavanger 城市绿色基础设施多功能性综合评估：斯塔万格的启示

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105257

Maria Korkou , Ari K.M. Tarigan , Hans Martin Hanslin

Optimised contributions of green infrastructure (GI) to urban ecosystem services are strongly related to its multifunctionality. The challenge, however, is that the concept of multifunctionality still needs to be transformed into an operationalised assessment to evaluate current performance, which is instrumental in supporting spatial planning and policy strategies. Using the case of Stavanger City (Norway), the study conducted a spatial assessment of the multifunctionality of the urban green infrastructure. The study used a comprehensive set of 27 function indicators estimated for each of the 156 spatial units classified by their type, age, size, and biophysical characteristics. Correlation patterns among indicators and how the average and effective multifunctionality related to unit characteristics were analysed using correlation and multivariate approaches.

The study demonstrated weak correlations between function indicators but revealed some potential trade-offs and function bundles. Notably, bundles related to tree cover (e.g. C sequestration, stormwater retention) had negative relationships with facilitation measures. There was a large overlap in functions between GI types associated with public green spaces and parks. Moreover, the characteristics of green infrastructure units, like size and age, primarily affected multifunctionality through effects on function indicators. Regarding the city-wide multifunctionality, we found some turnover and subsetting of functions among units, supporting multifunctionality at larger spatial scales. However, the average contributions from different GI types were similar. The study highlights the need to understand correlation patterns among function indicators and function bundles as critical to benefit from synergies and avoid unintentional trade-offs when designing and managing urban green areas.

绿色基础设施（GI）对城市生态系统服务的最佳贡献与其多功能性密切相关。然而，挑战在于多功能性的概念仍需转化为可操作的评估，以评价当前的性能，这对支持空间规划和政策战略至关重要。本研究以挪威斯塔万格市为例，对城市绿色基础设施的多功能性进行了空间评估。该研究采用了一套全面的 27 项功能指标，对 156 个空间单位的类型、年龄、大小和生物物理特征进行了分类。研究表明，功能指标之间的相关性较弱，但揭示了一些潜在的权衡和功能束。值得注意的是，与树木覆盖相关的功能束（如固碳、雨水滞留）与促进措施呈负相关。与公共绿地和公园相关的绿色基础设施类型在功能上有很大的重叠。此外，绿色基础设施单元的特征，如大小和年龄，主要通过对功能指标的影响来影响多功能性。在全市范围内的多功能性方面，我们发现各单元之间存在一些功能的更替和细分，这支持了较大空间尺度上的多功能性。不过，不同地理信息系统类型的平均贡献是相似的。这项研究强调，在设计和管理城市绿地时，需要了解功能指标和功能束之间的相关模式，这对于从协同效应中获益并避免无意的权衡取舍至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

“I like seeing people, different cultures, and hearing different music”: Exploring adolescent perspectives of inclusive and healthy high-rise and dense urban environment designs "我喜欢看人，喜欢不同的文化，喜欢听不同的音乐"：探索青少年对包容性健康高层建筑和密集城市环境设计的看法

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105252

Adrian Buttazzoni , Lindsey Smith , Ryan Lo , Alexander James David Wray , Jason Gilliland , Leia Minaker

As countries continue to urbanize, an increasing number of adolescents will live in densely populated urban areas, often residing in high-rise buildings. Despite these trends, many high-rises, and their surrounding areas, sparsely consider the needs of adolescents. This results in urban environments that are often ill-suited to sufficiently support the health and development of adolescents. In the present study, we conducted geo-logged and participant-led go-along interviews lasting between 40–120 min and travelling ∼ 1 km, from July-December 2023 to explore how adolescents (13–18 years; n = 22) perceived the inclusiveness and health-promoting qualities of high-rise and densified urban environments. We employed Gehl’s Inclusive Healthy Place Framework (IHPF) to inform our abductive thematic analysis and frame our ensuing discussions via its four guiding principles (i.e., context, process, design and program, sustain). Our findings outline 11 distinct themes highlighting the importance of desirable social and cultural activity options, meaningful local sites, and diversity in the local active use designs and spaces. Conversely, adolescents expressed worries regarding weak social connectivity, poor sanitation, lacking place legibility, and ‘anti-social’ designs. We discuss specific implications for urban design, planning, and health audiences regarding building (e.g., communal space) and neighborhood (e.g., streetscapes with patios) design.

随着各国城市化进程的不断推进，越来越多的青少年将生活在人口稠密的城市地区，他们通常居住在高层建筑中。尽管有这些趋势，但许多高层建筑及其周边地区却很少考虑到青少年的需求。这导致城市环境往往无法充分支持青少年的健康和发展。在本研究中，我们在 2023 年 7 月至 12 月期间进行了地理记录和参与者主导的随行访谈，访谈时间为 40-120 分钟，行程约 1 公里，以探讨青少年（13-18 岁；n = 22）如何看待高层建筑和密集化城市环境的包容性和促进健康的品质。我们采用 Gehl 的 "包容性健康场所框架"（IHPF）进行归纳式主题分析，并通过其四项指导原则（即环境、过程、设计和计划、持续）为接下来的讨论提供框架。我们的研究结果概述了 11 个不同的主题，强调了理想的社会和文化活动选择、有意义的当地场所以及当地活动设计和空间多样性的重要性。与此相反，青少年对薄弱的社会联系、恶劣的卫生条件、缺乏地方可识别性以及 "反社会 "设计表示担忧。我们讨论了城市设计、规划和健康受众对建筑（如公共空间）和社区（如带天井的街景）设计的具体影响。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-species ecological network based on asymmetric movement: Application in an urban rural fringe 基于不对称运动的多物种生态网络：在城乡边缘地区的应用

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105253

Mengyang Wang , Xue-yi You , Shu-ming Zhao

Ecological network (EN) is a popular approach for biodiversity conservation, which aims to facilitate animal movement between habitats. However, asymmetric movement caused by the subjectivity of animals and environment heterogeneity is seldom considered in EN design. To design EN based on asymmetric movement, an individual-based model, PDArunner, is developed, which can identify corridors based on explicit movement paths. Since the urban–rural fringe is susceptible to landscape change, a multi-species EN based on asymmetric movement is designed for Jinnan district, Tianjin, China by simulating movement of Mustela sibirica, Spilopelia chinensis and Gallinula chloropus using PDArunner. Asymmetric movement is partitioned based on the size of departure and arrival habitats. Asymmetric corridors are thus identified based on movement in particular direction. In Jinnan, successful transfer rate of focal species from small to large habitat increases with difference in habitat size. The spatial extent of asymmetric corridors is more concentrated for G. chloropus. There are more corridors from large to small habitats than in the opposite direction, especially for S. chinensis and G. chloropus. There are more one-way corridors for S. chinensis and G. chloropus than M. sibirica. Perceptible high vegetation coverage places with large enough contrast to environment are suggested to be consecutive within 50 m for M. sibirica in Jinnan, which also benefits S. chinensi. G. chloropus can benefit from well-conserved water quality and quantity. A cross-administration collaboration is also highlighted for large scale conservation.

生态网络（EN）是保护生物多样性的一种常用方法，旨在促进动物在栖息地之间的移动。然而，在设计生态网络时，很少考虑动物的主观性和环境的异质性所导致的非对称移动。为了设计基于非对称移动的 EN，我们开发了一个基于个体的模型 PDArunner，它可以根据明确的移动路径识别走廊。由于城乡边缘地带易受地貌变化的影响，因此通过使用 PDArunner 模拟西伯利亚鼬、滇金丝猴和绿孔雀的运动，为中国天津津南区设计了基于非对称运动的多物种环境。根据出发和到达栖息地的大小对非对称运动进行了划分。因此，根据特定方向的移动确定了非对称走廊。在晋南，随着栖息地大小的不同，焦点物种从小栖息地向大栖息地转移的成功率也随之增加。非对称走廊的空间范围更集中于氯斑羚。从大栖息地到小栖息地的走廊多于相反方向的走廊，特别是对中山杉和绿僵菌而言。与西伯利亚鹅掌楸相比，鹅掌楸和鹅掌楸的单向走廊更多。建议在晋南 50 米范围内连续出现植被覆盖率高、与环境反差大的地方，这也有利于金丝猴。水质和水量得到很好的保护，可使绿僵菌受益。跨部门合作也是大规模保护的重点。

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引用次数: 0

The role of urban amenities in facilitating social mixing: Evidence from Stockholm 城市设施在促进社会融合方面的作用：斯德哥尔摩的证据

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105250

Cate Heine , Timur Abbiasov , Paolo Santi , Carlo Ratti

Though the existence of socioeconomic segregation in social interactions has been consistently documented and compared across cities in a growing body of literature, less attention has been paid to within-city analysis of the types of places at which particularly integrated or segregated interactions occur. Dependencies between socioeconomic profile, residential location, preferences and behavior make this kind of analysis difficult. Further, beyond understanding where diverse social interactions take place, it is important to know whether increasing access to those types of spaces via changes to the transportation network can actually increase the level of diversity in social interactions—a more causal question that remains relatively unexplored in the literature. This study presents new perspectives on analyzing social mixing and socioeconomic integration in cities using geolocated cellphone data. Using a call detail record dataset which describes the movements of over one million cell phone users in Stockholm, Sweden, this study quantifies the contribution of access to various types of urban amenities to one’s exposure to people with diverse income levels. Our results provide evidence that areas of the city with more libraries, educational institutions, healthcare establishments, parks and restaurants host more exposures between people who are different from one another in terms of income. Further, we leverage random shocks to the transportation network that come from maintenance-based road closures to identify a causal relationship between access to parks, services and healthcare establishments and experienced income diversity. Temporary, random increases in travel times to these spaces due to road closures result in less diverse day-to-day encounters for urban residents.

尽管在越来越多的文献中，社会经济隔离在社会交往中的存在被不断地记录下来，并在不同城市之间进行比较，但对于城市内部发生特别融合或隔离交往的场所类型的分析却关注较少。社会经济状况、居住地点、偏好和行为之间的依赖关系使得这种分析变得困难。此外，除了了解多样化社会交往的发生地之外，还必须了解通过改变交通网络来增加进入这些类型空间的机会，是否能够真正提高社会交往的多样性水平--这是一个更具因果关系的问题，但在文献中仍相对缺乏研究。本研究提出了利用地理定位手机数据分析城市社会混合和社会经济融合的新视角。本研究利用描述瑞典斯德哥尔摩 100 多万手机用户移动情况的通话详细记录数据集，量化了获得各类城市便利设施对接触不同收入水平人群的贡献。我们的研究结果表明，在城市中拥有较多图书馆、教育机构、医疗机构、公园和餐馆的地区，收入不同的人之间的接触机会更多。此外，我们还利用因道路封闭维修而对交通网络造成的随机冲击，确定了公园、服务机构和医疗机构的使用与收入多样性之间的因果关系。由于道路封闭，前往这些场所的旅行时间会临时、随机地增加，从而导致城市居民的日常接触多样性降低。

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引用次数: 0

Narratives of exclusion: A photovoice study towards racial equity and justice in public urban greenspaces 排斥叙事：在城市公共绿地中实现种族公平与正义的摄影选言研究

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105233

Nadha Hassen

Introduction

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public urban greenspaces were sought as places of respite. However, deep inequities surfaced regarding who had access to safe high-quality greenspaces. The Park Perceptions and Racialized Realities study explored the experiences of racialized people in public urban greenspaces in Toronto, Canada.

Methods

This qualitative, community-based participatory action research took place in two neighbourhoods. Adapting photovoice methodology, participants were invited to (a) go on two individual greenspace visits, taking photographs in response to prompts on their experiences, and (b) participate in an online semi-structured interview to debrief their photographs and experiences. Eighteen racialized participants took over 200 photographs and videos, which were collaboratively thematically analysed by a community working group. This approach informed a deeper thematic analysis focused on racial justice and equity.

Results and discussion

Findings were mapped onto four environmental justice principles: distributional, procedural, recognitional, and restorative. This framework allowed for findings to contribute to environmental justice discourse on urban greenspaces, leverage Critical Race Theory, and offer action-oriented considerations for greenspace design and planning that center racialized experiences.

Conclusions

Racialized residents enjoy using public urban greenspaces but face barriers, including unequal provision, limited access, maintenance inequities, exclusion from design and planning processes and unmet needs. Greenspace planning often neglects lived experiences and reinforces systemic inequities derived from racism, falling into the same traps and tensions that Critical Race Theory has identified in other disciplines such as colorblindness, interest convergence and structural determinism. A critical race lens provides a critical, justice-oriented framework for improving equity in greenspaces.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间，人们寻求城市公共绿地作为休憩场所。然而，在谁能使用安全优质绿地的问题上却出现了严重的不平等。公园认知与种族化现实》研究探讨了种族化人群在加拿大多伦多城市公共绿地中的体验。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on: “Mapping the climate risk to urban forests at city scale” by Esperon-Rodriguez et al. 评论Esperon-Rodriguez 等人撰写的 "绘制城市规模的城市森林气候风险图"。

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105248

Greg R. Guerin , Stephen J. Livesley , Stefan K. Arndt , Christopher Szota

With the bulk of the global population now living in cities, creating a cool, green refuge through extensive urban forests is a priority. However, we are concerned that tree species currently growing in our cities may not tolerate future climates. Esperon-Rodriguez et al. (2024) recently presented an estimate of ‘climate risk’ for a given tree species in a given location using a climate safety margin, based on the difference between the current climate of that city and the realized climate niche of that tree species globally. We attempted to validate this method by relating safety margin estimates with hydraulic vulnerability, a key plant functional trait linked to tree species drought tolerance. However, we found no relationship and therefore caution against the use of climate-based, safety margin methods of assessing urban tree species suitability or climate risk without further context. To develop a robust method of validation, we suggest greater focus on establishing urban forest inventory and tree health data in future climate analogue cities.

目前，全球大部分人口居住在城市，因此，通过广泛种植城市森林来营造凉爽的绿色避难所已成为当务之急。然而，我们担心目前生长在城市中的树种可能无法适应未来的气候。最近，Esperon-Rodriguez 等人（2024 年）提出了一种利用气候安全系数估算特定地点特定树种 "气候风险 "的方法，其依据是该城市当前气候与该树种在全球范围内实现的气候生态位之间的差异。我们试图通过将安全系数估计值与水力脆弱性（一种与树种耐旱性相关的关键植物功能特性）联系起来来验证这种方法。然而，我们发现两者之间没有任何关系，因此我们提醒在没有进一步背景资料的情况下，不要使用基于气候的安全系数方法来评估城市树种的适宜性或气候风险。为了开发一种可靠的验证方法，我们建议在未来的气候模拟城市中更加注重建立城市森林资源和树木健康数据。

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引用次数: 0

The role of peri-urban parks in enhancing urban green spaces accessibility in high-density contexts: An environmental justice perspective 城郊公园在提高高密度环境下城市绿地可达性方面的作用：环境正义视角

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105244

Lu Shan , Shenjing He

Recent years have seen an increasing emphasis on peri-urban parks (PUPs) in urban green spaces (UGS) development, However, little is known about how PUPs moderate overall UGS accessibility and contribute to environmental justice, particularly for high-density cities. To address this salient gap, the present study examines the overall urban green space accessibility, the moderating effects of PUPs, and the heterogeneous and dynamic perception of these effects across diverse social groups in Hong Kong between 2000 and 2020. The results demonstrate that PUPs significantly reshape the UGS accessibility pattern across different time catchments, manifested by mitigating or even reversing the disparity between urban core and peripheral areas. For the moderating effect of PUPs, despite the general trend of reduced inequalities, recent years have witnessed an increase in the inequalities between urban districts. The findings further reveal the diverse benefits derived from PUPs for different population groups and neighborhoods. Women, the elderly, low-income groups, highly educated groups, and ethnic minorities tend to benefit less from PUPs, while children and local residents experience greater advantages. Larger households and nuclear family households have increasingly relied on PUPs, while households with housing advantages (larger size and homeownership) also enjoy more significant benefits. Notably, socio-economically disadvantaged and aging neighborhoods have experienced less and diminishing benefits from PUPs. This research offers comprehensive evidence to enhance the understanding of the relationship between peri-urban and urban parks and their impact on environmental justice, thus better informing equity-orientated UGS planning and policy-making.

近年来，城市绿地发展越来越重视城郊公园，但人们对城郊公园如何调节城市绿地的整体可达性以及如何促进环境正义却知之甚少，尤其是在高密度城市。为填补这一空白，本研究考察了 2000 年至 2020 年间香港不同社会群体的城市绿地整体可达性、公共停车设施的调节作用以及对这些作用的异质性和动态感知。研究结果显示，私人公园和公共绿地极大地重塑了不同时间集水区的城市绿地可达性模式，缓解甚至逆转了城市核心和边缘地区之间的差距。至于公共停车设施的调节作用，尽管不平等现象总体上呈减少趋势，但近年来城市地区之间的不平等现象却有所加剧。研究结果进一步揭示了公共停车设施为不同人群和社区带来的不同益处。妇女、老年人、低收入群体、高学历群体和少数族裔往往从公用事业中获益较少，而儿童和当地居民则受益更多。人口较多的家庭和核心家庭越来越依赖公用事业单位，而拥有住房优势（面积较大和拥有住房）的家庭也能享受到更多好处。值得注意的是，社会经济条件较差的社区和老龄化社区从公用事业单位获得的好处较少，而且越来越少。这项研究提供了全面的证据，有助于人们更好地理解城郊公园和城市公园之间的关系及其对环境正义的影响，从而更好地为以公平为导向的城市公园规划和决策提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

River invertebrate biodiversity benefits from upstream urban woodland 上游城市林地造福河流无脊椎动物生物多样性

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105251

Yueming Qu , Michael Hutchins , Alice Fitch , Andrew C. Johnson

In urban environments, invertebrate communities are subjected to a broad mixture of impacts, including diffuse pollution. Pollutant mixtures and habitat degradation can combine to apply stress on community diversity. Water quality is influenced by the assemblage and mosaic of catchment land cover. Amongst a wider suite of Nature-Based Solutions, the value of urban woodland is increasingly recognized as having potential to support a range of ecosystem services. Despite an increasing focus on establishing urban woodland for aquatic conservation, its actual influence is yet to be manifested. Therefore, we explored trees’ location in riparian and upstream catchment, within and outside of the urban area. We conducted a combination of systematic literature review and statistical analysis to better understand the woodland influence. Despite the wide range of bioindicators studied and broad worldwide spectrum of geo-climatic regimes covered, literature evidence for benefits were found in at least half the cases. With a focus on the overall family richness and the sensitive orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera family richness as bioindicators, the statistical analysis comprised a national study in England covering 143 sites with substantial urban cover, totaling 4226 invertebrate community observations over 30 years. Two satellite-derived land cover maps were used to enable discrimination between urban and extra-urban woodland. The analysis supported the literature evidence that impervious land had negative effects and woodland positive effects. In the urban and upstream catchment, woodland was more important than pasture or cropland. There was some evidence of those woodland effects being more advantageous when trees are located within the urban area itself. Benefits attributable to woodland were distinctly apparent against a backdrop of improving macroinvertebrate diversity found to be synchronous with long-term reductions in urban pollution signatures. The presence of sparse land, even in small amounts, was detrimental to macroinvertebrate diversity. These areas of low vegetative cover might be detrimental due to high sediment input and legacy industrial contamination. Given the increasing accessibility of land cover data, the approach adopted in this case study is applicable elsewhere wherever macroinvertebrate community data are also available.

在城市环境中，无脊椎动物群落受到包括弥散污染在内的多种影响。污染物混合物和栖息地退化会对群落多样性造成压力。水质受到集水区土地覆盖的组合和镶嵌的影响。在一系列更广泛的基于自然的解决方案中，城市林地的价值日益被认为具有支持一系列生态系统服务的潜力。尽管人们越来越重视建立城市林地以保护水生生物，但其实际影响尚未显现。因此，我们探讨了树木在河岸和上游集水区、城区内外的位置。我们结合系统的文献综述和统计分析，以更好地了解林地的影响。尽管所研究的生物指标范围很广，所涵盖的地理气候系统也遍布全球，但至少有一半的案例都有文献证据证明树木的益处。统计分析的重点是作为生物指标的总体科类丰富度和敏感目蜉蝣目、褶翅目和翘翅目科类丰富度，包括在英格兰进行的一项全国性研究，该研究覆盖了 143 个有大量城市覆盖的地点，在 30 年内共观测到 4226 个无脊椎动物群落。研究使用了两张卫星衍生土地覆盖图，以区分城市林地和城市外林地。分析结果支持文献证据，即不透水土地有负面影响，而林地有正面影响。在城市和上游集水区，林地比牧场或耕地更重要。有证据表明，当树木位于城市区域内时，这些林地效应更为有利。在大型无脊椎动物多样性不断改善的背景下，林地带来的好处显而易见。稀疏土地的存在，即使数量很少，也不利于大型无脊椎动物多样性的提高。这些植被覆盖率低的区域可能是由于沉积物输入量大和遗留的工业污染造成的。鉴于土地覆被数据越来越容易获取，本案例研究采用的方法适用于其他地方，只要有大型无脊椎动物群落数据。

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