Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106369
Subin Lin , Jason Leong , Hee Joo Poh
This study investigates the critical influence of building porosity’s vertical placement and geometric configuration on street canyon airflow. While porosity is increasingly advocated for urban ventilation, a systematic understanding of how these design parameters affect performance is lacking. The purpose of this research is to decouple these effects through a parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model, validated against experimental data, was used to analyze a series of idealized building configurations. Two sets of simulations were conducted. The first compared identical porous openings placed at six different vertical levels, from the ground floor upwards. The second investigated various opening geometries at a fixed mid-building level. Principal results reveal a stark difference in performance based on vertical position. Ground-level porosity was found to be most effective for preserving robust pedestrian-level wind flow. In contrast, mid- and upper-level porosity consistently degraded near-ground conditions relative to the ground-level case, with some configurations causing significant velocity deficits. Furthermore, for a fixed vertical level, the specific geometry of the opening was also shown to be a highly sensitive parameter. The major conclusion is that the vertical location of porosity is the primary determinant of pedestrian-level ventilation. A “one-size-fits-all” approach to porosity design is ineffective; the optimal solution is highly dependent on the targeted ventilation objective (e.g., pedestrian comfort vs. upper-level air exchange).
本文研究了建筑孔隙度的垂直位置和几何形态对街道峡谷气流的关键影响。虽然孔隙率越来越多地被提倡用于城市通风，但缺乏对这些设计参数如何影响性能的系统理解。本研究的目的是通过参数计算流体动力学（CFD）研究来解耦这些影响。基于实验数据验证的reynolds - average Navier-Stokes （RANS）模型被用于分析一系列理想的建筑结构。进行了两组模拟。第一个比较了相同的多孔开口放置在六个不同的垂直水平，从地面向上。第二个项目研究了固定建筑中层的各种开口几何形状。主要结果显示，基于垂直位置的性能存在明显差异。研究发现，地面孔隙度对于保持强劲的行人水平风流最有效。相比之下，相对于地面情况，中上层孔隙度在近地面条件下持续退化，其中一些配置导致明显的速度缺陷。此外，对于固定的垂直水平，开口的特定几何形状也被证明是一个高度敏感的参数。主要结论是孔隙度的垂直位置是行人通风的主要决定因素。“一刀切”的孔隙度设计方法是无效的；最佳解决方案高度依赖于目标通风目标（例如，行人舒适度与高层空气交换）。
{"title":"Design trade-offs in building porosity: A parametric analysis of vertical placement and geometry for urban ventilation","authors":"Subin Lin , Jason Leong , Hee Joo Poh","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the critical influence of building porosity’s vertical placement and geometric configuration on street canyon airflow. While porosity is increasingly advocated for urban ventilation, a systematic understanding of how these design parameters affect performance is lacking. The purpose of this research is to decouple these effects through a parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model, validated against experimental data, was used to analyze a series of idealized building configurations. Two sets of simulations were conducted. The first compared identical porous openings placed at six different vertical levels, from the ground floor upwards. The second investigated various opening geometries at a fixed mid-building level. Principal results reveal a stark difference in performance based on vertical position. Ground-level porosity was found to be most effective for preserving robust pedestrian-level wind flow. In contrast, mid- and upper-level porosity consistently degraded near-ground conditions relative to the ground-level case, with some configurations causing significant velocity deficits. Furthermore, for a fixed vertical level, the specific geometry of the opening was also shown to be a highly sensitive parameter. The major conclusion is that the vertical location of porosity is the primary determinant of pedestrian-level ventilation. A “one-size-fits-all” approach to porosity design is ineffective; the optimal solution is highly dependent on the targeted ventilation objective (e.g., pedestrian comfort vs. upper-level air exchange).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106366
Xigui Huang , Gang Hu , Jingliang Gong , Chulong Yuan , Chao Li , Zenghao Huang , Lixiao Li
Low-Level Jets (LLJs)—rapid increases in wind speed at heights of 40∼100m commonly observed in typhoon eyewall regions—cause complex spatial variations in boundary-layer wind profiles and significantly influence the aerodynamics of tall buildings. A comprehensive evaluation of these effects is essential for the wind-resistant design of high-rise structures in typhoon-prone regions. A multi-blade device was developed to reproduce typhoon wind profiles featuring LLJs within a conventional boundary-layer wind tunnel. Wind pressure tests were conducted on a 1:200 scaled CAARC model to compare the aerodynamic effects of typhoon wind profiles (TWP) with synoptic wind profiles (SWP). The analysis covers mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients, local force coefficients, base moment coefficients, and force coefficients power spectral densities. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was employed to identify dominant wind pressure patterns and quantify energy contributions. Results show that LLJ markedly modify surface pressure distributions and vortex shedding behavior. Under TWP, the maximum drag coefficient reached 1.427, exceeding the SWP value of 1.244 and the Chinese code limit of 1.4. POD analysis reveals that TWP alters vortex formation, suppresses vortex shedding, and reduces crosswind loads relative to SWP. These findings provide valuable insight for wind-resistant design and performance assessment of high-rise buildings in typhoon-prone aeras.
{"title":"Wind tunnel investigation of high-rise building aerodynamics under typhoon wind profiles featuring low-level jets","authors":"Xigui Huang , Gang Hu , Jingliang Gong , Chulong Yuan , Chao Li , Zenghao Huang , Lixiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-Level Jets (LLJs)—rapid increases in wind speed at heights of 40∼100m commonly observed in typhoon eyewall regions—cause complex spatial variations in boundary-layer wind profiles and significantly influence the aerodynamics of tall buildings. A comprehensive evaluation of these effects is essential for the wind-resistant design of high-rise structures in typhoon-prone regions. A multi-blade device was developed to reproduce typhoon wind profiles featuring LLJs within a conventional boundary-layer wind tunnel. Wind pressure tests were conducted on a 1:200 scaled CAARC model to compare the aerodynamic effects of typhoon wind profiles (TWP) with synoptic wind profiles (SWP). The analysis covers mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients, local force coefficients, base moment coefficients, and force coefficients power spectral densities. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was employed to identify dominant wind pressure patterns and quantify energy contributions. Results show that LLJ markedly modify surface pressure distributions and vortex shedding behavior. Under TWP, the maximum drag coefficient reached 1.427, exceeding the SWP value of 1.244 and the Chinese code limit of 1.4. POD analysis reveals that TWP alters vortex formation, suppresses vortex shedding, and reduces crosswind loads relative to SWP. These findings provide valuable insight for wind-resistant design and performance assessment of high-rise buildings in typhoon-prone aeras.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parametric effects induced by atmospheric turbulence have emerged as an important factor influencing the aeroelastic behavior and extreme response of long-span suspension bridges. Originating from angle-of-attack fluctuations due to large-scale turbulence, these effects can significantly modify aerodynamic damping and stiffness, particularly for streamlined bridge decks. Long-term analysis, mainly adopted in the field of offshore structures, overcomes some limitations of classical Davenport theory-based approaches for calculating the dynamic response to turbulent wind of flexible structures, such as long-span suspension bridges. Among other aspects, it accounts for the influence of the statistical variability in turbulence parameters on the structural response, which is expected to impact on the actual role played by parametric effects of turbulence. However, accounting for these effects typically requires time-domain simulations, leading to prohibitive computational costs. This study introduces an efficient frequency-domain framework that incorporates the most significant parametric effect of turbulence (the so called “average parametric effect”) into the long-term evaluation of extreme response. The proposed formulation also includes static response and flutter instability, two aspects usually overlooked in previous contributions. The methodology is applied to the Halsafjorden Bridge, a planned 2000-m span suspension bridge in Norway. Three different wind scenarios, in terms of turbulence intensity and mean wind speed, are also considered. Long-term extremes are close to the results of the classical short-term approach if the mean wind speed is the only environmental random variable. In contrast, non-negligibly larger long-term responses are obtained if the randomness in turbulence intensity is also considered. Moreover, results reveal that the parametric effects of turbulence can significantly increase the long-term extreme response, particularly in torsion, where turbulence-induced damping reductions may lead to response increments of up to 41% for a return period of 100 years. Their impact is greater than in classical short-term analyses, where the average parametric effect leads to an increase in the torsional response of about 33%. This behavior is even more pronounced for higher return periods. These findings highlight that the combined influence of parametric effects of turbulence and randomness in the environmental parameters (e.g., turbulence intensity) can properly be assessed only within a long-term analysis.
{"title":"Long-term wind-induced response of suspension bridges including static response, flutter stability, and parametric effects of turbulence","authors":"Niccolò Barni , Ole Øiseth , Øyvind Wiig Petersen , Claudio Mannini","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parametric effects induced by atmospheric turbulence have emerged as an important factor influencing the aeroelastic behavior and extreme response of long-span suspension bridges. Originating from angle-of-attack fluctuations due to large-scale turbulence, these effects can significantly modify aerodynamic damping and stiffness, particularly for streamlined bridge decks. Long-term analysis, mainly adopted in the field of offshore structures, overcomes some limitations of classical Davenport theory-based approaches for calculating the dynamic response to turbulent wind of flexible structures, such as long-span suspension bridges. Among other aspects, it accounts for the influence of the statistical variability in turbulence parameters on the structural response, which is expected to impact on the actual role played by parametric effects of turbulence. However, accounting for these effects typically requires time-domain simulations, leading to prohibitive computational costs. This study introduces an efficient frequency-domain framework that incorporates the most significant parametric effect of turbulence (the so called “average parametric effect”) into the long-term evaluation of extreme response. The proposed formulation also includes static response and flutter instability, two aspects usually overlooked in previous contributions. The methodology is applied to the Halsafjorden Bridge, a planned 2000-m span suspension bridge in Norway. Three different wind scenarios, in terms of turbulence intensity and mean wind speed, are also considered. Long-term extremes are close to the results of the classical short-term approach if the mean wind speed is the only environmental random variable. In contrast, non-negligibly larger long-term responses are obtained if the randomness in turbulence intensity is also considered. Moreover, results reveal that the parametric effects of turbulence can significantly increase the long-term extreme response, particularly in torsion, where turbulence-induced damping reductions may lead to response increments of up to 41% for a return period of 100 years. Their impact is greater than in classical short-term analyses, where the average parametric effect leads to an increase in the torsional response of about 33%. This behavior is even more pronounced for higher return periods. These findings highlight that the combined influence of parametric effects of turbulence and randomness in the environmental parameters (e.g., turbulence intensity) can properly be assessed only within a long-term analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106364
Xinghui Kang , Yunfeng Zou , Yingjie Gao , Dianyi Guo , Xuhui He , Haizhu Xiao
Wind-resistant design of mountainous infrastructure is critically constrained by incomplete characterization of complex, site-specific wind fields. Given limited research, a comprehensive field measurement campaign was conducted at a deep-canyon bridge site to systematically investigate wind characteristics, focusing on their seasonal variability, probability distributions, and parameter interdependencies. The results reveal pronounced seasonal variations in key wind parameters, with the highest wind speeds observed in spring and the strongest wind directionality recorded in summer. Notably, the mean wind speed and turbulence parameters are all consistently well-described by lognormal distributions across seasons. Meanwhile, turbulence parameters are markedly dependent on mean wind speed. Further analysis indicates the dominant role of topography in modulating the canyon wind field. The prevailing wind direction is consistently stable year-round, and the wind attack angle follows a terrain-dependent function of the incoming wind direction. A simplified three-parameter spectral model was subsequently developed. This model accurately reconstructs the measured power spectral density across all seasons, and its universal applicability was successfully validated via a defined spectral logarithmic deviation index. This study establishes a crucial theoretical and empirical basis for determining wind loads and assessing structural safety in similar complex topography.
{"title":"Seasonal variability of wind characteristics in mountainous deep-canyon terrain based on field measurements","authors":"Xinghui Kang , Yunfeng Zou , Yingjie Gao , Dianyi Guo , Xuhui He , Haizhu Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind-resistant design of mountainous infrastructure is critically constrained by incomplete characterization of complex, site-specific wind fields. Given limited research, a comprehensive field measurement campaign was conducted at a deep-canyon bridge site to systematically investigate wind characteristics, focusing on their seasonal variability, probability distributions, and parameter interdependencies. The results reveal pronounced seasonal variations in key wind parameters, with the highest wind speeds observed in spring and the strongest wind directionality recorded in summer. Notably, the mean wind speed and turbulence parameters are all consistently well-described by lognormal distributions across seasons. Meanwhile, turbulence parameters are markedly dependent on mean wind speed. Further analysis indicates the dominant role of topography in modulating the canyon wind field. The prevailing wind direction is consistently stable year-round, and the wind attack angle follows a terrain-dependent function of the incoming wind direction. A simplified three-parameter spectral model was subsequently developed. This model accurately reconstructs the measured power spectral density across all seasons, and its universal applicability was successfully validated via a defined spectral logarithmic deviation index. This study establishes a crucial theoretical and empirical basis for determining wind loads and assessing structural safety in similar complex topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106364"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106393
Youngchan Lee, Franklin T. Lombardo
Thunderstorm winds are transient, non-stationary, and have shown to exhibit different characteristics than atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. However, insufficient field measurements have left these characteristics uncertain, as reflected by the difficulty of formulating generalized vertical profile models for thunderstorm winds comparable to those commonly used for ABL winds. This study investigates the vertical profiles of thunderstorm wind characteristics based on full-scale field measurements obtained from anemometers at multiple measurement sites. A subset of 63 thunderstorm cases with estimated temporal duration less than 600 s was analyzed. Primary focus was on the general (i.e., normalized) shape of vertical profiles, including peak wind speed, turbulence intensity, gust factor, and turbulence length scale. These thunderstorm profiles are compared with normalized ABL profile models. The results show that peak wind profiles in thunderstorm winds do not always conform to ‘nose’ or ‘uniform’ shape profiles, while the mean thunderstorm profile of normalized peak wind speed exhibits a ‘log-like’ profile up to 120 m, consistent with the typical profile shape of ABL winds. The shape of normalized thunderstorm profiles of other wind characteristics also generally resembles those of the normalized ABL profiles across different exposure categories.
{"title":"Vertical profiles of thunderstorm wind characteristics from anemometer measurements","authors":"Youngchan Lee, Franklin T. Lombardo","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thunderstorm winds are transient, non-stationary, and have shown to exhibit different characteristics than atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. However, insufficient field measurements have left these characteristics uncertain, as reflected by the difficulty of formulating generalized vertical profile models for thunderstorm winds comparable to those commonly used for ABL winds. This study investigates the vertical profiles of thunderstorm wind characteristics based on full-scale field measurements obtained from anemometers at multiple measurement sites. A subset of 63 thunderstorm cases with estimated temporal duration less than 600 s was analyzed. Primary focus was on the general (i.e., normalized) shape of vertical profiles, including peak wind speed, turbulence intensity, gust factor, and turbulence length scale. These thunderstorm profiles are compared with normalized ABL profile models. The results show that peak wind profiles in thunderstorm winds do not always conform to ‘nose’ or ‘uniform’ shape profiles, while the mean thunderstorm profile of normalized peak wind speed exhibits a ‘log-like’ profile up to 120 m, consistent with the typical profile shape of ABL winds. The shape of normalized thunderstorm profiles of other wind characteristics also generally resembles those of the normalized ABL profiles across different exposure categories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106367
An-Shik Yang , Yuan-Lung Lo , Zhengtong Li , Yang Li , Chih-Yung Wen , Jun-Yu Jiang , Yee-Ting Lee
The pursuit of urban energy sustainability launches increasing efforts to revolutionize the global energy sector from the fossil-based sources to a zero-carbon system. This study aims to propose a combined framework of urban morphology and building design modification with voids to realize urban wind energy yield. Experimentally, the streamwise mean velocities and turbulence intensities in the building models are measured by a boundary layer wind tunnel to validate the computational model. The performance-oriented analyses by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted to explore the effects of urban morphologies (i.e., plan area density (λp), staggered displacement (S)) and void-integrated building layouts on the outcomes of urban wind energy. The indicators of normalized wind power density (PD/PDref) and reference turbulence intensity (Iref) are then employed to appraise the utilization of urban wind power. Considering a medium wind energy potential of PD ≥ 100 W/m2 (i.e., PD/PDref ≥ 0.33) having the technical feasibility of development merits, the CFD results suggest the most favorable arrangements of λp = 0.33, S = 0.22B and the semi-open void design, generating the PD/PDref values of 0.46, 0.62, 0.33 on the roofs, beside the buildings and over the void channels, all within the acceptable average Iref limit of 0.16 in the void building array.
{"title":"CFD assessment of wind energy potential: A combined framework of urban morphology and design modification of high-rise buildings with voids","authors":"An-Shik Yang , Yuan-Lung Lo , Zhengtong Li , Yang Li , Chih-Yung Wen , Jun-Yu Jiang , Yee-Ting Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of urban energy sustainability launches increasing efforts to revolutionize the global energy sector from the fossil-based sources to a zero-carbon system. This study aims to propose a combined framework of urban morphology and building design modification with voids to realize urban wind energy yield. Experimentally, the streamwise mean velocities and turbulence intensities in the building models are measured by a boundary layer wind tunnel to validate the computational model. The performance-oriented analyses by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted to explore the effects of urban morphologies (i.e., plan area density (<em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub>), staggered displacement (<em>S</em>)) and void-integrated building layouts on the outcomes of urban wind energy. The indicators of normalized wind power density (<em>PD/PD</em><sub><em>ref</em></sub>) and reference turbulence intensity (<em>I</em><sub><em>ref</em></sub>) are then employed to appraise the utilization of urban wind power. Considering a medium wind energy potential of <em>PD</em> ≥ 100 W/m<sup>2</sup> (i.e., <em>PD/PD</em><sub><em>ref</em></sub> ≥ 0.33) having the technical feasibility of development merits, the CFD results suggest the most favorable arrangements of <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.33, <em>S</em> = 0.22B and the semi-open void design, generating the <em>PD/PD</em><sub><em>ref</em></sub> values of 0.46, 0.62, 0.33 on the roofs, beside the buildings and over the void channels, all within the acceptable average <em>I</em><sub><em>ref</em></sub> limit of 0.16 in the void building array.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106367"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106375
Yangjin Yuan , Tong Zhou , Yunpeng Song , Bowen Yan , Weicheng Hu , Zhenqing Liu , Qingshan Yang
This study employs high-fidelity offline-coupled SOWFA-OpenFAST simulations to investigate the aerodynamic loads, fatigue loads, and power performance of downstream wind turbines operating under the combined influence of terrain-induced flows and upstream wind turbine wakes. A range of terrain conditions, characterized by different terrain-to-turbine scale ratios and surface roughness, is considered herein to elucidate the governing mechanisms of terrain-turbine wake interactions and their influence on downstream turbine performance. The results show that terrain significantly alters inflow characteristics through flow acceleration, separation, and wake deflection, thereby amplifying aerodynamic load fluctuations with increasing terrain-to-turbine scale ratio. Conversely, higher surface roughness enhances turbulent mixing and attenuates wake flow deflection, leading to reduced load fluctuations of the downstream turbine. The downstream turbine experiences pronounced fatigue load amplification in the near-wake region, while elevated surface roughness promotes wake recovery and mitigates fatigue in the far wake. Moreover, the tower exhibits greater sensitivity to unsteady terrain-turbine wake coupling effects compared with the blades. Terrain-induced acceleration near hilltops partially offsets the upstream wake deficit, but increased terrain-to-turbine scale ratio results in reduced power outputs. Overall, the findings highlight that terrain-to-turbine scale ratio and surface roughness jointly modulate the aerodynamic performance of downstream turbines, providing valuable insights for optimized turbine siting and fatigue mitigation strategies in complex terrains.
{"title":"Impacts of upstream wind turbine wakes over hilly terrain on the fatigue loads and power output of downstream wind turbines","authors":"Yangjin Yuan , Tong Zhou , Yunpeng Song , Bowen Yan , Weicheng Hu , Zhenqing Liu , Qingshan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs high-fidelity offline-coupled SOWFA-OpenFAST simulations to investigate the aerodynamic loads, fatigue loads, and power performance of downstream wind turbines operating under the combined influence of terrain-induced flows and upstream wind turbine wakes. A range of terrain conditions, characterized by different terrain-to-turbine scale ratios and surface roughness, is considered herein to elucidate the governing mechanisms of terrain-turbine wake interactions and their influence on downstream turbine performance. The results show that terrain significantly alters inflow characteristics through flow acceleration, separation, and wake deflection, thereby amplifying aerodynamic load fluctuations with increasing terrain-to-turbine scale ratio. Conversely, higher surface roughness enhances turbulent mixing and attenuates wake flow deflection, leading to reduced load fluctuations of the downstream turbine. The downstream turbine experiences pronounced fatigue load amplification in the near-wake region, while elevated surface roughness promotes wake recovery and mitigates fatigue in the far wake. Moreover, the tower exhibits greater sensitivity to unsteady terrain-turbine wake coupling effects compared with the blades. Terrain-induced acceleration near hilltops partially offsets the upstream wake deficit, but increased terrain-to-turbine scale ratio results in reduced power outputs. Overall, the findings highlight that terrain-to-turbine scale ratio and surface roughness jointly modulate the aerodynamic performance of downstream turbines, providing valuable insights for optimized turbine siting and fatigue mitigation strategies in complex terrains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106375"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106389
Bo Wu , Yan Jiang , Huoming Shen , Haili Liao , Hanyu Mei
This study thoroughly examines and compares the wind-induced forces and flutter behaviors of rectangular sections with = 5 and 10 (where and denote, respectively, the width and height) over various vibration amplitudes, utilizing single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) vertical/torsional forced vibration wind tunnel tests and theoretical analysis. The involvement of various components of wind-induced forces with respect to vibration amplitude and reduced wind speed was analyzed. The results reveal a pronounced competitive interplay between vortex-induced and self-excited forces for the rectangular section with = 5. A comprehensive comparison is conducted on the fundamental harmonic components of self-excited forces for both sections, including the magnitude and phase characteristics of the aerodynamic coefficients, as well as the three-dimensional evolution of flutter derivatives with respect to wind speed and amplitude. The findings highlight the remarkable sensitivity of the aerodynamic parameters of the = 5 rectangular section to the regular vortex shedding. Furthermore, a qualitative elucidation of the flutter mechanism of an SDOF torsional conservative system is conducted, identifying the intrinsic and decisive role of the phase difference between torsional motion and the self-excited-moment in governing post-critical aeroelastic behavior of the two sections. Finally, a quantitative comparison of the vertical-torsional coupled flutter is performed, with particular attention to the stability of limit cycle oscillations (LCOs), the flutter essence, coupling effects, and the amplitude-dependent aerodynamic damping mechanisms underlying post-flutter responses.
{"title":"Wind-induced forces and flutter aeroelasticity of rectangular sections under amplitude effects: a comparative study","authors":"Bo Wu , Yan Jiang , Huoming Shen , Haili Liao , Hanyu Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study thoroughly examines and compares the wind-induced forces and flutter behaviors of rectangular sections with <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span> = 5 and 10 (where <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span> denote, respectively, the width and height) over various vibration amplitudes, utilizing single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) vertical/torsional forced vibration wind tunnel tests and theoretical analysis. The involvement of various components of wind-induced forces with respect to vibration amplitude and reduced wind speed was analyzed. The results reveal a pronounced competitive interplay between vortex-induced and self-excited forces for the rectangular section with <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span> = 5. A comprehensive comparison is conducted on the fundamental harmonic components of self-excited forces for both sections, including the magnitude and phase characteristics of the aerodynamic coefficients, as well as the three-dimensional evolution of flutter derivatives with respect to wind speed and amplitude. The findings highlight the remarkable sensitivity of the aerodynamic parameters of the <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span> = 5 rectangular section to the regular vortex shedding. Furthermore, a qualitative elucidation of the flutter mechanism of an SDOF torsional conservative system is conducted, identifying the intrinsic and decisive role of the phase difference between torsional motion and the self-excited-moment in governing post-critical aeroelastic behavior of the two sections. Finally, a quantitative comparison of the vertical-torsional coupled flutter is performed, with particular attention to the stability of limit cycle oscillations (LCOs), the flutter essence, coupling effects, and the amplitude-dependent aerodynamic damping mechanisms underlying post-flutter responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106390
Gang Xu , Zhuojun Li , Chunjiang Chen , Xinkang Li , Jun Yang , Yaming Ma , Yuhan Guo , Zijian Peng , Weisi Gong , Jiqiang Niu
This study investigates the critical effect of train marshalling length on the aerodynamic stability of a 600 km/h maglev train, focusing on the nonlinear behavior of tail car lift and the underlying flow mechanisms. Using the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method validated by wind tunnel tests, we simulated configurations of 2 to 5 cars. The key finding is a nonlinear variation in the tail car's lift coefficient, which initially increases by up to 5% before decreasing by up to 22%, with a turning point at three cars. This phenomenon is driven by a fundamental shift in underbody flow: from axial discharge in short formations to lateral escape in long ones. The lateral flow generates large-scale vortices within the suspension gap; these vortices expand and propagate upstream with increasing train length, ultimately blocking the underbody airflow and severely deteriorating the gap environment. The results provide new insights into flow physics and direct implications for the aerodynamic design and safe operation of high-speed maglev systems.
{"title":"Comparative study on train-track flow field and tail car lift in high-speed EMS maglev trains with multiple marshalling lengths","authors":"Gang Xu , Zhuojun Li , Chunjiang Chen , Xinkang Li , Jun Yang , Yaming Ma , Yuhan Guo , Zijian Peng , Weisi Gong , Jiqiang Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the critical effect of train marshalling length on the aerodynamic stability of a 600 km/h maglev train, focusing on the nonlinear behavior of tail car lift and the underlying flow mechanisms. Using the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method validated by wind tunnel tests, we simulated configurations of 2 to 5 cars. The key finding is a nonlinear variation in the tail car's lift coefficient, which initially increases by up to 5% before decreasing by up to 22%, with a turning point at three cars. This phenomenon is driven by a fundamental shift in underbody flow: from axial discharge in short formations to lateral escape in long ones. The lateral flow generates large-scale vortices within the suspension gap; these vortices expand and propagate upstream with increasing train length, ultimately blocking the underbody airflow and severely deteriorating the gap environment. The results provide new insights into flow physics and direct implications for the aerodynamic design and safe operation of high-speed maglev systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106374
Desheng Miao , Qingyuan Liu , Hongping Li , Wenming Yin , Chun Zhou
Wind turbine wakes represent one of the most important aspects in offshore wind farms due to the increasing power generation loss and fatigue load. Considering the significant influence of wake effects, this study conducts a wind field experiment using a scanning LiDAR to obtain wake data of an offshore wind turbine. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and six engineering wake models (EWMs) are combined to examine the large-scale offshore wind farm wake characteristics and evaluate the accuracy and differences of the EWMs. The results show that the wind speed distribution exhibits a significant double-Gaussian shape in the near-wake region but a single-Gaussian shape in the far-wake region and the transition distance of the near–far wake is 2 to 4 times the impeller diameter. The wind speed distribution in the vertical dimension is affected by wind shear, resulting in an exponential Gaussian shape. Furthermore, the wind turbine thrust affects the initial wake structure, while ambient turbulence intensity influences the wind speed recovery in the wake evolution. Analyzing wake characteristics through wind field experiments is conducive to improve the accuracy of wake assessment and provide data support for the intelligent control of wind farms.
{"title":"Analysis of wake model characteristics based on wind field experiments and numerical simulations","authors":"Desheng Miao , Qingyuan Liu , Hongping Li , Wenming Yin , Chun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind turbine wakes represent one of the most important aspects in offshore wind farms due to the increasing power generation loss and fatigue load. Considering the significant influence of wake effects, this study conducts a wind field experiment using a scanning LiDAR to obtain wake data of an offshore wind turbine. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and six engineering wake models (EWMs) are combined to examine the large-scale offshore wind farm wake characteristics and evaluate the accuracy and differences of the EWMs. The results show that the wind speed distribution exhibits a significant double-Gaussian shape in the near-wake region but a single-Gaussian shape in the far-wake region and the transition distance of the near–far wake is 2 to 4 times the impeller diameter. The wind speed distribution in the vertical dimension is affected by wind shear, resulting in an exponential Gaussian shape. Furthermore, the wind turbine thrust affects the initial wake structure, while ambient turbulence intensity influences the wind speed recovery in the wake evolution. Analyzing wake characteristics through wind field experiments is conducive to improve the accuracy of wake assessment and provide data support for the intelligent control of wind farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106374"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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