Inclined photovoltaic (PV) roofs have high power generation efficiency and large energy output, thus dominate PV roof applications. However, their complex flow field and highly variable wind pressure distributions make them vulnerable under strong wind conditions. To address wind-induced fragility of inclined PV roofs in severe winds, this study uses large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate how horizontal-axis small wind turbine (HASWT) influence wind loads and flow on PV roofs. The results show that at the most adverse wind direction angle of 45°, HASWTs reduce the peak wind pressure on the windward side of the PV roof, with an extreme wind pressure reduction of 54.1 %. Additionally, HASWTs decrease the wind velocity at the edges of the PV panel arrays and lessen the wind velocity gradient across the top and bottom surfaces of the PV panels. This work provides an effective method to enhance the wind resistance of inclined PV roofs, contributing to low-carbon building development and the goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality.
{"title":"Wind pressure control of inclined photovoltaic roofs based on horizontal-axis small wind turbines","authors":"Wenjing Zhang , Haixin Jiang , Zikun Xu , Dabo Xin , Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inclined photovoltaic (PV) roofs have high power generation efficiency and large energy output, thus dominate PV roof applications. However, their complex flow field and highly variable wind pressure distributions make them vulnerable under strong wind conditions. To address wind-induced fragility of inclined PV roofs in severe winds, this study uses large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate how horizontal-axis small wind turbine (HASWT) influence wind loads and flow on PV roofs. The results show that at the most adverse wind direction angle of 45°, HASWTs reduce the peak wind pressure on the windward side of the PV roof, with an extreme wind pressure reduction of 54.1 %. Additionally, HASWTs decrease the wind velocity at the edges of the PV panel arrays and lessen the wind velocity gradient across the top and bottom surfaces of the PV panels. This work provides an effective method to enhance the wind resistance of inclined PV roofs, contributing to low-carbon building development and the goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106258
Xiaoxin Wang, Fuyou Xu, Mingjie Zhang
The lack of long-term wind field monitoring data in newly constructed long-span bridges often limits the availability of buffeting response datasets to short-term, small-sample measurements, typically under low wind speed conditions. Prediction models trained solely on such limited data commonly suffer from reduced accuracy and poor generalization, especially under high wind speed scenarios. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a transfer learning-enhanced multilayer perceptron (TL-MLP) model for buffeting response prediction. The model is initially pretrained on a source domain with a large number of samplings covering a broad range of wind conditions to learn the underlying relationships between wind characteristics and structural responses. It is subsequently fine-tuned using limited data from the target domain, enabling adaptation to the specific wind field characteristics and buffeting response characteristics of the target bridge. The proposed method is validated using field measurements from a large-scale aeroelastic model of a long-span cable-stayed bridge under three representative cases in a natural wind environment. Results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances prediction accuracy in data-scarce scenarios and improves extrapolation performance under high wind speeds. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed approach in improving the reliability of buffeting response prediction and safety assessment for newly constructed long-span bridges.
{"title":"A transfer learning-enhanced multilayer perceptron for buffeting response prediction of long-span bridges","authors":"Xiaoxin Wang, Fuyou Xu, Mingjie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of long-term wind field monitoring data in newly constructed long-span bridges often limits the availability of buffeting response datasets to short-term, small-sample measurements, typically under low wind speed conditions. Prediction models trained solely on such limited data commonly suffer from reduced accuracy and poor generalization, especially under high wind speed scenarios. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a transfer learning-enhanced multilayer perceptron (TL-MLP) model for buffeting response prediction. The model is initially pretrained on a source domain with a large number of samplings covering a broad range of wind conditions to learn the underlying relationships between wind characteristics and structural responses. It is subsequently fine-tuned using limited data from the target domain, enabling adaptation to the specific wind field characteristics and buffeting response characteristics of the target bridge. The proposed method is validated using field measurements from a large-scale aeroelastic model of a long-span cable-stayed bridge under three representative cases in a natural wind environment. Results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances prediction accuracy in data-scarce scenarios and improves extrapolation performance under high wind speeds. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed approach in improving the reliability of buffeting response prediction and safety assessment for newly constructed long-span bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106260
Ying Zhou , Yangyang Li , Zhiguang Zhou , Liangkun Wang , Kun Ding , Weifeng Zhu , Sunwei Ding
Wind-induced vibration control for high-rise buildings has been widely concerned because they are prone to large dynamic responses under strong wind excitations, which will cause serviceability problems. Passive tuned mass damper (TMD) and active TMD have been widely studied and used in tall buildings for vibration control. The semi-active TMD (STMD) has been extensively developed due to its excellent control effect, robustness, adaptivity and lower power consumption. However, there is no real application of STMD on wind-induced vibration control of high-rise buildings. Furthermore, current research on STMD mainly uses lumped mass model for numerical simulation, which brings unavoidable errors during simplifying the finite element model. In this study, the variable damping control algorithm of STMD is investigated and the variable damping element is developed based on secondary development in ABAQUS with the user-defined element (UEL) subroutine to simulate STMD. To verify its accuracy, a 10-degree of freedom lumped mass main structure model with variable damping STMD is created using UEL subroutine and exposed to different harmonic excitations, whose results are compared to theoretical values. It is found that they agree well and the variable damping element in ABAQUS can simulate the STMD accurately. Then, Shanghai North Bund Center under construction is proposed as the case study, whose height is 480 m. Under wind excitation obtained from wind tunnel tests, the control effect of variable damping STMD created by UEL is investigated in ABAQUS. The results show that the variable damping STMD can reset damping ratio in real time and performs better than optimal passive TMD, which can improve the serviceability to a great degree. This study provides a new method to simulate STMD in the finite element analysis, which can evaluate its control effect more precisely.
{"title":"Wind-induced vibration control of super tall building using semi-active tuned mass damper in ABAQUS","authors":"Ying Zhou , Yangyang Li , Zhiguang Zhou , Liangkun Wang , Kun Ding , Weifeng Zhu , Sunwei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind-induced vibration control for high-rise buildings has been widely concerned because they are prone to large dynamic responses under strong wind excitations, which will cause serviceability problems. Passive tuned mass damper (TMD) and active TMD have been widely studied and used in tall buildings for vibration control. The semi-active TMD (STMD) has been extensively developed due to its excellent control effect, robustness, adaptivity and lower power consumption. However, there is no real application of STMD on wind-induced vibration control of high-rise buildings. Furthermore, current research on STMD mainly uses lumped mass model for numerical simulation, which brings unavoidable errors during simplifying the finite element model. In this study, the variable damping control algorithm of STMD is investigated and the variable damping element is developed based on secondary development in ABAQUS with the user-defined element (UEL) subroutine to simulate STMD. To verify its accuracy, a 10-degree of freedom lumped mass main structure model with variable damping STMD is created using UEL subroutine and exposed to different harmonic excitations, whose results are compared to theoretical values. It is found that they agree well and the variable damping element in ABAQUS can simulate the STMD accurately. Then, Shanghai North Bund Center under construction is proposed as the case study, whose height is 480 m. Under wind excitation obtained from wind tunnel tests, the control effect of variable damping STMD created by UEL is investigated in ABAQUS. The results show that the variable damping STMD can reset damping ratio in real time and performs better than optimal passive TMD, which can improve the serviceability to a great degree. This study provides a new method to simulate STMD in the finite element analysis, which can evaluate its control effect more precisely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106249
Zidong Xu, Hao Wang, Kaiyong Zhao, Rui Zhou, Yuxuan Lin
Conducting wind field super-resolution (SR) reconstruction using limited dataset is crucial for analyzing wind effects on wind energy equipment and optimizing wind energy utilization. Currently, most SR reconstruction methods are primarily applied to wind data (e.g., field measurement, CFD simulation) that contain complete turbulent physical structures, which facilitate the smooth execution of reconstruction. However, in engineering practice, multivariate stochastic processes are commonly simulated and regarded as the stochastic wind fields, which lack of fundamental fluid dynamic laws, making reconstruction more challenging. To this end, the ensemble conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) is firstly proposed. Unlike classic DDPM, which directly use the low-resolution image as the conditional input, the ensemble model generates the input condition through the combination of the user-defined CNN and the transformer module. The effectiveness and accuracy of the ensemble model are validated through numerical experiment. The reconstruction results obtained by classic DDPM are also investigated for comparison purpose. Results show that compared to the classic DDPM, the reconstruction results based on the ensemble model demonstrate better alignment with target values in terms of wind speed time histories, turbulent spectral characteristics, similarity metrics, and wind power density.
{"title":"Super-resolution reconstruction of simulated stochastic wind fields using ensemble conditional diffusion model","authors":"Zidong Xu, Hao Wang, Kaiyong Zhao, Rui Zhou, Yuxuan Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conducting wind field super-resolution (SR) reconstruction using limited dataset is crucial for analyzing wind effects on wind energy equipment and optimizing wind energy utilization. Currently, most SR reconstruction methods are primarily applied to wind data (e.g., field measurement, CFD simulation) that contain complete turbulent physical structures, which facilitate the smooth execution of reconstruction. However, in engineering practice, multivariate stochastic processes are commonly simulated and regarded as the stochastic wind fields, which lack of fundamental fluid dynamic laws, making reconstruction more challenging. To this end, the ensemble conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) is firstly proposed. Unlike classic DDPM, which directly use the low-resolution image as the conditional input, the ensemble model generates the input condition through the combination of the user-defined CNN and the transformer module. The effectiveness and accuracy of the ensemble model are validated through numerical experiment. The reconstruction results obtained by classic DDPM are also investigated for comparison purpose. Results show that compared to the classic DDPM, the reconstruction results based on the ensemble model demonstrate better alignment with target values in terms of wind speed time histories, turbulent spectral characteristics, similarity metrics, and wind power density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106254
Arezoo Bakhshizadeh, Pedro L. Fernández-Cabán
This paper leveraged a large anemometric dataset from 21 landfalling Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) to investigate the suitability of two popular machine learning (ML) approaches, namely artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR), for accurately predicting vertical wind turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). The dataset comprised 3013 10-min wind speed records taken at 5 m and 10 m heights and collected by portable weather stations as part of the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP) between 1999 and 2018. Input features to the ML models were limited to longitudinal wind flow velocity statistics, while model outputs consisted of normalized friction velocity and vertical turbulence intensity predictions. A robust nested Monte Carlo cross-validation technique was applied to extract uncertainty measures and assess overall ML performance. ML-based predictions for unseen FCMP data subsets agreed well with field observations, particularly for 10 m measurements. However, ML performance metrics for vertical turbulence intensity predictions were consistently superior to friction velocity estimates, and better ML accuracy was found for extreme wind speed records (>45 m/s). Findings of this work can be applied to infer statistics of TC-induced vertical turbulent fluxes in the ASL from limited (or incomplete) wind speed records.
{"title":"Predicting near-surface vertical turbulence and friction velocity using horizontal wind speed observations in landfalling tropical cyclones","authors":"Arezoo Bakhshizadeh, Pedro L. Fernández-Cabán","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper leveraged a large anemometric dataset from 21 landfalling Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) to investigate the suitability of two popular machine learning (ML) approaches, namely artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR), for accurately predicting vertical wind turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). The dataset comprised 3013 10-min wind speed records taken at 5 m and 10 m heights and collected by portable weather stations as part of the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP) between 1999 and 2018. Input features to the ML models were limited to longitudinal wind flow velocity statistics, while model outputs consisted of normalized friction velocity and vertical turbulence intensity predictions. A robust nested Monte Carlo cross-validation technique was applied to extract uncertainty measures and assess overall ML performance. ML-based predictions for unseen FCMP data subsets agreed well with field observations, particularly for 10 m measurements. However, ML performance metrics for vertical turbulence intensity predictions were consistently superior to friction velocity estimates, and better ML accuracy was found for extreme wind speed records (>45 m/s). Findings of this work can be applied to infer statistics of TC-induced vertical turbulent fluxes in the ASL from limited (or incomplete) wind speed records.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106246
Owen Parnis, David Angland
Inclined flat plates mounted on horizontal surfaces have applications in the aerospace, renewable energy and automotive sectors. While previous studies have examined how aspect ratio and proximity to a mounting surface affect aerodynamic loads on a plate, a systematic investigation of scaling laws for aerodynamic loads and acoustics is lacking. This paper establishes scaling relationships for the aerodynamic loads and the flow-induced noise generated by a wall-mounted flat plate inclined to the flow. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted using a Kevlar-walled test section, with a wall-mounted flat plate deflected between 10° and 90° across various Reynolds numbers. A correction method based on the bluff body blockage corrections of Maskell and calibrated using open test section wind tunnel data is presented in this work to account for solid and wake blockage effects in the Kevlar test section experiments. For aerodynamic loads, the normalized normal force coefficient collapses when scaled with projected frontal area, converging to a fixed value of the drag coefficient at 90°. This provides a simple predictive methodology for the aerodynamic loads with maximum errors of and . The scaling law presented in this work is unique for wall-mounted flat plates and differs for flat plates in freestream. Aeroacoustic analysis reveals broadband noise without coherent vortex shedding. The noise scales approximately, but not perfectly, with the sixth power of velocity. The slight variations in the value of the velocity exponent at different deflection angles highlight that it does not simply scale as a compact dipole but other effects are present, including non-compactness and edge scattering effects. The acoustic scaling with projected area exhibits different behaviour at low and high deflection angles. At low deflection angles, the plate is partially immersed in the boundary layer, reducing the acoustic intensity variation with deflection angle. At higher deflection angles (), the acoustic intensity scaled with the projected area to a power of 1.2 again indicating additional sources besides the scaling of pure compact dipole sources.
{"title":"Scaling laws for aerodynamic loads and acoustics of wall-mounted plates at different deflection angles","authors":"Owen Parnis, David Angland","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inclined flat plates mounted on horizontal surfaces have applications in the aerospace, renewable energy and automotive sectors. While previous studies have examined how aspect ratio and proximity to a mounting surface affect aerodynamic loads on a plate, a systematic investigation of scaling laws for aerodynamic loads and acoustics is lacking. This paper establishes scaling relationships for the aerodynamic loads and the flow-induced noise generated by a wall-mounted flat plate inclined to the flow. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted using a Kevlar-walled test section, with a wall-mounted flat plate deflected between 10° and 90° across various Reynolds numbers. A correction method based on the bluff body blockage corrections of Maskell and calibrated using open test section wind tunnel data is presented in this work to account for solid and wake blockage effects in the Kevlar test section experiments. For aerodynamic loads, the normalized normal force coefficient collapses when scaled with projected frontal area, converging to a fixed value of the drag coefficient at 90°. This provides a simple predictive methodology for the aerodynamic loads with maximum errors of <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>073</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>081</mn></mrow></math></span>. The scaling law presented in this work is unique for wall-mounted flat plates and differs for flat plates in freestream. Aeroacoustic analysis reveals broadband noise without coherent vortex shedding. The noise scales approximately, but not perfectly, with the sixth power of velocity. The slight variations in the value of the velocity exponent at different deflection angles highlight that it does not simply scale as a compact dipole but other effects are present, including non-compactness and edge scattering effects. The acoustic scaling with projected area exhibits different behaviour at low and high deflection angles. At low deflection angles, the plate is partially immersed in the boundary layer, reducing the acoustic intensity variation with deflection angle. At higher deflection angles (<span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>30</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>), the acoustic intensity scaled with the projected area to a power of 1.2 again indicating additional sources besides the scaling of pure compact dipole sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106255
Yifan Gao , Shouying Li , Jie Ma , Zhengqing Chen
Flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structures, which have a plate-like cross-section similar to that of bridge decks, have been gradually built due to their economic benefits and excellent adaptability to complex terrains. However, these structures are sensitive to wind loadings, and flutter vibrations of flexible PV support structures have been observed under strong winds. Based on the theory of flutter derivatives successfully used in the field of bridge engineering, the critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structures were carefully investigated under various module tilt angles through wind tunnel tests. First, forced vibration tests were conducted on a PV module sectional model with a width-to-thickness ratio of 42 at various module tilt angles and incoming wind velocities. The flutter derivatives were identified and compared under the module tilt angles ranging from −30° to 30°. The results show that the tilt angles have significant effects on the flutter derivatives even under a large tilt angle. The eight flutter derivatives exhibit essential changes within the range of tilt angles from 15° to 21°. By using the identified flutter derivatives, critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structure were theoretically predicted. Second, a series of free vibration tests were conducted on the PV module model at various tilt angles to measure the exact critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structure. The experimental results indicate that the critical flutter wind velocities initially decrease and then increase as the tilt angle increases. Finally, the critical flutter wind velocities and frequencies obtained from forced and free vibration tests were compared, and they agree well with each other. This indicates that the flutter derivatives theory used in the field of bridge decks can be adopted to predict the critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structures, which have tilt angles within 30°.
{"title":"Critical flutter wind velocity of flexible photovoltaic support structure with large tilt angle based on sectional forced and free vibration wind tunnel tests","authors":"Yifan Gao , Shouying Li , Jie Ma , Zhengqing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structures, which have a plate-like cross-section similar to that of bridge decks, have been gradually built due to their economic benefits and excellent adaptability to complex terrains. However, these structures are sensitive to wind loadings, and flutter vibrations of flexible PV support structures have been observed under strong winds. Based on the theory of flutter derivatives successfully used in the field of bridge engineering, the critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structures were carefully investigated under various module tilt angles through wind tunnel tests. First, forced vibration tests were conducted on a PV module sectional model with a width-to-thickness ratio of 42 at various module tilt angles and incoming wind velocities. The flutter derivatives were identified and compared under the module tilt angles ranging from −30° to 30°. The results show that the tilt angles have significant effects on the flutter derivatives even under a large tilt angle. The eight flutter derivatives exhibit essential changes within the range of tilt angles from 15° to 21°. By using the identified flutter derivatives, critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structure were theoretically predicted. Second, a series of free vibration tests were conducted on the PV module model at various tilt angles to measure the exact critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structure. The experimental results indicate that the critical flutter wind velocities initially decrease and then increase as the tilt angle increases. Finally, the critical flutter wind velocities and frequencies obtained from forced and free vibration tests were compared, and they agree well with each other. This indicates that the flutter derivatives theory used in the field of bridge decks can be adopted to predict the critical flutter wind velocities of the flexible PV support structures, which have tilt angles within 30°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106243
Qi Zong , Xiaoxu Wu
Barchan dunes evolve in aeolian environments through intricate interactions among airflow dynamics, particle transport, and surface topography. We conducted full-scale three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, coupling a discrete phase model with a splash scheme, to analyze wind-blown sand flow over a realistically shaped barchan dune. Our simulations, validated against field measurements, assessed how wind velocity and particle size affect sand transport and dune migration. The findings reveal four primary sand transport characteristics. First, sand transport rate along the centerline is amplified on the stoss slope, reversed on the lee slope due to flow separation, and further enhanced by intermittent turbulence. Second, vortex shedding from a stoss slope protrusion induces downstream intermittent sand transport, explaining previously unquantified sand transport. Third, although sand transport rate ratio (the centerline to undisturbed upstream) remains unchanged across wind velocities, finer particles exhibit higher particle counts at the crest and downstream because of their greater susceptibility to entrainment. Finally, an asymmetric migration pattern is identified, as localized topographic effects and turbulent structures enhance sand transport from the right horn. These findings advance the understanding of airflow‒sediment interactions over barchan dunes and provide new insights into sand transport mechanisms and dune migration dynamics.
{"title":"Wind-blown sand behavior over a barchan dune and its implications for dune migration using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)","authors":"Qi Zong , Xiaoxu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Barchan dunes evolve in aeolian environments through intricate interactions among airflow dynamics, particle transport, and surface topography. We conducted full-scale three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, coupling a discrete phase model with a splash scheme, to analyze wind-blown sand flow over a realistically shaped barchan dune. Our simulations, validated against field measurements, assessed how wind velocity and particle size affect sand transport and dune migration. The findings reveal four primary sand transport characteristics. First, sand transport rate along the centerline is amplified on the stoss slope, reversed on the lee slope due to flow separation, and further enhanced by intermittent turbulence. Second, vortex shedding from a stoss slope protrusion induces downstream intermittent sand transport, explaining previously unquantified sand transport. Third, although sand transport rate ratio (the centerline to undisturbed upstream) remains unchanged across wind velocities, finer particles exhibit higher particle counts at the crest and downstream because of their greater susceptibility to entrainment. Finally, an asymmetric migration pattern is identified, as localized topographic effects and turbulent structures enhance sand transport from the right horn. These findings advance the understanding of airflow‒sediment interactions over barchan dunes and provide new insights into sand transport mechanisms and dune migration dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106253
Yan Li , Lei Yan , Xuhui He
To support safety assessment of girder-train systems under crosswind and yaw wind conditions, a series of wind tunnel tests employing force and pressure measurements were conducted to investigate aerodynamic coefficients, and aerodynamic admittance functions (AAFs) of a bluff box girder and trains. The effects of barriers, train positions, wind attack and yaw angles, and turbulence were examined. Compared to the train on bridge without barriers, the pressure distribution of train on bridge with barriers differs mainly on the windward surface of train. The side force coefficient of train on the windward track varies with wind yaw angle following a sine-based power function, but no unified model applied to other force coefficients. The bridge's lift AAF with train on the windward track is higher than that on the leeward track, and the train's lift AAF on the windward track is greater than that on the leeward track. AAFs of train and bridge are affected by the turbulence intensities and integral scales of the incoming turbulent flow field. Wind attack and yaw angles have a greater impact on AAFs of trains on bridges without barriers than those with barriers.
{"title":"Investigation on aerodynamic characteristics of bluff box girder-train system by wind tunnel testing","authors":"Yan Li , Lei Yan , Xuhui He","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To support safety assessment of girder-train systems under crosswind and yaw wind conditions, a series of wind tunnel tests employing force and pressure measurements were conducted to investigate aerodynamic coefficients, and aerodynamic admittance functions (AAFs) of a bluff box girder and trains. The effects of barriers, train positions, wind attack and yaw angles, and turbulence were examined. Compared to the train on bridge without barriers, the pressure distribution of train on bridge with barriers differs mainly on the windward surface of train. The side force coefficient of train on the windward track varies with wind yaw angle following a sine-based power function, but no unified model applied to other force coefficients. The bridge's lift AAF with train on the windward track is higher than that on the leeward track, and the train's lift AAF on the windward track is greater than that on the leeward track. AAFs of train and bridge are affected by the turbulence intensities and integral scales of the incoming turbulent flow field. Wind attack and yaw angles have a greater impact on AAFs of trains on bridges without barriers than those with barriers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106252
Zubair Zahoor Banday , Aksel Fenerci , Torodd Skjerve Nord , Ole Andre Øiseth
This study focuses on efficiently computing buffeting fragility surfaces for long-span bridges while considering the uncertainty of the wind and turbulence fields. These fragility functions are then used for vulnerability assessment by estimating the exceedance probability of pre-set structural performance thresholds. These thresholds include deck acceleration for comfort and peak deck displacements for potential structural damage. This work explores how treating turbulence parameters as intensity measures impacts the probability of exceeding these performance indicators, leading to site-specific fragility curves. A case study on Norway’s longest suspension bridge is presented, employing a joint probabilistic model of turbulence characteristics. A significant increase in failure probabilities is observed across all evaluated performance thresholds when the uncertainty in turbulence characteristics is accounted for. To address the computational challenges of constructing multi-dimensional fragility surfaces, this study introduces an algorithm that employs surrogate modelling through iterative sampling within a Bayesian regression framework, which utilises less than 1% of the computational resources in comparison to the full-order model.
{"title":"Fragility analysis of long-span bridges under wind hazard","authors":"Zubair Zahoor Banday , Aksel Fenerci , Torodd Skjerve Nord , Ole Andre Øiseth","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on efficiently computing buffeting fragility surfaces for long-span bridges while considering the uncertainty of the wind and turbulence fields. These fragility functions are then used for vulnerability assessment by estimating the exceedance probability of pre-set structural performance thresholds. These thresholds include deck acceleration for comfort and peak deck displacements for potential structural damage. This work explores how treating turbulence parameters as intensity measures impacts the probability of exceeding these performance indicators, leading to site-specific fragility curves. A case study on Norway’s longest suspension bridge is presented, employing a joint probabilistic model of turbulence characteristics. A significant increase in failure probabilities is observed across all evaluated performance thresholds when the uncertainty in turbulence characteristics is accounted for. To address the computational challenges of constructing multi-dimensional fragility surfaces, this study introduces an algorithm that employs surrogate modelling through iterative sampling within a Bayesian regression framework, which utilises less than 1% of the computational resources in comparison to the full-order model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号