Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106324
Lu Yang , Chunjun Chen , Xinhua Xiang , Boyuan Mu , Yutao Xia
When plateau oxygen-supply trains pass through extreme tunnels, the passive control method for interior pressure fluctuations of the train fails to effectively balance passenger pressure comfort and air quality inside the carriage. To address above issues, this paper formulates the multi-objective optimization problem for desired interior pressure as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). A multi-objective reinforcement learning (RL) optimization method is proposed to obtain desired interior pressures under different tunnel conditions. By introducing the Lagrange function, the constraints (including interior oxygen partial pressure, interior pressure comfort standards, and valve opening restrictions) are integrated into the actor network. Furthermore, prior control knowledge from the iterative learning control (ILC) method is integrated to assist the RL algorithm in accelerating convergence and ensuring safe policy exploration. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method successfully generates an interior pressure trajectory that satisfies both the oxygen partial pressure and pressure comfort standards while maximizing valve openings and keeping them within acceptable limits. This provides the desired tracking objective for designing the control algorithm for interior pressure fluctuations under tunnel pressure wave excitations.
{"title":"A multi-objective reinforcement learning optimization method for interior desired pressure in plateau oxygen-supply trains under extreme tunnel conditions","authors":"Lu Yang , Chunjun Chen , Xinhua Xiang , Boyuan Mu , Yutao Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When plateau oxygen-supply trains pass through extreme tunnels, the passive control method for interior pressure fluctuations of the train fails to effectively balance passenger pressure comfort and air quality inside the carriage. To address above issues, this paper formulates the multi-objective optimization problem for desired interior pressure as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). A multi-objective reinforcement learning (RL) optimization method is proposed to obtain desired interior pressures under different tunnel conditions. By introducing the Lagrange function, the constraints (including interior oxygen partial pressure, interior pressure comfort standards, and valve opening restrictions) are integrated into the actor network. Furthermore, prior control knowledge from the iterative learning control (ILC) method is integrated to assist the RL algorithm in accelerating convergence and ensuring safe policy exploration. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method successfully generates an interior pressure trajectory that satisfies both the oxygen partial pressure and pressure comfort standards while maximizing valve openings and keeping them within acceptable limits. This provides the desired tracking objective for designing the control algorithm for interior pressure fluctuations under tunnel pressure wave excitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106326
Yezhan Li , Sankang Yin , Naoki Ikegaya
Turbulent inflow is essential for obtaining accurate results in large-eddy simulations of the urban wind environment. However, under unstable conditions, the relative importance of inflow turbulence and Reynolds number remains unclear. This study investigates the effects of five inflow turbulence types and five Reynolds numbers (Re = 1500–150000), obtained by varying the kinematic viscosity, on the flow fields around an isolated building. Results show that at a high Reynolds number (Re = 15000), different inflow turbulence conditions produce similar wake pattern. Varying the Reynolds number has minimal influence on the velocity fields under turbulent inflow, whereas non-turbulent inflow exhibits strong Reynolds number sensitivity, especially in the wake. For the temperature field, lower Reynolds numbers lead to higher temperatures and stronger fluctuations due to the increased wall heat transfer. These findings suggest that while turbulent inflow is essential for accurately resolving flow features in front of the building, non-turbulent inflow may be sufficient for studies focusing on mean and standard deviation fields in the wake at high Reynolds numbers. For simulations involving both velocity and temperature, inflow with fluctuations in both is recommended, though using velocity fluctuations with a representative temperature profile can still provide reasonable accuracy.
{"title":"Impact of inflow turbulence and flow Reynolds number on the flow around an isolated building under unstable conditions","authors":"Yezhan Li , Sankang Yin , Naoki Ikegaya","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turbulent inflow is essential for obtaining accurate results in large-eddy simulations of the urban wind environment. However, under unstable conditions, the relative importance of inflow turbulence and Reynolds number remains unclear. This study investigates the effects of five inflow turbulence types and five Reynolds numbers (<em>Re</em> = 1500–150000), obtained by varying the kinematic viscosity, on the flow fields around an isolated building. Results show that at a high Reynolds number (<em>Re</em> = 15000), different inflow turbulence conditions produce similar wake pattern. Varying the Reynolds number has minimal influence on the velocity fields under turbulent inflow, whereas non-turbulent inflow exhibits strong Reynolds number sensitivity, especially in the wake. For the temperature field, lower Reynolds numbers lead to higher temperatures and stronger fluctuations due to the increased wall heat transfer. These findings suggest that while turbulent inflow is essential for accurately resolving flow features in front of the building, non-turbulent inflow may be sufficient for studies focusing on mean and standard deviation fields in the wake at high Reynolds numbers. For simulations involving both velocity and temperature, inflow with fluctuations in both is recommended, though using velocity fluctuations with a representative temperature profile can still provide reasonable accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106326"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106323
Katya Britton, Djordje Romanic
Downbursts are intense, often damaging, winds produced by downdrafts from storms that strike the ground and spread outward in all directions. Near the surface, the flow characteristics of downburst outflows closely resemble those of an impinging jet spreading over a flat surface, a well-known phenomenon in experimental fluid mechanics. Key features such as high wind speeds, nose-shaped vertical profiles of mean velocity, abrupt shifts in wind direction, and non-Gaussian velocity distributions make downbursts a significant hazard to certain structures. Owing to their resemblance to impinging jets, downbursts have been modeled using various analytical and semi-empirical formulations, which are now commonly used in wind engineering to evaluate structural loads and environmental impacts. This short communication introduces a simple and intuitive MATLAB® software tool that integrates nine well-documented models of downburst-like impinging jets. The tool allows users to visualize radial and vertical profiles of the mean wind components and to export both plots and data in multiple formats. Its interactive interface enables easy adjustment of key model parameters, enhancing usability for research and engineering applications.
{"title":"A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) of wall jet analytical and semi-empirical models of downbursts","authors":"Katya Britton, Djordje Romanic","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Downbursts are intense, often damaging, winds produced by downdrafts from storms that strike the ground and spread outward in all directions. Near the surface, the flow characteristics of downburst outflows closely resemble those of an impinging jet spreading over a flat surface, a well-known phenomenon in experimental fluid mechanics. Key features such as high wind speeds, nose-shaped vertical profiles of mean velocity, abrupt shifts in wind direction, and non-Gaussian velocity distributions make downbursts a significant hazard to certain structures. Owing to their resemblance to impinging jets, downbursts have been modeled using various analytical and semi-empirical formulations, which are now commonly used in wind engineering to evaluate structural loads and environmental impacts. This short communication introduces a simple and intuitive MATLAB® software tool that integrates nine well-documented models of downburst-like impinging jets. The tool allows users to visualize radial and vertical profiles of the mean wind components and to export both plots and data in multiple formats. Its interactive interface enables easy adjustment of key model parameters, enhancing usability for research and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study introduces recent efforts of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) to develop guidelines for large-eddy simulation (LES) of pedestrian wind environments (PWEs). Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models have been widely used for predicting urban wind environments following best practice guidelines (BPGs) by Franke et al. [Int J Environ Pollut 44, 1–4 (2011)] and Tominaga et al. [J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96 (10–11), 1749–1761 (2008)]. Although RANS models can predict mean wind velocity and some turbulence statistics based on empirical assumptions, LES provides higher accuracy in resolving transient turbulence structures larger than the grid scale. With increasing urbanization, understanding instantaneous complex wind and wind-related phenomena around buildings is essential for ensuring pedestrian wind comfort and safety. However, LES applications face challenges owing to a lack of BPGs. This study outlines key recommendations for simulation setups and post-processing, including domain size, building modeling, grid generation, boundary conditions, turbulence modeling, discretization, convergence criteria, and reliability evaluation. Additionally, new benchmark cases are provided to support validation for PWEs. The AIJ working group systematically evaluated LES performance across urban scenarios to ensure practical applicability while balancing computational costs. These guidelines aim to enhance prediction reliability, thereby contributing to the standardization of LES applications for PWE and advancement of computational wind engineering.
{"title":"AIJ guidelines on the applications of large-eddy simulation to pedestrian wind environment: Recommendations and validation benchmarks","authors":"Tsubasa Okaze , Hideki Kikumoto , Naoki Ikegaya , Keisuke Nakao , Hiroki Ono , Keigo Nakajima , Masashi Imano , Takamasa Hasama , Yuichi Tabata , Takeshi Kishida , Ryuichiro Yoshie , Yoshihide Tominaga","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces recent efforts of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) to develop guidelines for large-eddy simulation (LES) of pedestrian wind environments (PWEs). Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models have been widely used for predicting urban wind environments following best practice guidelines (BPGs) by Franke et al. [Int J Environ Pollut <strong>44</strong>, 1–4 (2011)] and Tominaga et al. [J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn <strong>96</strong> (10–11), 1749–1761 (2008)]. Although RANS models can predict mean wind velocity and some turbulence statistics based on empirical assumptions, LES provides higher accuracy in resolving transient turbulence structures larger than the grid scale. With increasing urbanization, understanding instantaneous complex wind and wind-related phenomena around buildings is essential for ensuring pedestrian wind comfort and safety. However, LES applications face challenges owing to a lack of BPGs. This study outlines key recommendations for simulation setups and post-processing, including domain size, building modeling, grid generation, boundary conditions, turbulence modeling, discretization, convergence criteria, and reliability evaluation. Additionally, new benchmark cases are provided to support validation for PWEs. The AIJ working group systematically evaluated LES performance across urban scenarios to ensure practical applicability while balancing computational costs. These guidelines aim to enhance prediction reliability, thereby contributing to the standardization of LES applications for PWE and advancement of computational wind engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106321"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106318
Yongzhi Zhang , Zhibin Tian , Yi Yuan , Wenqian Lu , Xiaoli Pan , Yan Huang
Commuter exposure to particulate matter (PM) in confined subway stations poses significant risks to public health. The spatial distribution of the PM is strongly influenced by passenger-induced wake flows, yet its role in PM transport dynamics remains poorly characterized. This study investigates the impact of passenger wake flows on PM transport within commuting subway cabins via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), employing the dynamic mesh method and the Eulerian‒Lagrangian method to track PM trajectories. The results indicated that the wake flow fields can significantly enhance particulate matter migration, leading to a 132 % increase in PM 2.5 influx into the cabin compared with unoccupied scenarios. Entrained particles primarily accumulate near doorway regions—critical transition zones between moving and stationary passenger groups—where door-closing-induced airflow disturbances further promote their dispersion toward exhaust outlets. These results elucidate the mechanisms by which passenger behavior modulates subway cabin air quality, providing actionable insights for optimizing ventilation system design and mitigating passenger PM exposure risk.
{"title":"Human mobility-induced particulate dispersion mechanisms in urban transit hubs","authors":"Yongzhi Zhang , Zhibin Tian , Yi Yuan , Wenqian Lu , Xiaoli Pan , Yan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commuter exposure to particulate matter (PM) in confined subway stations poses significant risks to public health. The spatial distribution of the PM is strongly influenced by passenger-induced wake flows, yet its role in PM transport dynamics remains poorly characterized. This study investigates the impact of passenger wake flows on PM transport within commuting subway cabins via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), employing the dynamic mesh method and the Eulerian‒Lagrangian method to track PM trajectories. The results indicated that the wake flow fields can significantly enhance particulate matter migration, leading to a 132 % increase in PM 2.5 influx into the cabin compared with unoccupied scenarios. Entrained particles primarily accumulate near doorway regions—critical transition zones between moving and stationary passenger groups—where door-closing-induced airflow disturbances further promote their dispersion toward exhaust outlets. These results elucidate the mechanisms by which passenger behavior modulates subway cabin air quality, providing actionable insights for optimizing ventilation system design and mitigating passenger PM exposure risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106313
Stefano Brusco , Adrian Costache , Timothy John Acosta , Gregory A. Kopp
This paper presents the development of a rapid traversing system for WindEEE Dome, designed to investigate variations in flow characteristics and the transient aerodynamics of buildings subjected to translation speeds representative of full-scale tornadoes. A moving section of the floor was constructed with a 12.8 m track that spanned the test chamber. The track allows the movement of a cart and an elliptical aluminum baseplate on rails through the action of a servo-motor and a system of chains. The results of the first experimental campaign with the new system are examined in detail. The baseplate was equipped with pressure taps for flow characterization and fitted with a pressure model of a low-rise building to examine its transient aerodynamic response. Cobra Probes were installed to simultaneously measure the tornadic wind field samples. Several nominally identical repeats were carried out with the system translating through a spatially-stationary tornado-vortex with a swirl ratio of 0.76 for two different translation speed ( 1.5 m/s and 4.2 m/s). The traversing system was also used to simulate a quasi-static translation of the tornado-like flows; hence, effects of different levels of translation speed on flow characterization, and pressure distributions and forces of the building model are discerned.
{"title":"Simulating high-translation-speed tornado-like vortex effects on building aerodynamics through a rapid traversing system","authors":"Stefano Brusco , Adrian Costache , Timothy John Acosta , Gregory A. Kopp","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the development of a rapid traversing system for WindEEE Dome, designed to investigate variations in flow characteristics and the transient aerodynamics of buildings subjected to translation speeds representative of full-scale tornadoes. A moving section of the floor was constructed with a 12.8 m track that spanned the test chamber. The track allows the movement of a cart and an elliptical aluminum baseplate on rails through the action of a servo-motor and a system of chains. The results of the first experimental campaign with the new system are examined in detail. The baseplate was equipped with pressure taps for flow characterization and fitted with a pressure model of a low-rise building to examine its transient aerodynamic response. Cobra Probes were installed to simultaneously measure the tornadic wind field samples. Several nominally identical repeats were carried out with the system translating through a spatially-stationary tornado-vortex with a swirl ratio of 0.76 for two different translation speed (<span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span> 1.5 m/s and <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span> 4.2 m/s). The traversing system was also used to simulate a quasi-static translation of the tornado-like flows; hence, effects of different levels of translation speed on flow characterization, and pressure distributions and forces of the building model are discerned.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106319
Kyohei Noguchi, Yuta Tsubokura , Yuki Tsuda, Tomomi Yagi
The scattering of particles and adhesion to a structure are important in engineering applications. In this study, flow and particle scattering analyses around rectangular prisms with different side ratios were performed using CFD to discuss the effects of flow pattern on scattering and adhesion distribution on the surfaces. Particularly for particles with a small Stokes number, for rectangular prisms with smaller side ratios, where the duration of reattachment of the separated flow was relatively short, the particles were transported to the surfaces in the order of front, back, and side, with some particles adhering to each face. For prisms with larger side ratios, the particles were transported in the order of the front, side, and back, which was characterized by a local adhesion peak around the middle of the side surface. The increasing Stokes number resulted in a less followability to a flow and contributed to a unique adhesion distribution. Finally, the relationship between the adhesion distribution and the surface pressure on the prisms was investigated to further discuss the scattering mechanisms and propose an estimation model for adhesion. The gradient in the along-surface direction of the time-averaged pressure provided a good reproduction of the adhesion distribution.
{"title":"Numerical investigation of the adhesion of particles to rectangular prisms with different side ratios","authors":"Kyohei Noguchi, Yuta Tsubokura , Yuki Tsuda, Tomomi Yagi","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scattering of particles and adhesion to a structure are important in engineering applications. In this study, flow and particle scattering analyses around rectangular prisms with different side ratios were performed using CFD to discuss the effects of flow pattern on scattering and adhesion distribution on the surfaces. Particularly for particles with a small Stokes number, for rectangular prisms with smaller side ratios, where the duration of reattachment of the separated flow was relatively short, the particles were transported to the surfaces in the order of front, back, and side, with some particles adhering to each face. For prisms with larger side ratios, the particles were transported in the order of the front, side, and back, which was characterized by a local adhesion peak around the middle of the side surface. The increasing Stokes number resulted in a less followability to a flow and contributed to a unique adhesion distribution. Finally, the relationship between the adhesion distribution and the surface pressure on the prisms was investigated to further discuss the scattering mechanisms and propose an estimation model for adhesion. The gradient in the along-surface direction of the time-averaged pressure provided a good reproduction of the adhesion distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106319"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106314
Timothy John Acosta , Stefano Brusco , Yitian Guo , Jin Wang , Gregory A. Kopp
Experimental wind tunnel databases are essential for determining design wind loads on buildings for a range of applications, including building code development and database-assisted design. Such databases have played a key role in developing data-driven methods and validating numerical simulations in recent years. Despite their importance, there are limited publicly available databases. This paper presents wind tunnel data obtained at Western University, which aims to address the gap for data on low-to mid-rise gable and hip-roof buildings. The database encompasses 154 different cases, examining the impacts of non-dimensional building geometry parameters and roof shape on the resulting aerodynamic loads. Notably, it includes 74 gable and 80 hip roof-shaped building cases, all with a roof slope 6/12 across open and suburban terrain categories. The paper examines the geometric aspect ratio limits as to when the gable or hip roof can be considered aerodynamically flat with respect to the total base shear. For gable-roofed buildings, the contribution of the mean and the variance of the base shear loads of the walls and roof collapse relatively well with respect to the mean roof height-to-length () ratio, where the length, , is the plan dimension parallel to the wind direction. The contribution of the roof reduces to less than 3 % when . For uplift, the contribution of the windward roof and leeward roof to the total uplift was examined. For , the leeward roof contributes more to the total uplift. As for the hip roof, the contributions of the walls and roof collapse are observed to be a function of the height-to-breadth () ratio, where the breadth, , is the plan dimension perpendicular to the wind direction. The contribution of the hip roof to the total base shear is less than 1 % when for the ratios considered in the database. The controlling geometric aspect ratios are different for a gable and hip roof due to how these parameters alter the projected roof area that contributes to the total base shear. Generally, when the hip or gable roof contributes to the total base shear, the peak design base shear is smaller than a case with a flat roof.
{"title":"An aerodynamic database of wind loads on gable and hip roof buildings","authors":"Timothy John Acosta , Stefano Brusco , Yitian Guo , Jin Wang , Gregory A. Kopp","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental wind tunnel databases are essential for determining design wind loads on buildings for a range of applications, including building code development and database-assisted design. Such databases have played a key role in developing data-driven methods and validating numerical simulations in recent years. Despite their importance, there are limited publicly available databases. This paper presents wind tunnel data obtained at Western University, which aims to address the gap for data on low-to mid-rise gable and hip-roof buildings. The database encompasses 154 different cases, examining the impacts of non-dimensional building geometry parameters and roof shape on the resulting aerodynamic loads. Notably, it includes 74 gable and 80 hip roof-shaped building cases, all with a roof slope 6/12 across open and suburban terrain categories. The paper examines the geometric aspect ratio limits as to when the gable or hip roof can be considered aerodynamically flat with respect to the total base shear. For gable-roofed buildings, the contribution of the mean and the variance of the base shear loads of the walls and roof collapse relatively well with respect to the mean roof height-to-length (<span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></math></span>) ratio, where the length, <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></math></span>, is the plan dimension parallel to the wind direction. The contribution of the roof reduces to less than 3 % when <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>L</mi><mo>></mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>. For uplift, the contribution of the windward roof and leeward roof to the total uplift was examined. For <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>L</mi><mo><</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, the leeward roof contributes more to the total uplift. As for the hip roof, the contributions of the walls and roof collapse are observed to be a function of the height-to-breadth (<span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span>) ratio, where the breadth, <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span>, is the plan dimension perpendicular to the wind direction. The contribution of the hip roof to the total base shear is less than 1 % when <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>></mo><mspace></mspace><mn>1.25</mn></mrow></math></span> for the <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span> ratios considered in the database. The controlling geometric aspect ratios are different for a gable and hip roof due to how these parameters alter the projected roof area that contributes to the total base shear. Generally, when the hip or gable roof contributes to the total base shear, the peak design base shear is smaller than a case with a flat roof.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106320
Jie Wang , Wanbo An , Fuyou Xu , Mingjie Zhang , Zhanbiao Zhang
This study presents an improved heave plate device (IHPD) to control the flutter of long-span bridges. The heave plate is suspended beneath the deck, and through the transmission apparatus, it undergoes vibration in water with amplitudes and speeds several times those of the deck. It is important to note that IHPDs are deployed only when extreme wind conditions are forecasted and do not interfere with regular navigation. Combined wind tunnel and water tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the device in controlling flutter in segmental models of two bridge decks. The effects of plate mass, plate size, and the transmission shaft diameter ratio were systematically investigated. The results indicated that this device can effectively increase the onset wind speed of both soft and hard flutter, and significantly reduce the amplitude of soft flutter at the same wind speed. The size and mass of the heave plate, along with the diameter ratio of the transmission shafts, have considerable impacts on the control efficiency of the device. Based on the similarity principle, the parameters and results of the models are converted to real bridges to provide a reference for the parameter design of IHPD in real bridge applications.
{"title":"Experimental study of an improved heave plate device to control bridge flutter","authors":"Jie Wang , Wanbo An , Fuyou Xu , Mingjie Zhang , Zhanbiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an improved heave plate device (IHPD) to control the flutter of long-span bridges. The heave plate is suspended beneath the deck, and through the transmission apparatus, it undergoes vibration in water with amplitudes and speeds several times those of the deck. It is important to note that IHPDs are deployed only when extreme wind conditions are forecasted and do not interfere with regular navigation. Combined wind tunnel and water tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the device in controlling flutter in segmental models of two bridge decks. The effects of plate mass, plate size, and the transmission shaft diameter ratio were systematically investigated. The results indicated that this device can effectively increase the onset wind speed of both soft and hard flutter, and significantly reduce the amplitude of soft flutter at the same wind speed. The size and mass of the heave plate, along with the diameter ratio of the transmission shafts, have considerable impacts on the control efficiency of the device. Based on the similarity principle, the parameters and results of the models are converted to real bridges to provide a reference for the parameter design of IHPD in real bridge applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106320"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a generalizable stochastic discrepancy discovery framework to integrate observation into calibrating environment-dependent tropical cyclone (TC) models. Existing environment-dependent TC models often suffer from biases due to oversimplified physics, while their deterministic nature prohibits proper quantification of epistemic uncertainties arising from modeling inadequacies. To simultaneously address the task of bias correction and uncertainty quantification, this paper treats the existing model as prior knowledge and discovers parameter-efficient interpretable stochastic governing equations for their modeling discrepancies against historical TC observations, leveraging symbolic regression and stochastic processes.
As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate our approach in improving the TC track and intensity simulations in the Western Northern Pacific basin, through individual historical TC hindcasts and statistical validation. Influence from the track and intensity model uncertainties is measured. We also focus on the practical task of typhoon wind hazard assessment. Our estimated wind speed generally agrees with the code recommendations, and the confidence intervals are well calibrated to include results from alternative models. Overall, the proposed framework provides a principled approach to enhance the environment-dependent TC models, paving the way for more informed TC simulation under changing climates.
{"title":"Learning interpretable environment-dependent stochastic discrepancy equations for bias correction and epistemic uncertainty quantification of tropical cyclone models","authors":"Xi Zhong , Wenjun Jiang , Jize Zhang , Ahsan Kareem","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a generalizable stochastic discrepancy discovery framework to integrate observation into calibrating environment-dependent tropical cyclone (TC) models. Existing environment-dependent TC models often suffer from biases due to oversimplified physics, while their deterministic nature prohibits proper quantification of epistemic uncertainties arising from modeling inadequacies. To simultaneously address the task of bias correction and uncertainty quantification, this paper treats the existing model as prior knowledge and discovers parameter-efficient interpretable stochastic governing equations for their modeling discrepancies against historical TC observations, leveraging symbolic regression and stochastic processes.</div><div>As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate our approach in improving the TC track and intensity simulations in the Western Northern Pacific basin, through individual historical TC hindcasts and statistical validation. Influence from the track and intensity model uncertainties is measured. We also focus on the practical task of typhoon wind hazard assessment. Our estimated wind speed generally agrees with the code recommendations, and the confidence intervals are well calibrated to include results from alternative models. Overall, the proposed framework provides a principled approach to enhance the environment-dependent TC models, paving the way for more informed TC simulation under changing climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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