Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106283
Un Yong Jeong, Liam Dupelle, Stephanie Hartlin
For Performance-Based Wind Design (PBWD) analysis, a new approach called Regenerated Coherence (RC) method is proposed to generate 3-dimensional wind load time histories based on High-Frequency Force Balance (HFFB) method considering coherences between different directions and levels. In generating the time series, the coherences are expressed in terms of the measured base moments from HFFB testing and the coherences between any two levels along the height of the building, respectively. The authors find that base moment spectra and the coherences of the time series between different directions and levels generated by the RC method match well with HFFB wind tunnel testing or the target values. It is shown that the quasi-steady component of a bending moment at a height is more accurately generated with the RC method in comparison to a simpler linear combination method. Multiple sets of RC wind loads are selected to envelop the worst loading conditions in all orthogonal directions for use in PBWD.
{"title":"Wind load time history regenerated considering coherences for performance-based wind design of tall buildings","authors":"Un Yong Jeong, Liam Dupelle, Stephanie Hartlin","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For Performance-Based Wind Design (PBWD) analysis, a new approach called Regenerated Coherence (RC) method is proposed to generate 3-dimensional wind load time histories based on High-Frequency Force Balance (HFFB) method considering coherences between different directions and levels. In generating the time series, the coherences are expressed in terms of the measured base moments from HFFB testing and the coherences between any two levels along the height of the building, respectively. The authors find that base moment spectra and the coherences of the time series between different directions and levels generated by the RC method match well with HFFB wind tunnel testing or the target values. It is shown that the quasi-steady component of a bending moment at a height is more accurately generated with the RC method in comparison to a simpler linear combination method. Multiple sets of RC wind loads are selected to envelop the worst loading conditions in all orthogonal directions for use in PBWD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106303
F.H. Kemper , A.J. Bronkhorst , C.P.W. Geurts
This paper examines gust-induced vibrations in a high-rise residential tower, focusing on the comparison between in-situ measurements and predictions based on current code provisions. Extensive data collected from the New Orleans Tower in Rotterdam — equipped with pressure sensors, accelerometers, and anemometers — was evaluated against predictions derived from the Eurocode and wind tunnel tests. The findings reveal significant discrepancies between measured and predicted accelerations, primarily attributable to inaccuracies in key input parameters rather than limitations of the prediction model itself. The simplified code recommendations fail to account for the effects of neighboring structures and wind directionality. A comprehensive study of aerodynamics force coefficient and structural dynamics were undertaken to assess the prediction models. This study underscores the importance of improving urban wind modeling and incorporating building-specific factors into structural design codes, advocating for the integration of detailed in-situ data and advanced computational techniques to enhance the accuracy of wind-induced vibration predictions in high-rise buildings.
{"title":"Evaluating gust-induced vibrations in high-rise buildings: Insights from in-situ measurements and prediction models","authors":"F.H. Kemper , A.J. Bronkhorst , C.P.W. Geurts","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines gust-induced vibrations in a high-rise residential tower, focusing on the comparison between in-situ measurements and predictions based on current code provisions. Extensive data collected from the New Orleans Tower in Rotterdam — equipped with pressure sensors, accelerometers, and anemometers — was evaluated against predictions derived from the Eurocode and wind tunnel tests. The findings reveal significant discrepancies between measured and predicted accelerations, primarily attributable to inaccuracies in key input parameters rather than limitations of the prediction model itself. The simplified code recommendations fail to account for the effects of neighboring structures and wind directionality. A comprehensive study of aerodynamics force coefficient and structural dynamics were undertaken to assess the prediction models. This study underscores the importance of improving urban wind modeling and incorporating building-specific factors into structural design codes, advocating for the integration of detailed in-situ data and advanced computational techniques to enhance the accuracy of wind-induced vibration predictions in high-rise buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106304
Latife Atar, Oya Mercan
This study investigates the effects of upstream building interference on surface pressure distributions and flow behavior around a principal building in a tandem arrangement using Large Eddy Simulation (LES), validated against wind tunnel measurements. Streamwise separations ranging from 1.5 to 6 were analyzed to capture transitions between established interference regimes, including reattachment and co-shedding. Particular emphasis is given on evaluating mean, root-mean-square, and peak pressure coefficients, with peak values highlighted due to their relevance in cladding design and extreme wind load assessment. Results show that maximum peak pressures on the windward wall are generally suppressed under interference, while minimum peak pressures are significantly amplified near vertical edges and separation zones. This amplification is especially pronounced for separations below 3 , where shielding reduces stagnation loads but enhances suction effects. Flow visualizations and turbulence-intensity maps confirm transitions in the interference regime, from wake shielding and attached roof flow to roof-level separation and vortex formation. The findings demonstrate the capability of LES to resolve key flow features and pressure variations in tandem building configurations and emphasize the importance of accounting for extreme suction demands in closely spaced urban environments.
{"title":"LES of wind-induced pressures and flow structures around tandem buildings","authors":"Latife Atar, Oya Mercan","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of upstream building interference on surface pressure distributions and flow behavior around a principal building in a tandem arrangement using Large Eddy Simulation (LES), validated against wind tunnel measurements. Streamwise separations ranging from 1.5 <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span> to 6 <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span> were analyzed to capture transitions between established interference regimes, including reattachment and co-shedding. Particular emphasis is given on evaluating mean, root-mean-square, and peak pressure coefficients, with peak values highlighted due to their relevance in cladding design and extreme wind load assessment. Results show that maximum peak pressures on the windward wall are generally suppressed under interference, while minimum peak pressures are significantly amplified near vertical edges and separation zones. This amplification is especially pronounced for separations below 3 <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></math></span>, where shielding reduces stagnation loads but enhances suction effects. Flow visualizations and turbulence-intensity maps confirm transitions in the interference regime, from wake shielding and attached roof flow to roof-level separation and vortex formation. The findings demonstrate the capability of LES to resolve key flow features and pressure variations in tandem building configurations and emphasize the importance of accounting for extreme suction demands in closely spaced urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 106304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106297
Keyi Chen , Ziwei Mo , Yaxing Du
High-rise buildings play a crucial role in shaping the urban wind environment. This study investigates wind flows around high-rise structures featuring different cross-sectional shapes (square, triangle, octagon, T-shaped, cross-shaped, #-shaped, H-shaped, and L-shaped) and building densities (λp = 0.44, 0.25, 0.11) through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The maximum wind speed ratio Kmax around high-rise buildings increases as building density decreases. Notably, Kmax is highest around triangle (2.12 at λp = 0.44, 2.21 at λp = 0.25) and L-shaped building (2.12 at λp = 0.44, 2.43 at λp = 0.11), while being lowest (1.41–1.93) around octagon structures. Under calm climates, variations in building shapes significantly impact the area ratio of unfavorable region (ARUF) at higher building densities, causing the most difference about 15.59 %. Conversely, in windy climates, the area ratio of the intolerable region (ARIN) at λp = 0.11 experiences more increase (e.g., from 0 % to 4.16 % for octagon buildings), suggesting enhanced ventilation but also potential hazards. Furthermore, human comfort index (IBC) fluctuations induced by building shapes are more pronounced in winter under windy conditions. These findings advance our understanding of flow patterns and pedestrian comfort around high-rise buildings, emphasizing the importance of considering both building shapes and densities.
{"title":"Wind environment and pedestrian comfort assessment around a high-rise building: Coupled effect of building shape and surrounding density","authors":"Keyi Chen , Ziwei Mo , Yaxing Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-rise buildings play a crucial role in shaping the urban wind environment. This study investigates wind flows around high-rise structures featuring different cross-sectional shapes (square, triangle, octagon, T-shaped, cross-shaped, #-shaped, H-shaped, and L-shaped) and building densities (<em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.44, 0.25, 0.11) through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The maximum wind speed ratio <em>K</em><sub>max</sub> around high-rise buildings increases as building density decreases. Notably, <em>K</em><sub>max</sub> is highest around triangle (2.12 at <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.44, 2.21 at <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.25) and L-shaped building (2.12 at <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.44, 2.43 at <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.11), while being lowest (1.41–1.93) around octagon structures. Under calm climates, variations in building shapes significantly impact the area ratio of unfavorable region (<em>AR</em><sub><em>UF</em></sub>) at higher building densities, causing the most difference about 15.59 %. Conversely, in windy climates, the area ratio of the intolerable region (<em>AR</em><sub>IN</sub>) at <em>λ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> = 0.11 experiences more increase (e.g., from 0 % to 4.16 % for octagon buildings), suggesting enhanced ventilation but also potential hazards. Furthermore, human comfort index (<em>I</em><sub><em>BC</em></sub>) fluctuations induced by building shapes are more pronounced in winter under windy conditions. These findings advance our understanding of flow patterns and pedestrian comfort around high-rise buildings, emphasizing the importance of considering both building shapes and densities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106297"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106284
Biao Sun, Qi Fu, Gang Zhou, Haotian Sun, Fengzhi Xie, Yongwei Liu
To achieve a more precise study of the impact of alterations in wind speed gradient on the dispersion of dust pollution in conveyor belt transport tunnels, Computational Fluid Dynamics-User-Defined Function numerical simulations were utilised to compare and analyze the changes in turbulence and dust pollution evolution under two distinct operating conditions: uniform wind speed and wind shear index disturbance. The findings suggest that the wind shear index exerts a substantial influence on the turbulent kinetic energy and dust concentration. It has been observed to result in an increase in average wind speed, accompanied by an expansion in the area of high turbulent kinetic energy zones. The area and numerical difference between the two operating conditions can reach up to 55.87 m2 and 0.0056 m2/s2, respectively. Concurrently, the high dust concentration zones at the breathing zone height shift from tunnel centre towards walkway. The average dust concentrations recorded are 216.32 mg/m3 and 137.04 mg/m3, respectively. The approximate linear relationship between wind shear index (W) and turbulent kinetic energy (T) is: T = 0.01874W - 0.00356 (r = 0.931). The relationship between dust concentration (C) and wind shear is: C = −1448.06e (W/0.15) + 191.71 (r = 0.874). Both show a strong positive correlation.
{"title":"Study on the influence mechanism of wind shear index on turbulence and dust spatio-temporal evolution pattern in tape transportation lane","authors":"Biao Sun, Qi Fu, Gang Zhou, Haotian Sun, Fengzhi Xie, Yongwei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve a more precise study of the impact of alterations in wind speed gradient on the dispersion of dust pollution in conveyor belt transport tunnels, Computational Fluid Dynamics-User-Defined Function numerical simulations were utilised to compare and analyze the changes in turbulence and dust pollution evolution under two distinct operating conditions: uniform wind speed and wind shear index disturbance. The findings suggest that the wind shear index exerts a substantial influence on the turbulent kinetic energy and dust concentration. It has been observed to result in an increase in average wind speed, accompanied by an expansion in the area of high turbulent kinetic energy zones. The area and numerical difference between the two operating conditions can reach up to 55.87 m<sup>2</sup> and 0.0056 m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Concurrently, the high dust concentration zones at the breathing zone height shift from tunnel centre towards walkway. The average dust concentrations recorded are 216.32 mg/m<sup>3</sup> and 137.04 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The approximate linear relationship between wind shear index (W) and turbulent kinetic energy (T) is: T = 0.01874W - 0.00356 (r = 0.931). The relationship between dust concentration (C) and wind shear is: C = −1448.06e (W/0.15) + 191.71 (r = 0.874). Both show a strong positive correlation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106293
Amirhossein Tamimi , Amir Reza Ghiami Azad , Cem Yalçın , Altok Kurşun
Due to their high efficiency, appropriate structural behavior, and aesthetic merits, the use of cable-stayed bridges continues to grow. One of the challenges faced by designers is the demand for increased span lengths of these bridges. With this increase in length, the effects of wind forces on the deck become more pronounced. Neglecting this issue, in addition to increasing the forces on the bridge elements and non-optimal design, can also pose safety hazards. In this regard, extensive research has been conducted on optimizing the elements of cable-stayed bridges against aerodynamic forces, among which the deck is one of the most influential elements on this behavior. The cable element is the subject of the majority of cable-stayed bridge optimization researches. However, the effect of deck optimization on cable optimization has not yet been investigated. In this study, first the deck topology of the Nissibi Bridge, located in Turkey, is aerodynamically optimized by two different approaches. The CFD model, validated using wind tunnel test data, simulates the transient aerodynamic forces on the deck. Next, the effect of deck topology optimization on the axial force of the cables is examined, and the total cable quantity of the bridge is reduced. Based on the results of this study, it is observed that minor adjustments in the deck geometry can increase the upward wind force on the deck up to 77 %. Also, benefitting from this upward force, which reduced the axial stress in the cables, the volume of the cable utilized in the bridge could be decreased by 4.1 %, which in this case is equivalent to 20.1 tons of high-strength steel. Using the method presented in this study, the wind force on the deck can be controlled and reduced, and thus, the design of the deck and cable elements can be optimized, ultimately reducing the cost of bridge construction.
{"title":"Optimization of cable quantity in cable-stayed bridges based on aerodynamic topology of the deck","authors":"Amirhossein Tamimi , Amir Reza Ghiami Azad , Cem Yalçın , Altok Kurşun","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to their high efficiency, appropriate structural behavior, and aesthetic merits, the use of cable-stayed bridges continues to grow. One of the challenges faced by designers is the demand for increased span lengths of these bridges. With this increase in length, the effects of wind forces on the deck become more pronounced. Neglecting this issue, in addition to increasing the forces on the bridge elements and non-optimal design, can also pose safety hazards. In this regard, extensive research has been conducted on optimizing the elements of cable-stayed bridges against aerodynamic forces, among which the deck is one of the most influential elements on this behavior. The cable element is the subject of the majority of cable-stayed bridge optimization researches. However, the effect of deck optimization on cable optimization has not yet been investigated. In this study, first the deck topology of the Nissibi Bridge, located in Turkey, is aerodynamically optimized by two different approaches. The CFD model, validated using wind tunnel test data, simulates the transient aerodynamic forces on the deck. Next, the effect of deck topology optimization on the axial force of the cables is examined, and the total cable quantity of the bridge is reduced. Based on the results of this study, it is observed that minor adjustments in the deck geometry can increase the upward wind force on the deck up to 77 %. Also, benefitting from this upward force, which reduced the axial stress in the cables, the volume of the cable utilized in the bridge could be decreased by 4.1 %, which in this case is equivalent to 20.1 tons of high-strength steel. Using the method presented in this study, the wind force on the deck can be controlled and reduced, and thus, the design of the deck and cable elements can be optimized, ultimately reducing the cost of bridge construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the performance of tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) on mitigating the low-frequency vertical VIV responses of bridges, a CFD-based numerical simulation method for solving the responses of the fluid-structure-TMDI coupled system is proposed in this study. The VIV responses of a 4:1 rectangular cylinder under different TMDI and structural parameters are investigated. It is found that the VIV amplitude of the controlled structure is sensitive to the natural-frequency ratio of TMDI to structure (f∗) and the damping ratio of TMDI (ξ2). For the concerned ranges of the mass ratio of damper to structure from 0.005 to 0.010 and the inerter-induced damper mass amplification factor from 5 to 10, the optimal f∗ and ξ2 are within the ranges of 0.990–0.995 and 1.0 %–2.0 %, respectively. The difference in the mitigation effect between the CFD-based model and the empirical VIV force model is highlighted. The geometric and frequency scaling ratios has little effect on the mitigation effect, and thus can be artificially set as needed. The proposed method enables precise setting of system parameters and directly solves the fluid-structure interactions, thereby providing an effective approach for the TMDI design in mitigating low-frequency vertical VIV of bridges.
{"title":"CFD-based study on TMDI performance in mitigating low-frequency vertical vortex-induced vibrations","authors":"Zhanbiao Zhang , Fuyou Xu , Mingjie Zhang , Yutong Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evaluate the performance of tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) on mitigating the low-frequency vertical VIV responses of bridges, a CFD-based numerical simulation method for solving the responses of the fluid-structure-TMDI coupled system is proposed in this study. The VIV responses of a 4:1 rectangular cylinder under different TMDI and structural parameters are investigated. It is found that the VIV amplitude of the controlled structure is sensitive to the natural-frequency ratio of TMDI to structure (<em>f</em>∗) and the damping ratio of TMDI (<em>ξ</em><sub>2</sub>). For the concerned ranges of the mass ratio of damper to structure from 0.005 to 0.010 and the inerter-induced damper mass amplification factor from 5 to 10, the optimal <em>f</em>∗ and <em>ξ</em><sub>2</sub> are within the ranges of 0.990–0.995 and 1.0 %–2.0 %, respectively. The difference in the mitigation effect between the CFD-based model and the empirical VIV force model is highlighted. The geometric and frequency scaling ratios has little effect on the mitigation effect, and thus can be artificially set as needed. The proposed method enables precise setting of system parameters and directly solves the fluid-structure interactions, thereby providing an effective approach for the TMDI design in mitigating low-frequency vertical VIV of bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106295
Theodore Potsis, Ted Stathopoulos
This paper extends the knowledge and methodologies in structural Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) applications in urban environments. A newly developed inflow turbulence generation technique is utilized that combines efficiency and accuracy in LES modeling – the so-called Dynamic Terrain (LES-DT). Main aspects of inflow turbulence generation for LES are discussed, and the differences between state-of-the-art techniques and the LES-DT are put into perspective. LES-DT is an engineering-based method, and it is applied for isolated and urban configurations, while the accuracy of the local wind induced peak pressures on the entire building envelope is evaluated, based on experiments from TPU for perpendicular and oblique wind. The impact of energy fluctuations of high frequency content on the incident flow and to mean and peak wind-induced pressures is discussed. LES-DT provides control over these fluctuations and can lead to accurate results via an efficient framework. Conclusions are drawn on sheltering effects for buildings in neighbors’ wakes, with LES-DT accurately capturing complex interference effects through validation metrics. An open-source code is available to facilitate its usage (https://github.com/tpotsis/DTv1.0). Given the current efforts to codify the use of CWE for structural applications internationally, this paper offers experimental and numerical insights to support this direction.
{"title":"Wind flow and wind loading by using the Dynamic Terrain approach","authors":"Theodore Potsis, Ted Stathopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper extends the knowledge and methodologies in structural Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) applications in urban environments. A newly developed inflow turbulence generation technique is utilized that combines efficiency and accuracy in LES modeling – the so-called Dynamic Terrain (LES-DT). Main aspects of inflow turbulence generation for LES are discussed, and the differences between state-of-the-art techniques and the LES-DT are put into perspective. LES-DT is an engineering-based method, and it is applied for isolated and urban configurations, while the accuracy of the local wind induced peak pressures on the entire building envelope is evaluated, based on experiments from TPU for perpendicular and oblique wind. The impact of energy fluctuations of high frequency content on the incident flow and to mean and peak wind-induced pressures is discussed. LES-DT provides control over these fluctuations and can lead to accurate results via an efficient framework. Conclusions are drawn on sheltering effects for buildings in neighbors’ wakes, with LES-DT accurately capturing complex interference effects through validation metrics. An open-source code is available to facilitate its usage (<span><span>https://github.com/tpotsis/DTv1.0</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Given the current efforts to codify the use of CWE for structural applications internationally, this paper offers experimental and numerical insights to support this direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural building ventilation is an approach that does not rely on the application of mechanical devices. It is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, thus very much preferred to other commonly used ventilation methods. The present experimental work focuses on the effects of the building elongation and skylight windows on the building air change rate (ACH), a topic not assessed before. In this framework, freestream flow velocity, flow incidence angle, and the opening angle of windows were studied as well. Experiments were performed in a boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) on a small-scale generic building model subjected to a scaled atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Hot-wire anemometry was used for the flow velocity measurements, while a tracer gas technique was used for the ACH experiments. The results indicate that the cross-ventilation yields substantially higher ACH compared to the single-sided ventilation, where the ACH increases linearly with an increase in the skylight window opening. The shortest building model (L = H, L is the building model length and H is the building model height) exhibited higher ACH than in the case of a cubic building model of the same dimensions, likely due to the window design and position. The ACH does not increase monotonically with the building elongation. The L= 2H model exhibited slightly higher ACH than for the most elongated (L = 3H) building model.
{"title":"The effects of an elongated building structure and skylight windows on wind-driven building ventilation","authors":"Matko Jelašić , Christoph Irrenfried , Günter Brenn , Hrvoje Kozmar","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural building ventilation is an approach that does not rely on the application of mechanical devices. It is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, thus very much preferred to other commonly used ventilation methods. The present experimental work focuses on the effects of the building elongation and skylight windows on the building air change rate (ACH), a topic not assessed before. In this framework, freestream flow velocity, flow incidence angle, and the opening angle of windows were studied as well. Experiments were performed in a boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) on a small-scale generic building model subjected to a scaled atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Hot-wire anemometry was used for the flow velocity measurements, while a tracer gas technique was used for the ACH experiments. The results indicate that the cross-ventilation yields substantially higher ACH compared to the single-sided ventilation, where the ACH increases linearly with an increase in the skylight window opening. The shortest building model (<em>L = H, L</em> is the building model length and <em>H</em> is the building model height) exhibited higher ACH than in the case of a cubic building model of the same dimensions, likely due to the window design and position. The ACH does not increase monotonically with the building elongation. The <em>L</em> <em>=</em> 2<em>H</em> model exhibited slightly higher ACH than for the most elongated (<em>L =</em> 3<em>H</em>) building model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 106269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106290
Han Yang , Shixiong Zheng , Cunming Ma , Changze Xu , Ding Zeng , Xu Yang
This study investigates vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) in a long-span triple-box girder bridge using wind tunnel testing and numerical simulations, focusing on the effects of angle of attack (AoA) and grid plate mitigation strategies. Two VIV lock-in regions are identified: the first, sensitive to AoA, exhibits dimensionless amplitudes (ymax/D) of 0.035, 0.067, and 0.081 at +3°, 0°, and −3°, respectively; the second is AoA-insensitive. In the first region, combining aerodynamic analysis with high-order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), it is found that decreasing AoA destabilizes the flow, amplifying vortex strength and pressure fluctuations. The first-order mode dominates the VIV, with intensity and energy input increasing as AoA decreases, exacerbating the VIV response. The grid plates applied along the edges of the slot opening significantly mitigate the VIV, achieving complete suppression at a porosity of 25 %. These grid plates modify the aerodynamic profile, weaken airflow coupling between the upper and lower surfaces, thus reducing energy input. This study provides valuable insights into VIV mechanisms in triple-box girders and offers effective strategies for vibration control in similar bridge designs.
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