Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823140104
V. A. Korshunov
Abstract
Results of lidar observations at a wavelength of 532 nm in Obninsk over the period from 2012 to 2021 are presented. In 2014–2018 the stratosphere aerosol was in a state close to the background. In 2019, aerosol maxima were observed in the 15–30 km layer associated with the eruptions of the Ambae and Raikoke volcanoes. The seasonal behavior of the integral backscattering coefficient in the background period is presented. In the lower layer of the stratosphere of 13–23 km, an increase in backscattering was observed in the second half of the year, associated with an increase in the number of natural fires. In the 23–30 km layer, the maximum backscattering was observed in summer. It was found that the contribution of the lower layer of 10–15 km to the optical thickness of the entire layer of 10–30 km is on average 61%. This implies the need to take into account the aerosol of the lower layer of 10–15 km in the overall balance of stratospheric aerosol in chemical–climatic models of the stratosphere. In the second half of the year, aerosol of natural fires is often observed in the 10–15 km layer. In some episodes, the addition of natural fire aerosol to an optical layer thickness of 10–30 km with respect to the spherical sulfuric acid aerosol ranges from 50 to 150%. At the same time, in annual mean terms, this additive in 2014–2021 on average was only 10%. In the last 5 years, there has been a trend towards an increase in the content of aerosol from natural fires, but so far the content of sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere remains predominant.
{"title":"Lidar Observations of Stratospheric Aerosols in Obninsk in 2012–2021: Influence of Volcanic Eruptions and Biomass Burning","authors":"V. A. Korshunov","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823140104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823140104","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Results of lidar observations at a wavelength of 532 nm in Obninsk over the period from 2012 to 2021 are presented. In 2014–2018 the stratosphere aerosol was in a state close to the background. In 2019, aerosol maxima were observed in the 15–30 km layer associated with the eruptions of the Ambae and Raikoke volcanoes. The seasonal behavior of the integral backscattering coefficient in the background period is presented. In the lower layer of the stratosphere of 13–23 km, an increase in backscattering was observed in the second half of the year, associated with an increase in the number of natural fires. In the 23–30 km layer, the maximum backscattering was observed in summer. It was found that the contribution of the lower layer of 10–15 km to the optical thickness of the entire layer of 10–30 km is on average 61%. This implies the need to take into account the aerosol of the lower layer of 10–15 km in the overall balance of stratospheric aerosol in chemical–climatic models of the stratosphere. In the second half of the year, aerosol of natural fires is often observed in the 10–15 km layer. In some episodes, the addition of natural fire aerosol to an optical layer thickness of 10–30 km with respect to the spherical sulfuric acid aerosol ranges from 50 to 150%. At the same time, in annual mean terms, this additive in 2014–2021 on average was only 10%. In the last 5 years, there has been a trend towards an increase in the content of aerosol from natural fires, but so far the content of sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere remains predominant.</p>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1134/s000143382314013x
A. M. Sterin, A. S. Lavrov
Abstract
Results of calculations of temperature trends in the free atmosphere (troposphere and lower stratosphere) using the quantile regression apparatus are considered and analyzed. In traditional techniques used in climatology, trends are estimated by use of regression based on the least squares method. Quantile regression, in contrast to these techniques, makes it possible to estimate regression parameters for each quantile of predictand values in the quantile range from zero to one. Using quantile regression to estimate climate changes results in a detailed picture of the dependence of the climate trend on the variation range of meteorological parameters in the quantile range of these parameters from zero to one. In particular, climate trends can be estimated for meteorological parameter values close to extreme. This paper uses the global radiosonde data array from which the stations are selected if the completeness of their data meets the requirements stated. Using the radiosonde data from the selected stations, the dependences of climatic trends of temperature on isobaric surfaces on values of quantiles (so-called process diagrams), as well as vertical quantile cross sections of climate trend values, are calculated, plotted, and analyzed. For thirteen high-latitude stations in the Northern Hemisphere among the selected ones, temperature trends are estimated both using radiosonde data and based on the ERA 5/ERA 5.1 reanalyses. An analysis of the results allows one to note the nonuniform character of tropospheric warming trends in the range of quantile variation, which is more apparent in the winter season. The nonuniform (for the range of quantile variation) character of tropospheric temperature trends is due to the fact that the tropospheric warming rate in the “cold” part of the quantile range is higher than that in its “warm” part. This agrees with the results obtained previously by analysis of surface temperature trends using the quantile regression method (QRM). The nonuniform character of cooling trends in the lower stratosphere is noted for the range of quantile variations. In winter and, to a lesser extent, in spring, the rate of stratospheric cooling decreases in absolute magnitude with an increase in quantile values at some stations in northern latitudes. Moreover, for the quantiles close to 1.0, negative trends can change sign. This can be both due to incomplete data on lower stratospheric temperature, which is particularly inherent in the high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and due to the influence of more frequently occurring sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on the temperature trend structure that is detailed within the range of quantile values. In is noted that the detailed structures of climate temperature trends that are obtained on the basis of radiosonde data proved to be very similar to those obtained based on arrays of ERA 5/ERA 5.1 reanalysis.
{"title":"Temperature Trends in the Free Atmosphere: Calculations Using the Quantile Regression Method","authors":"A. M. Sterin, A. S. Lavrov","doi":"10.1134/s000143382314013x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s000143382314013x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Results of calculations of temperature trends in the free atmosphere (troposphere and lower stratosphere) using the quantile regression apparatus are considered and analyzed. In traditional techniques used in climatology, trends are estimated by use of regression based on the least squares method. Quantile regression, in contrast to these techniques, makes it possible to estimate regression parameters for each quantile of predictand values in the quantile range from zero to one. Using quantile regression to estimate climate changes results in a detailed picture of the dependence of the climate trend on the variation range of meteorological parameters in the quantile range of these parameters from zero to one. In particular, climate trends can be estimated for meteorological parameter values close to extreme. This paper uses the global radiosonde data array from which the stations are selected if the completeness of their data meets the requirements stated. Using the radiosonde data from the selected stations, the dependences of climatic trends of temperature on isobaric surfaces on values of quantiles (so-called process diagrams), as well as vertical quantile cross sections of climate trend values, are calculated, plotted, and analyzed. For thirteen high-latitude stations in the Northern Hemisphere among the selected ones, temperature trends are estimated both using radiosonde data and based on the ERA 5/ERA 5.1 reanalyses. An analysis of the results allows one to note the nonuniform character of tropospheric warming trends in the range of quantile variation, which is more apparent in the winter season. The nonuniform (for the range of quantile variation) character of tropospheric temperature trends is due to the fact that the tropospheric warming rate in the “cold” part of the quantile range is higher than that in its “warm” part. This agrees with the results obtained previously by analysis of surface temperature trends using the quantile regression method (QRM). The nonuniform character of cooling trends in the lower stratosphere is noted for the range of quantile variations. In winter and, to a lesser extent, in spring, the rate of stratospheric cooling decreases in absolute magnitude with an increase in quantile values at some stations in northern latitudes. Moreover, for the quantiles close to 1.0, negative trends can change sign. This can be both due to incomplete data on lower stratospheric temperature, which is particularly inherent in the high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and due to the influence of more frequently occurring sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on the temperature trend structure that is detailed within the range of quantile values. In is noted that the detailed structures of climate temperature trends that are obtained on the basis of radiosonde data proved to be very similar to those obtained based on arrays of ERA 5/ERA 5.1 reanalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823140074
A. N. Gelfan, N. L. Frolova, D. V. Magritsky, M. B. Kireeva, V. Yu. Grigoriev, Yu. G. Motovilov, E. M. Gusev
Abstract
The article provides an overview of publications devoted to assessing changes in the water regime of Russian rivers under the conditions of current and projected climate changes. The most recent summary of the relevant publications is contained in the national assessment reports of Roshydromet. Since the publication of these fundamental works, a large number of studies have been published, clarifying the conclusions of the national reports. The purpose of this review is to summarize the modern ideas about the impact of climate change on the territory of the Russian Federation on the mean annual and maximum river flow, primarily based on the publications in recent years. The review is divided into two parts. The first part presents the results of the diagnosis of changes in the long-term norms of the annual and maximum flow of Russian rivers that occurred during the period of instrumental observations in the XX–early XXI centuries. Due to the geographical differences in the direction and magnitude of climate changes and associated changes in the water regime of rivers, the review is given separately for the rivers of the European and Asian territories of Russia. It is shown that the annual runoff over the territory of European Russia in recent decades has a tendency to increase, associated with a general rise in the humidity of the territory. However, for most of the analyzed river basins, the changes are statistically insignificant. The annual runoff of rivers from the territory of Siberia and the Far East into the Arctic seas of Russia has also slightly increased on average. The changes in the maximum runoff are more pronounced and differently directed. The second part of the article provides an overview of publications that present projections of changes in the water regime of Russian rivers until the end of the XXI century. The projections were obtained in ensemble experiments with climate models or with regional hydrological models. The conclusions made in the Second Assessment Report of Roshydromet regarding the insignificant positive anomalies of the annual runoff rate for most of the territory of Russia under moderate anthropogenic warming scenarios in the XXI century have been confirmed. The most pronounced positive anomalies of the snowmelt and rainfall runoff in the XXI century are possible on large rivers of Siberia in the case of implementation of the RCP8.5 scenario of anthropogenic radiation impact.
{"title":"Climate Change Impact on the Annual and Maximum Runoff of Russian Rivers: Diagnosis and Projections","authors":"A. N. Gelfan, N. L. Frolova, D. V. Magritsky, M. B. Kireeva, V. Yu. Grigoriev, Yu. G. Motovilov, E. M. Gusev","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823140074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823140074","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article provides an overview of publications devoted to assessing changes in the water regime of Russian rivers under the conditions of current and projected climate changes. The most recent summary of the relevant publications is contained in the national assessment reports of Roshydromet. Since the publication of these fundamental works, a large number of studies have been published, clarifying the conclusions of the national reports. The purpose of this review is to summarize the modern ideas about the impact of climate change on the territory of the Russian Federation on the mean annual and maximum river flow, primarily based on the publications in recent years. The review is divided into two parts. The first part presents the results of the diagnosis of changes in the long-term norms of the annual and maximum flow of Russian rivers that occurred during the period of instrumental observations in the XX–early XXI centuries. Due to the geographical differences in the direction and magnitude of climate changes and associated changes in the water regime of rivers, the review is given separately for the rivers of the European and Asian territories of Russia. It is shown that the annual runoff over the territory of European Russia in recent decades has a tendency to increase, associated with a general rise in the humidity of the territory. However, for most of the analyzed river basins, the changes are statistically insignificant. The annual runoff of rivers from the territory of Siberia and the Far East into the Arctic seas of Russia has also slightly increased on average. The changes in the maximum runoff are more pronounced and differently directed. The second part of the article provides an overview of publications that present projections of changes in the water regime of Russian rivers until the end of the XXI century. The projections were obtained in ensemble experiments with climate models or with regional hydrological models. The conclusions made in the Second Assessment Report of Roshydromet regarding the insignificant positive anomalies of the annual runoff rate for most of the territory of Russia under moderate anthropogenic warming scenarios in the XXI century have been confirmed. The most pronounced positive anomalies of the snowmelt and rainfall runoff in the XXI century are possible on large rivers of Siberia in the case of implementation of the RCP8.5 scenario of anthropogenic radiation impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823140128
A. M. Sterin, A. S. Lavrov
Abstract
This work involves calculations of climatic trends of anomalies in daily minimum, maximum, and average air temperatures based on the quantile regression method (QRM), which allows one to estimate trends in detail for any quantile in the range of quantile values from 0 to 1. Based on the QRM climate trend calculations detailed for different quantiles of trends in daily air temperature anomalies, clustering of more than 1400 meteorological stations of Russia is performed. Clustering is carried out in the multidimensional space, the formation of which takes into account seasonal peculiarities of the QRM trends of anomalies for three types of daily temperatures (daily minimum, maximum, and average temperatures) and features of the QRM trends in different parts of the quantile range. Twelve clusters of weather stations have been distinguished in the created multidimensional space using the k-means method. The stations that are included in each of the distinguished clusters are similar in terms of manifestation of the QRM trends of temperature. Despite the absence of characteristics of the geographical location of the observation stations among the variables of the multidimensional space, the stations within each of the twelve distinguished clusters are situated geographically quite compactly. The geographical distribution of stations assigned to different clusters is demonstrated and discussed. Based on the results of clustering, some features of quantile trends of temperature anomalies of specific seasons within the groups of stations assigned to individual clusters are described. Differences in manifestation of quantile trends between 12 clusters of Russian stations distinguished based on QRM quantile trends are obvious. At the same time, however, significant similarities can be observed between some individual pairs of clusters. The approaches and results of this work can be used to improve the climatic zoning of the Russian territory, which seems to be very relevant for the preparation and implementation of regional plans of adaptation to climate changes. The results can also be used for solving various applied climatology problems based on calculations of quantiles of different meteorological parameters.
{"title":"Using Quantile Regression to Estimate Spatial Patterns of Surface Temperature Trends over the Territory of Russia","authors":"A. M. Sterin, A. S. Lavrov","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823140128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823140128","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This work involves calculations of climatic trends of anomalies in daily minimum, maximum, and average air temperatures based on the quantile regression method (QRM), which allows one to estimate trends in detail for any quantile in the range of quantile values from 0 to 1. Based on the QRM climate trend calculations detailed for different quantiles of trends in daily air temperature anomalies, clustering of more than 1400 meteorological stations of Russia is performed. Clustering is carried out in the multidimensional space, the formation of which takes into account seasonal peculiarities of the QRM trends of anomalies for three types of daily temperatures (daily minimum, maximum, and average temperatures) and features of the QRM trends in different parts of the quantile range. Twelve clusters of weather stations have been distinguished in the created multidimensional space using the k-means method. The stations that are included in each of the distinguished clusters are similar in terms of manifestation of the QRM trends of temperature. Despite the absence of characteristics of the geographical location of the observation stations among the variables of the multidimensional space, the stations within each of the twelve distinguished clusters are situated geographically quite compactly. The geographical distribution of stations assigned to different clusters is demonstrated and discussed. Based on the results of clustering, some features of quantile trends of temperature anomalies of specific seasons within the groups of stations assigned to individual clusters are described. Differences in manifestation of quantile trends between 12 clusters of Russian stations distinguished based on QRM quantile trends are obvious. At the same time, however, significant similarities can be observed between some individual pairs of clusters. The approaches and results of this work can be used to improve the climatic zoning of the Russian territory, which seems to be very relevant for the preparation and implementation of regional plans of adaptation to climate changes. The results can also be used for solving various applied climatology problems based on calculations of quantiles of different meteorological parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823090177
Abstract
Pasture loads are one of the key anthropogenic factors in the dynamics of the state of vegetation and soil cover of arid landscapes. The purpose of this study is to establish the spatial distribution of pasture loads in the Chyornye Zemli region using remote sensing data from space, geoinformation technologies, and statistical data. Mapping of livestock farms, sheepfolds, and other places of concentration of livestock for 1984–1986 and 2020 is carried out in this work. Both periods are characterized by a surge in desertification processes and a sharp increase in the areas of open sands and deflated lands. The areas of pastures with different loads during cattle grazing are established; patterns of spatial distribution of mobile sands depending on soil-forming rocks and distance from livestock farms are also determined. In recent years, compared with 1984–1986, the density of farms on sandy soils has increased, which has led to overgrazing, the destruction of vegetation, and the activation of Aeolian processes. Approximately 80% of pastures exceeded the permissible grazing standards, and 90% of pastures are located in a 3-km zone around the places of concentration of livestock. The results can be used to regulate pasture loads in the region to prevent the desertification of landscapes.
{"title":"Analysis of Anthropogenic Influence on Desertification Processes in the Northern Caspian Region According to Satellite Data","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823090177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823090177","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Pasture loads are one of the key anthropogenic factors in the dynamics of the state of vegetation and soil cover of arid landscapes. The purpose of this study is to establish the spatial distribution of pasture loads in the Chyornye Zemli region using remote sensing data from space, geoinformation technologies, and statistical data. Mapping of livestock farms, sheepfolds, and other places of concentration of livestock for 1984–1986 and 2020 is carried out in this work. Both periods are characterized by a surge in desertification processes and a sharp increase in the areas of open sands and deflated lands. The areas of pastures with different loads during cattle grazing are established; patterns of spatial distribution of mobile sands depending on soil-forming rocks and distance from livestock farms are also determined. In recent years, compared with 1984–1986, the density of farms on sandy soils has increased, which has led to overgrazing, the destruction of vegetation, and the activation of Aeolian processes. Approximately 80% of pastures exceeded the permissible grazing standards, and 90% of pastures are located in a 3-km zone around the places of concentration of livestock. The results can be used to regulate pasture loads in the region to prevent the desertification of landscapes.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139667531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823150100
Abstract
The results of Russian studies of climate and its changes (published in 2019–2022) are presented based on a review prepared for the National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences for the 28th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Berlin, Germany, July 11–20, 2023).
{"title":"Russian Climate Research in 2019–2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823150100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823150100","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The results of Russian studies of climate and its changes (published in 2019–2022) are presented based on a review prepared for the National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences for the 28th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Berlin, Germany, July 11–20, 2023).</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823070010
Abstract
This article continues a series of publications by the authors with the results of studying the variations in electrical resistivity in four layers of the geoelectric section. Precision soundings using the VES method have been carried out on a stationary multielectrode array with a maximum spacing of the supply electrodes of 3 km in the central part of the Garm geophysical test site in Tajikistan daily for 12 years. As a result of observations, a profile containing about 4500 pickets was obtained. Unlike conventional soundings, each picket of this profile corresponds not to a geographic point, but to a certain point in time. For the inversion of the time profile, specially developed precision algorithms with additional regularization of the inverse problem are used. The solution error is controlled by numerical simulation methods, during which the direct and then the inverse VES problem is solved first for profiles simulating the experimental profile, and the actual solution errors are estimated. Analysis has shown that the error in calculating the seasonal component of resistivity variations in layers 1–4 is 1–2%, and the error for flicker noise is from 1.3 to 3%. In this case, the total amplitude of seasonal variations in resistivity in the upper layer is more than 50%, and in the second layer it is 5.5%; the amplitude of variations in flicker-noise components for the same layers is estimated as 54 and 24%, respectively. In this paper we analyze the effect of external (exogenous) factors on resistivity variations at different depths. The fact of a significant effect of the groundwater level and soil temperature on the resistivity of the upper layer of the section with a thickness of 1.5 m has been established. For temperature, the coefficient of proportionality averaged over the entire layer is –0.58 ± 0.12%/deg, for the groundwater level, it is –0.8%/cm. For the second layer of the section (depth 1.5–10.2 m), an exact coincidence of the form of the seasonal variation of resistivity and atmospheric pressure is found. This coincidence is not accidental, since both atmospheric pressure and resistivity in layer 2 are characterized by an anomalous form of seasonal variation with two maxima and two minima during the year, which is completely atypical for seasonal changes in resistivity. At the same time, for relatively higher frequency (HF) variations (periods from several days to several weeks), there is no correlation effect. The authors attribute the possible reason for the observed effect to pressure regulation of competitive sources of groundwater inflow into the aquifer confined to the second layer of the section. It is assumed that the salinity and conductivity of water in competing sources differ sharply, which is quite plausible from geological considerations. Changes in atmospheric pressure change the inflow of water from these two sources, which leads to a change in the conductivity of the layer. The inertia of
{"title":"Effect of Meteorological and Hydrological Factors on the Electrical Resistivity of the Upper Layers of the Earth’s Crust: Correlation Analysis of Seasonal and Residual Components of the Time Series","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823070010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823070010","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>This article continues a series of publications by the authors with the results of studying the variations in electrical resistivity in four layers of the geoelectric section. Precision soundings using the VES method have been carried out on a stationary multielectrode array with a maximum spacing of the supply electrodes of 3 km in the central part of the Garm geophysical test site in Tajikistan daily for 12 years. As a result of observations, a profile containing about 4500 pickets was obtained. Unlike conventional soundings, each picket of this profile corresponds not to a geographic point, but to a certain point in time. For the inversion of the time profile, specially developed precision algorithms with additional regularization of the inverse problem are used. The solution error is controlled by numerical simulation methods, during which the direct and then the inverse VES problem is solved first for profiles simulating the experimental profile, and the actual solution errors are estimated. Analysis has shown that the error in calculating the seasonal component of resistivity variations in layers 1–4 is 1–2%, and the error for flicker noise is from 1.3 to 3%. In this case, the total amplitude of seasonal variations in resistivity in the upper layer is more than 50%, and in the second layer it is 5.5%; the amplitude of variations in flicker-noise components for the same layers is estimated as 54 and 24%, respectively. In this paper we analyze the effect of external (exogenous) factors on resistivity variations at different depths. The fact of a significant effect of the groundwater level and soil temperature on the resistivity of the upper layer of the section with a thickness of 1.5 m has been established. For temperature, the coefficient of proportionality averaged over the entire layer is –0.58 ± 0.12%/deg, for the groundwater level, it is –0.8%/cm. For the second layer of the section (depth 1.5–10.2 m), an exact coincidence of the form of the seasonal variation of resistivity and atmospheric pressure is found. This coincidence is not accidental, since both atmospheric pressure and resistivity in layer 2 are characterized by an anomalous form of seasonal variation with two maxima and two minima during the year, which is completely atypical for seasonal changes in resistivity. At the same time, for relatively higher frequency (HF) variations (periods from several days to several weeks), there is no correlation effect. The authors attribute the possible reason for the observed effect to pressure regulation of competitive sources of groundwater inflow into the aquifer confined to the second layer of the section. It is assumed that the salinity and conductivity of water in competing sources differ sharply, which is quite plausible from geological considerations. Changes in atmospheric pressure change the inflow of water from these two sources, which leads to a change in the conductivity of the layer. The inertia of","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823070046
Abstract
In this paper we attempt to determine the sources of original information on earthquakes among newspapers published in Russia in 1809–1819. It is revealed that the information presented in periodicals was not used to the full extent in compiling the main historical catalogs of earthquakes in Russia. Paradoxically, instead of the original reports from Russian newspapers, often greatly abridged and distorted information was cited from translated versions and European newspapers, as well as from descriptive catalogs of earthquakes compiled in Paris and London. It is shown that in Russia there were several communication channels for transmitting messages from distant localities to the center. Not all incoming information was published; some of it ended up in the archives, usually as reports to the authorities. Some information remained in personal correspondence. Therefore, research on historical seismicity cannot be limited to searching for information in newspapers.
{"title":"Information about Earthquakes in Russia at the Beginning of 19th Century in Periodicals","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823070046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823070046","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>In this paper we attempt to determine the sources of original information on earthquakes among newspapers published in Russia in 1809–1819. It is revealed that the information presented in periodicals was not used to the full extent in compiling the main historical catalogs of earthquakes in Russia. Paradoxically, instead of the original reports from Russian newspapers, often greatly abridged and distorted information was cited from translated versions and European newspapers, as well as from descriptive catalogs of earthquakes compiled in Paris and London. It is shown that in Russia there were several communication channels for transmitting messages from distant localities to the center. Not all incoming information was published; some of it ended up in the archives, usually as reports to the authorities. Some information remained in personal correspondence. Therefore, research on historical seismicity cannot be limited to searching for information in newspapers.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823090232
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a significant role in ozone depletion in the polar regions, acting as “surfaces” for heterogeneous reactions proceeding with the release of photochemically active molecular chlorine from late winter to early spring. Moreover, during the winter, chlorine “reservoirs,” which are reagents for heterogeneous reactions, accumulate on PSC particles. When PSC particles are destroyed in midwinter, the accumulation of chlorine compounds is interrupted, and from late winter to spring, ozone depletion is not observed even under conditions of the strong polar vortex, in the presence of newly formed PSCs. Using the vortex delineation method, we studied the dynamics of the Arctic polar vortex in the winters of 1984–1985, 1998–1999, 2001–2002, 2012–2013, and 2018–2019 as the reasons for the abnormally long absence of PSCs in the Arctic in midwinter, when they existed in January within no more than 5 days according to satellite observations. The PSC melting in these years was observed when the dynamic barrier of the polar vortex weakened due to a local decrease in wind speed along the vortex edge below 20 m/s in the lower stratosphere, which was recorded throughout almost all of January. These cases are the only examples of unusual weakening of the Arctic polar vortex in midwinter for the period from 1979 to 2022.
{"title":"Abnormally Long Absence of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic in Midwinter According to Satellite Observations","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823090232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823090232","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a significant role in ozone depletion in the polar regions, acting as “surfaces” for heterogeneous reactions proceeding with the release of photochemically active molecular chlorine from late winter to early spring. Moreover, during the winter, chlorine “reservoirs,” which are reagents for heterogeneous reactions, accumulate on PSC particles. When PSC particles are destroyed in midwinter, the accumulation of chlorine compounds is interrupted, and from late winter to spring, ozone depletion is not observed even under conditions of the strong polar vortex, in the presence of newly formed PSCs. Using the vortex delineation method, we studied the dynamics of the Arctic polar vortex in the winters of 1984–1985, 1998–1999, 2001–2002, 2012–2013, and 2018–2019 as the reasons for the abnormally long absence of PSCs in the Arctic in midwinter, when they existed in January within no more than 5 days according to satellite observations. The PSC melting in these years was observed when the dynamic barrier of the polar vortex weakened due to a local decrease in wind speed along the vortex edge below 20 m/s in the lower stratosphere, which was recorded throughout almost all of January. These cases are the only examples of unusual weakening of the Arctic polar vortex in midwinter for the period from 1979 to 2022.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139667528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0001433823090207
Abstract
The northern part of the Volgograd Transvolga region is located in the transition zone from the Small Syrt to the Caspian lowland. This zone is characterized by a change in climatic conditions towards a decrease in the amount of precipitation and soil conditions, expressed in the transition from steppe to semidesert soil types. This condition of the lands is due to the peculiarities of the physical and geographical conditions of the transition zone and the influence of economic activity. As a result of monitoring, it becomes possible to monitor the processes of their degradation, leading to a drop in soil fertility. The use of monitoring results will make it possible to plan measures to neutralize the consequences of their degradation. The main results of studies of degraded lands in the Volgograd Transvolga region were obtained on the basis of satellite images of Landsat 7 and 8 over a 20-year period. Based on the study of the dynamics of changes in areas subject to degradation, geoinformation mapping of degraded lands was carried out from 1984 to 2020. A degradation assessment is carried out using geoinformation analysis tools and Earth remote sensing data in the research area. At the same time, changes in the area of degradation foci with a projective coverage of less than 10% were revealed, their spatial distribution was established, and the change in such an area over the period of research was established. The role of satellite images in the monitoring system is to timely establish changes in the state of the studied territory, including vegetation (projective cover); determine their area and spatial location; and clarify the geometric characteristics of research objects that can be identified on the displayed raster. The analysis of the state of the lands is carried out by the projective vegetation cover, which is most likely established by the tone of the image as the main characteristic of the satellite images raster and is identified as the individual objects under study. Currently, due to the aridity of the climate on the territory of the Volgograd Transvolga region, low natural soil fertility, and an abnormal economic load, the process of land degradation continues (Tkachenko and Koshelev, 2019). Degradation foci with a projective coverage of less than 10% average over 150 000 h. The growth of the area of such degradation sites is established in 1984, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2018, and 2020. The area of degradation sites in the study area in some years exceeded 300 000 ha, which is 100% higher than the average for the entire time of research. In this regard, monitoring of the Volgograd Transvolga region is of great importance for the timely detection of land degradation processes in arid conditions and the development of measures for their rehabilitation.
{"title":"Satellite Monitoring of Desertification in the Transitional Natural-Geographical Zone of the Volgograd Transvolga Region","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0001433823090207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433823090207","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The northern part of the Volgograd Transvolga region is located in the transition zone from the Small Syrt to the Caspian lowland. This zone is characterized by a change in climatic conditions towards a decrease in the amount of precipitation and soil conditions, expressed in the transition from steppe to semidesert soil types. This condition of the lands is due to the peculiarities of the physical and geographical conditions of the transition zone and the influence of economic activity. As a result of monitoring, it becomes possible to monitor the processes of their degradation, leading to a drop in soil fertility. The use of monitoring results will make it possible to plan measures to neutralize the consequences of their degradation. The main results of studies of degraded lands in the Volgograd Transvolga region were obtained on the basis of satellite images of Landsat 7 and 8 over a 20-year period. Based on the study of the dynamics of changes in areas subject to degradation, geoinformation mapping of degraded lands was carried out from 1984 to 2020. A degradation assessment is carried out using geoinformation analysis tools and Earth remote sensing data in the research area. At the same time, changes in the area of degradation foci with a projective coverage of less than 10% were revealed, their spatial distribution was established, and the change in such an area over the period of research was established. The role of satellite images in the monitoring system is to timely establish changes in the state of the studied territory, including vegetation (projective cover); determine their area and spatial location; and clarify the geometric characteristics of research objects that can be identified on the displayed raster. The analysis of the state of the lands is carried out by the projective vegetation cover, which is most likely established by the tone of the image as the main characteristic of the satellite images raster and is identified as the individual objects under study. Currently, due to the aridity of the climate on the territory of the Volgograd Transvolga region, low natural soil fertility, and an abnormal economic load, the process of land degradation continues (Tkachenko and Koshelev, 2019). Degradation foci with a projective coverage of less than 10% average over 150 000 h. The growth of the area of such degradation sites is established in 1984, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2018, and 2020. The area of degradation sites in the study area in some years exceeded 300 000 ha, which is 100% higher than the average for the entire time of research. In this regard, monitoring of the Volgograd Transvolga region is of great importance for the timely detection of land degradation processes in arid conditions and the development of measures for their rehabilitation.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":54911,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139667739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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