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Expected Retrieval Time Comparison Among Robotic Storage and Retrieval Systems With Various Structures 不同结构机器人存储与检索系统的期望检索时间比较
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3616029
Tian Liu;Bipan Zou;Linzi Zhang;Guohu Xu
Warehouses recently are increasingly using autonomous robots and compact structures to handle fluctuating demands in a cost-efficient way. While organizing items in a compact cube can save floor space cost, it sacrifices the operational efficiency due to reshuffling and robot detouring to get target items. This study investigates this trade-off in three typical robotic storage and retrieval systems (RS/RSs), including a compact structure that organizes stacks in a grid (RCS/RS), a disperse structure that establishes vertical aisles for robot traveling (VRS/RS), and a structure with an aisle between any two adjacent racks for robot traveling (AVS/RS). We first build an expected travel time model of retrieval transactions, and validate the accuracy of the model by simulation. Then, with the objective of minimizing the expected retrieval travel time of robots, we derive the optimal configuration for three systems. Finally, we construct a cost minimization model of the system with a required throughput capacity obtained by a closed queuing network. We derive the minimum system cost by determining optimal system configuration and the numbers of robots and workstations. The comparison results show that the AVS/RS is the most efficient in robot travel time. The VRS/RS needs the least investment to reach a required throughput capacity, and the AVS/RS is the most expensive. Moreover, when the budget for system configuration, robots and workstations is limited, the VRS/RS can provide the largest throughput capacity.
仓库最近越来越多地使用自主机器人和紧凑的结构,以经济高效的方式处理波动的需求。虽然在一个紧凑的立方体中组织物品可以节省空间成本,但由于重新洗牌和机器人绕路获取目标物品,它牺牲了操作效率。本研究研究了三种典型的机器人存储和检索系统(RS/RSs)的这种平衡,包括将堆栈组织在网格中的紧凑结构(RCS/RS),为机器人行进建立垂直通道的分散结构(VRS/RS),以及在任意两个相邻机架之间具有通道的结构(AVS/RS)。首先建立了检索事务的期望行程时间模型,并通过仿真验证了模型的准确性。然后,以最小化机器人的期望检索旅行时间为目标,导出了三种系统的最优配置。最后,我们构造了一个系统的成本最小化模型,该模型具有封闭排队网络所要求的吞吐量。我们通过确定最优的系统配置以及机器人和工作站的数量来获得最小的系统成本。对比结果表明,AVS/RS在机器人行走时间上是最有效的。VRS/RS需要最少的投资才能达到所需的吞吐量,而AVS/RS则是最昂贵的。此外,当系统配置、机器人和工作站的预算有限时,VRS/RS可以提供最大的吞吐量。
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引用次数: 0
Logistics and Service Operations Under Disruptions: Recent Development Under the DT Taxonomy 中断下的物流和服务运营:DT分类下的最新发展
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3613494
Xu Ouyang;Sai-Ho Chung
In the past five years, the logistics and service sectors struggled for disruptions in multiple dimensions, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdown, travel restriction, geopolitical tension, extreme weather, and the trade war imposed critical challenges to operations. The resulting disruptions impacted both the upstream (e.g., production and supply) and the downstream (e.g., final-mile delivery and customer service) throughout the industries negatively. It is thus meaningful to identify critical operational problems arising from these disruptions and to derive insights on how to hedge against their adverse impacts. This article provides a focused review of the latest literature on logistics and service operations under disruptions. We identify the primary sources of recent disruptions and classify their effects on operational uncertainties. Then, we demonstrate how classic operational problems (e.g., vehicle routing and inventory management) are developed to adapt to disruptions, as well as some emerging issues (e.g., network design under tariff uncertainty). According to application contexts, we review several representative methodologies (e.g., stochastic programming, robust optimization, game theory, and machine learning), which are widely applied in modeling and solving these problems. Last, we conclude this review by summarizing our findings and proposing a three-fold research agenda to inspire future studies on this vital topic.
在过去五年中,物流和服务部门在多个方面受到干扰,特别是自2019冠状病毒病大流行以来。封锁、旅行限制、地缘政治紧张局势、极端天气和贸易战给行动带来了严峻挑战。由此产生的中断对整个行业的上游(如生产和供应)和下游(如最后一英里的交付和客户服务)都产生了负面影响。因此,识别由这些中断引起的关键操作问题并获得如何对冲其不利影响的见解是有意义的。这篇文章提供了一个关于物流和服务业务中断的最新文献的重点审查。我们确定了最近中断的主要来源,并对其对操作不确定性的影响进行了分类。然后,我们展示了如何开发经典的操作问题(例如,车辆路线和库存管理)来适应中断,以及一些新出现的问题(例如,关税不确定性下的网络设计)。根据应用背景,我们回顾了几种代表性的方法(如随机规划、鲁棒优化、博弈论和机器学习),这些方法广泛应用于建模和解决这些问题。最后,我们总结了我们的研究结果,并提出了一个三重研究议程,以启发未来对这一重要主题的研究。
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引用次数: 0
A Knowledge Graph-Based Target Recommendation Approach for Mergers and Acquisitions 基于知识图的并购目标推荐方法
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3616130
Cong Cheng;Jian Dai;Lulu Yan
Selecting the right merger and acquisition (M&A) target is a critical yet challenging endeavor, as the success of these strategic initiatives depends mainly on identifying compatible firms. This study draws upon the theoretical perspectives of strategic fit and organizational search to propose and validate a novel, two-stage M&A target recommendation approach designed as a managerial decision support system. Initially, the method facilitates a focused search in which acquirers define explicit criteria for identifying a highly relevant initial target within a knowledge graph (KG). It then employs a similarity-based search expansion using advanced KG embedding models to recommend additional targets that exhibit latent structural similarities. The efficacy of this approach is validated on a large-scale U.S. M&A dataset (2010–2022). Our key findings are threefold. First, our model demonstrates statistically significant superiority over benchmarks, confirmed through robustness checks, including tenfold cross-validation and temporal validation. Second, in an experiment on deals by experienced acquirers, our model is more effective at identifying these targets, quantitatively demonstrating its superior recommendation quality. Third, our analysis uncovers counterintuitive patterns, revealing that machine-identified structural similarities can be more potent predictors of fit than traditional human-centric filters, such as geography. It further explores the tool’s boundary conditions, showing that it is more effective in complex, high-tech sectors. This KG-based methodology offers a more informed, strategically refined, and empirically validated tool to enhance the quality of M&A decisions.
选择合适的并购目标是一项关键而又具有挑战性的工作,因为这些战略举措的成功主要取决于确定兼容的公司。本研究借鉴战略契合和组织搜索的理论观点,提出并验证了一种新的两阶段并购目标推荐方法,并将其设计为管理决策支持系统。最初,该方法有助于集中搜索,其中收购方定义明确的标准,以确定知识图(KG)中高度相关的初始目标。然后,它使用基于相似度的搜索扩展,使用先进的KG嵌入模型来推荐具有潜在结构相似性的其他目标。该方法的有效性在一个大规模的美国并购数据集(2010-2022)上得到了验证。我们的主要发现有三个方面。首先,我们的模型在统计上优于基准,通过鲁棒性检查,包括十倍交叉验证和时间验证,证实了这一点。其次,在经验丰富的收购方的交易实验中,我们的模型在识别这些目标方面更有效,从数量上证明了其卓越的推荐质量。第三,我们的分析揭示了违反直觉的模式,揭示了机器识别的结构相似性可以比传统的以人为中心的过滤器(如地理)更有效地预测契合度。它进一步探讨了该工具的边界条件,表明它在复杂的高科技领域更有效。这种基于kg的方法为提高并购决策的质量提供了一种更有见地、战略上更完善、经验上更有效的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Data Science Roadmapping for AI Alignment: Insights From a Multivocal Literature Review and a Retrospective Case Study 人工智能对齐的数据科学路线图:来自多声音文献综述和回顾性案例研究的见解
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3615542
Kerem Kayabay;Mert Onuralp Gökalp;Atilla Kılınç;Ebru Gökalp;Tugrul Daim
Many organizations struggle to keep their artificial intelligence (AI) systems aligned with operational data and computing resources in today’s volatile landscape. Data science roadmapping (DSR) embeds data layers into planning scenarios and enables a human-centric process. While DSR is effective for creating data science roadmaps, it lacks a clear implementation framework. This research advances DSR as a continuous AI alignment platform through three phases: 1) a multivocal literature review of academic and grey sources identifies gaps and tools; 2) synthesis of these findings adapts DSR for ongoing AI alignment; 3) a retrospective case study evaluates the adapted process. Initial results show the effectiveness of agile modifications to the DSR framework and the integration of a real-time platform for roadmap implementation and monitoring. Case study participants strongly supported a dedicated roadmapping operations team, especially to manage communication, detect AI deviations, and ensure compliance. This underscores how the operationalization of roadmapping can strengthen data and AI governance.
在当今动荡的环境中,许多组织都在努力使他们的人工智能(AI)系统与运营数据和计算资源保持一致。数据科学路线图(DSR)将数据层嵌入到规划场景中,并实现以人为中心的流程。虽然DSR对于创建数据科学路线图是有效的,但它缺乏明确的实施框架。本研究通过三个阶段推进DSR作为一个连续的人工智能校准平台:1)对学术和灰色来源的多声音文献综述确定差距和工具;2)综合这些发现,使DSR适应持续的人工智能校准;3)一个回顾性的案例研究评估了适应的过程。初步结果表明,敏捷修改DSR框架和集成路线图实施和监控的实时平台是有效的。案例研究参与者强烈支持专门的路线图操作团队,特别是管理通信、检测AI偏差和确保遵从性。这凸显了路线图的实施如何能够加强数据和人工智能治理。
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引用次数: 0
Adoption of Blockchain Technology in International Entrepreneurship: Strategic Framework for Managing Roadblocks 在国际创业中采用区块链技术:管理障碍的战略框架
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3614554
Soumya Prakash Patra;Rohit Agrawal;Rajesh Kumar Singh;Qile He
Blockchain technology (BCT) is emerging as a disruptive innovation in increasingly globalized business ventures. It is believed to offer important benefits to international entrepreneurs, such as reducing transaction cost and risk of fraud, creating better transactional trust, and avoiding exploitation by business partners. However, BCT can bring changes to the business world only if it gets adopted by industries across all spectrums. International entrepreneurs are amongst the critical groups of adopters of BCT. Based on multiple theoretical perspectives, this article identifies and categorizes key barriers to adopting BCT by international entrepreneurs. A survey of BCT field experts was conducted to validate 15 key barriers to BCT adoption. Furthermore, based on pairwise comparison data collection with three groups of international entrepreneurs from India and U.K., a decision-making methodology was adopted to identify the relative importance and the causal relationships among the key barriers. This study develops a framework of strategic solutions to address barriers of BCT adoption by international entrepreneurs. This study offers stakeholders of BCT to better understand the patterns of BCT adoption by international entrepreneurs and will support the development of more targeted and multifaceted BCT adoption strategies.
区块链技术(BCT)在日益全球化的商业活动中正在成为一种颠覆性创新。它被认为为国际企业家提供了重要的好处,例如降低交易成本和欺诈风险,创造更好的交易信任,避免商业伙伴的剥削。然而,只有在所有行业都采用BCT的情况下,它才能给商业世界带来变化。国际企业家是采用BCT的关键群体之一。本文基于多种理论视角,对国际企业家采用创业型商业行为的主要障碍进行了识别和分类。对BCT现场专家进行了一项调查,以验证采用BCT的15个主要障碍。此外,基于对来自印度和英国的三组国际企业家的两两比较数据收集,采用决策方法来确定关键障碍之间的相对重要性和因果关系。本研究开发了一个战略解决方案框架,以解决国际企业家采用BCT的障碍。本研究将帮助BCT的利益相关者更好地了解国际企业家采用BCT的模式,并将支持制定更有针对性和多方面的BCT采用战略。
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引用次数: 0
Robust Decisions of Omnichannel Retail Operations for an Overconfident Manufacturer Considering Short Life-Cycle Products and Cap-and-Offset Policy 考虑产品生命周期短和限额抵消政策的过度自信制造商全渠道零售运营稳健决策
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3609983
Qingguo Bai;Lei Xu
With the introduction of buy-online-and-pickup-in-store (BOPS) services, it has been unclear whether physical stores should have their own online channels when overconfident behavior, carbon abatement, and incomplete demand information are considered in the manufacturer’s operations. This practical issue motivates us to investigate an overconfident manufacturer under a cap-and-offset policy who sells products through the omnichannel retail model. Three types of customers in this model are classified, and only the expectation and variance of stochastic demand are captured. The operational stages related to production, inventory, and transportation contribute to carbon emissions. We first consider the self-operated online channel and the independent channel and develop two corresponding distributionally robust newsvendor models. The analytic expression of the optimal robust manufacturing quantity for each model is solved. We compare the operational efficacy of an overconfident manufacturer in the self-operated online system with that in the independent system. The results show that the net profit from selling each unit item to online customers is a significant factor in comparing the profit and carbon emissions of overconfident manufacturers in the two omnichannel retail systems. Numerical experiments are conducted to complement the theoretical models and examine the effects of several major parameters on the two systems in the omnichannel retail model. This article provides the manufacturer with valuable knowledge of the robust manufacturing strategy and integration between the online and offline channels under the omnichannel retail model.
随着网上购买和店内提货(BOPS)服务的引入,当考虑到制造商运营中的过度自信行为、碳减排和需求信息不完整时,实体店是否应该拥有自己的在线渠道一直是不明确的。这一实际问题促使我们研究一个过度自信的制造商在限额与抵消政策下,通过全渠道零售模式销售产品。该模型对三种类型的客户进行了分类,只捕获了随机需求的期望和方差。与生产、库存和运输相关的操作阶段会产生碳排放。我们首先考虑了自营在线渠道和独立渠道,并建立了两种相应的分布稳健的报贩模型。求解了各模型的最优鲁棒制造量的解析表达式。我们比较了过度自信的制造商在自营在线系统和独立系统中的运营效率。结果表明,在两种全渠道零售体系下,过度自信制造商的利润和碳排放比较中,向在线消费者销售每件商品的净利润是一个重要因素。通过数值实验对理论模型进行了补充,并考察了全渠道零售模型中几个主要参数对两种系统的影响。本文为制造商提供了在全渠道零售模式下稳健的制造策略和线上线下渠道整合的宝贵知识。
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引用次数: 0
Exaggeration or Concealment: Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy in the Blockchain Era 夸大还是隐瞒:bb0时代的企业社会责任战略
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3610266
Xiutian Shi;Qiaoli Lai;Ciwei Dong;Siru Chen
Supplier greenwashing behaviors in corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become increasingly notable, often involving exaggerated claims about CSR initiatives or diverting resources to conceal violations. In this article, we develop a game-theoretic model to investigate the motivation of greenwashing and its intricate economic and social consequences, and explore whether blockchain technology can effectively enhance CSR efforts. We find that the tradeoff between exaggeration and concealment inherent in greenwashing plays a significant role in CSR strategy selection and corresponding performances. Specifically, if the exaggerating effect dominates greenwashing, the supplier has an incentive to adopt blockchain for self-certification in CSR activities. Conversely, when the concealment effect prevails, opportunistic behavior is more likely to occur. However, the integrative greenwashing coefficient has polarized impacts on the optimal CSR effort level, retailer’s profit, and consumer surplus. We unveil that blockchain implementation achieves the highest social welfare when the exaggeration of greenwashing plays a more prominent role, particularly when the CSR violation penalty is relatively subtle for both firms. Interestingly, we observe that greenwashing, despite its negative connotations, can eventually stimulate CSR efforts due to the incremental demand induced by exaggerated disclosures, ultimately leading to the highest social welfare.
供应商在企业社会责任(CSR)中的“漂绿”行为越来越引人注目,通常涉及夸大企业社会责任倡议或转移资源以掩盖违规行为。在本文中,我们建立了一个博弈论模型来研究绿色清洗的动机及其复杂的经济和社会后果,并探讨区块链技术是否可以有效地提高企业社会责任的努力。研究发现,“漂绿”所固有的夸大与隐瞒之间的权衡在企业社会责任战略选择和相应绩效中起着重要作用。具体而言,如果夸大效应占主导地位,则供应商有动机在企业社会责任活动中采用区块链进行自我认证。相反,当隐藏效应盛行时,机会主义行为更有可能发生。然而,综合漂绿系数对企业社会责任最优努力水平、零售商利润和消费者剩余的影响呈两极分化。我们发现,当“洗绿”行为的夸张作用更为突出时,特别是当两家企业违反企业社会责任的处罚相对微妙时,区块链的实施实现了最高的社会福利。有趣的是,我们观察到,尽管“漂绿”具有负面含义,但由于夸大披露所导致的增量需求,最终可以刺激企业的社会责任努力,最终实现最高的社会福利。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Interplay of Sensemaking, Market Agility, and Information Technology Alignment in Business Model Innovation 探索商业模式创新中意义制造、市场敏捷性和信息技术对齐的相互作用
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3609246
Usama Awan;Ismail Golgeci;Anne-Laure Mention
Manufacturing firms are facing the complex challenge of deploying information technology (IT) alignment and establishing market agility to drive business model innovation (BMI). While existing literature has established a link between organizational sensemaking and BMI, the interaction between market agility and organizational sensemaking for BMI remains unexamined. Drawing from a knowledge base view, this study addresses this research gap by examining the moderating effect of IT alignment on the mediating role of market agility in the relationship between sensemaking capability and BMI. Our data, collected from 232 engineering manufacturers, along with the application of PLS-SEM to test the conceptual model, reveal that the effect of organizational sensemaking capability on BMI through market agility depends on IT alignment. These findings enhance our understanding of IT alignment’s role in a firm’s development of BMI via market agility, providing valuable implications for managerial practices by underscoring the importance of IT alignment for BMI. By grasping this interaction, managers can unlock the potential for more effective and innovative business models, fostering enhanced competitiveness and sustained growth.
制造企业正面临着部署信息技术(IT)对齐和建立市场敏捷性以推动商业模式创新(BMI)的复杂挑战。虽然现有文献已经建立了组织意义制定和BMI之间的联系,但市场敏捷性和组织意义制定之间的相互作用仍然没有得到检验。本研究从知识库的角度出发,通过考察IT一致性对市场敏捷性在语义能力和BMI之间的中介作用的调节作用,解决了这一研究空白。我们收集了来自232家工程制造商的数据,并应用PLS-SEM对概念模型进行了测试,结果表明,组织语义能力通过市场敏捷性对BMI的影响取决于IT一致性。这些发现增强了我们对IT一致性通过市场敏捷性在公司BMI发展中的作用的理解,通过强调IT一致性对BMI的重要性,为管理实践提供了有价值的启示。通过掌握这种相互作用,管理人员可以释放出更有效和创新的商业模式的潜力,促进增强的竞争力和持续增长。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Mature Body of Knowledge: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents to Infrastructure Project Environmental and Social Sustainability 走向成熟的知识体系:基础设施项目环境和社会可持续性前因的元分析
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3609335
Wenjing Li;Shuibo Zhang;Ying Gao;Qiuhao Xie
Despite a substantial body of literature addressing the environmental and social sustainability (ESS) of infrastructure projects, empirical findings regarding the effect sizes of ESS antecedents remain dispersed and ambiguous. This study develops a theoretical framework and conducts a meta-analysis of 78 empirical studies to investigate the relationships between ESS and its 11 antecedents. We propose a structured framework for understanding the complex drivers of ESS. The antecedents are categorized into three domains: project governance (encompassing both interorganizational governance and intraorganizational governance); internal resources and capabilities (including internal resources, organizational capabilities, employee-level cognition and organizational opportunity recognition); and institutional environment (characterized by coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures). Our findings reveal a significant positive association between all three antecedent categories and ESS outcomes. Moreover, national cultures and measurement of ESS demonstrate significant moderating effects on the relationships between ESS and its antecedents, underscoring the role of contextual contingencies. Notably, the results demonstrate that the antecedents are complementary in enhancing ESS, rather than acting in isolation. By aggregating and synthesizing existing research, this study contributes to the ESS and engineering management literature by quantifying the relationship between ESS and its antecedents, emphasizing the fundamental role of contingent factors, and establishing a cohesive conceptual framework that elucidates the mechanisms linking ESS and its antecedents.
尽管有大量文献论述了基础设施项目的环境和社会可持续性(ESS),但关于ESS前因效应大小的实证研究结果仍然分散且模棱两可。本研究建立了一个理论框架,并对78项实证研究进行了荟萃分析,以探讨ESS与其11个前因之间的关系。我们提出了一个结构化的框架来理解ESS的复杂驱动因素。前因可分为三个领域:项目治理(包括组织间治理和组织内治理);内部资源和能力(包括内部资源、组织能力、员工层面认知和组织机会认知);制度环境(以强制性、规范性和模仿性压力为特征)。我们的研究结果揭示了所有三个前因类别与ESS结果之间的显著正相关。此外,国家文化和ESS测量对ESS及其前因之间的关系显示出显著的调节作用,强调了语境偶然的作用。值得注意的是,结果表明,前词在增强ESS方面是互补的,而不是孤立的。本研究通过对现有研究的汇总和综合,通过量化ESS及其前因之间的关系,强调偶然因素的基本作用,并建立一个有凝聚力的概念框架来阐明ESS及其前因的联系机制,为ESS和工程管理文献做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Block the Adblockers? Strategic Choices of Competing Platforms and Their Impacts 阻止广告拦截器?竞争平台的战略选择及其影响
IF 5.2 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2025.3608256
Himanshu Joshi;Govind Lal Kumawat;Suyog Nigudkar
In recent years, the widespread adoption of adblockers has created significant challenges for digital platforms (e.g., websites) by limiting their ability to monetize content through advertising. In response, platforms have adopted divergent ad-recovery strategies: some deploy gates (antiadblock walls) that block access to users with adblockers, while others allow unrestricted access. Motivated by these contrasting industry practices, this article investigates whether and under what conditions platforms adopt the gating strategy. We develop a game-theoretic model in a duopoly setting, incorporating user heterogeneity and same-side network effects, to analyze the strategic decisions of competing platforms. Our analysis yields several important insights. First, in equilibrium, platforms adopt symmetric ad-recovery strategies: either both use gating, or both use no-gating, driven by the interplay between gating costs and ad revenue. Second, regardless of the competitor’s strategy, a platform adopting gating sets a lower ad intensity than one that does not. Third, contrary to general intuition, we find that blocking adblockers does not always improve a platform’s profit. When the cost of deploying and maintaining gating technologies is sufficiently high, the net profitability of gating may fall below that of the no-gating alternative. Finally, although consumer surplus declines under gating, social welfare may increase when gating costs are low, as the gain in platform revenue offsets the consumer utility loss.
近年来,广告拦截器的广泛采用限制了数字平台(如网站)通过广告将内容货币化的能力,给数字平台(如网站)带来了重大挑战。作为回应,平台采取了不同的广告恢复策略:一些平台部署了“门”(反广告拦截墙),阻止带有广告拦截器的用户访问,而另一些平台则允许不受限制的访问。在这些截然不同的行业实践的推动下,本文调查了平台是否以及在什么条件下采用了闸门策略。我们在双寡头环境下建立了一个博弈论模型,将用户异质性和同侧网络效应纳入其中,以分析竞争平台的战略决策。我们的分析得出了几个重要的见解。首先,在平衡状态下,平台采用对称的广告恢复策略:要么使用限制,要么不使用限制,这是由限制成本和广告收入之间的相互作用驱动的。其次,不管竞争对手的策略是什么,采用门控的平台所设置的广告强度都低于不采用门控的平台。第三,与一般的直觉相反,我们发现屏蔽广告拦截器并不总能提高平台的利润。当部署和维护门控技术的成本足够高时,门控的净盈利能力可能低于无门控的替代方案。最后,尽管消费者剩余在闸门下下降,但当闸门成本较低时,社会福利可能会增加,因为平台收入的增加抵消了消费者效用的损失。
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