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The Terminology of Automotive Product-Structuring Concepts: A Systematic Mapping Study 汽车产品结构概念术语:系统制图研究
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3463179
Philipp Zellmer;Lennart Holsten;Jacob Krüger;Thomas Leich
The automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation, with vehicles evolving into complex, interconnected cyber-physical systems. This transformation is caused by new customer demands, legal standards, and technological innovations, which lead to an increasing amount of electronic control units, software, and features. To address the consequent software-related challenges, automotive manufacturers are adopting methodologies like software product-line engineering, electrics/electronics platforms, and product generation engineering. However, each of these methodologies relies on an own vocabulary, necessitating a unification of the divergent understandings and interpretations of key terms and definitions. In this article, we investigate and discuss a terminological framework that provides a common ground for specifying a unified product-structuring concept. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic mapping study to develop a framework of existing terms and definitions used to describe product-structuring concepts in software, electrics/electronics, as well as mechanical engineering. We discuss the differences and commonalities of the terminologies to help practitioners in integrating and applying product-structuring concepts as well as to guide future research.
汽车行业正在经历一场重大变革,汽车正在演变为复杂、互联的网络物理系统。新的客户需求、法律标准和技术创新导致电子控制单元、软件和功能越来越多,从而引发了这一转变。为了应对随之而来的软件相关挑战,汽车制造商正在采用软件产品线工程、电气/电子平台和产品生成工程等方法。然而,这些方法都依赖于各自的词汇,因此有必要统一对关键术语和定义的不同理解和解释。在本文中,我们研究并讨论了一个术语框架,该框架为明确统一的产品结构概念提供了共同基础。为此,我们开展了一项系统的映射研究,以建立一个用于描述软件、电气/电子以及机械工程领域产品结构化概念的现有术语和定义框架。我们讨论了这些术语的差异和共性,以帮助从业人员整合和应用产品结构概念,并指导未来的研究。
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引用次数: 0
External Shocks, R&D Investment, and Firms’ First-Time Digital Innovation 外部冲击、研发投资与企业的首次数字化创新
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3457233
Xincheng Wang;Mijia Gong;Tianyu Gong
This research builds upon problemistic search theory to explain why and when external shocks may lead to firm first-time digital innovation, a novel and risky solution. Problemistic search theory posits that the serious problems faced by firms may trigger their problemistic search scope for solutions through two processes: discovery process and evaluation process. Our theorization explains why external shocks such as the COVID-19 create novel or radical problems for firms, and thus trigger firms’ problemistic search scope for solutions in the discovery process, increasing firms’ willingness to delve into first-time digital innovation. Furthermore, problemistic search theory also suggests that in the evaluation process, the evaluation of solutions depends on both the firm's own experience (i.e., firm's prior R&D) and the experiences of others (i.e., firms’ social linkages). To be specific, cognitive entrenchment and inertia embedded in the firm's prior research and development (R&D) may, however, pose barriers to the evaluation of first-time digital innovation. Moreover, a firm's linkage with digital firms can potentially alleviate such cognitive barriers. Using a difference-in-differences design based on data from Chinese published firms, we find empirical support for our theoretical predictions. This research deepens our understanding of the literature on firms’ digital innovation, problemistic search theory, and R&D.
本研究以问题搜索理论为基础,解释了外部冲击为何以及何时会导致企业首次进行数字创新这种新颖而冒险的解决方案。问题搜索理论认为,企业面临的严重问题可能会通过两个过程(发现过程和评估过程)触发其对解决方案的问题搜索范围。我们的理论解释了为什么 COVID-19 等外部冲击会给企业带来新的或激进的问题,从而引发企业在发现过程中对解决方案的问题式搜索范围,增加企业进行首次数字创新的意愿。此外,问题搜索理论还认为,在评估过程中,对解决方案的评估既取决于企业自身的经验(即企业先前的研发经验),也取决于他人的经验(即企业的社会联系)。具体而言,企业先前研发(R&D)中的认知固化和惰性可能会对首次数字创新的评估造成障碍。此外,企业与数字企业之间的联系有可能缓解这种认知障碍。利用基于中国出版企业数据的差异设计,我们发现我们的理论预测得到了实证支持。这项研究加深了我们对企业数字化创新、问题搜索理论和研发文献的理解。
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引用次数: 0
A Leap From Theory to Reality: Knowledge Visualization of Quantum Computing 从理论到现实的飞跃:量子计算的知识可视化
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3466949
Keshav Singh Rawat;Tarun Sharma
Quantum computing (QC) has emerged as a promising research area transitioning from theory to practical realization, driven by interdisciplinary integration. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the evolving research landscape in QC, this study conducts a scientometric analysis of scientific literature retrieved from the Scopus database between 2010 and 2023. Employing the CiteSpace visualization tool, this study examines publication trends, citation patterns, and identifies the prestigious journals in literature. Furthermore, collaboration analysis reveals the top collaborating countries highlighting the active global network of research in QC. Moreover, author cocitation analysis identifies prominent contributors, underscoring their impact and influence in the field. In addition, keyword cooccurrence analysis and thematic analysis pinpoints the areas of significant interest and emerging research frontiers. The content analysis further explores these findings to provide in-depth insights in to themes and trends shaping the field. By providing insights into the evolution of QC, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of technological advancements and determines the future pathway of the field.
在跨学科整合的推动下,量子计算(QC)已成为一个从理论过渡到实际应用的前景广阔的研究领域。为了全面了解量子计算不断发展的研究状况,本研究对 2010 年至 2023 年期间从 Scopus 数据库检索到的科学文献进行了科学计量分析。本研究利用 CiteSpace 可视化工具,研究了出版趋势、引用模式,并确定了文献中的著名期刊。此外,合作分析揭示了最主要的合作国家,凸显了质量控制领域活跃的全球研究网络。此外,作者共现分析还能识别杰出的贡献者,突出他们在该领域的影响力。此外,关键词共现分析和主题分析还指出了引起重大兴趣的领域和新兴的研究前沿。内容分析进一步探讨了这些研究成果,深入揭示了影响该领域的主题和趋势。通过深入了解质量控制的演变,本研究有助于加深对技术进步的理解,并确定该领域的未来发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Challenges in Building Information Modeling (BIM) During the Design Phase: Evidence From Cross-Country Studies 探索设计阶段建筑信息模型(BIM)所面临的挑战:来自跨国研究的证据
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3461508
Tássia Farssura Lima da Silva;Darli Rodrigues Vieira;Marly Monteiro de Carvalho
Building information modeling (BIM) is transforming the construction life cycle. Nonetheless, there is a notable gap in research regarding the key challenges associated with BIM. This study aims to investigate the primary challenges in the design phase and their implications for project success. To address these objectives, cross-country case studies were conducted in four large engineering companies from the USA, Canada, Brazil, and United Arab Emirates. Data were collected through 23 semi-structured interviews with managers, engineers and directors, and content analysis was performed using NVIVO software. The resulting coding structure revealed the following categories: organizational and cultural issues, professional and knowledge issues, technological and operational issues, cost issues, BIM specific issues, design issues, data issues, and information and communication issues. The findings highlighted the most significant challenge as the lack of BIM knowledge or expertise. Additionally, an important enabler in the design phase is the accuracy of data provided by BIM, which enhances project management analysis. Finally, the BIM challenges and enablers influence various benefits dimensions, particularly on the efficiency.
建筑信息模型(BIM)正在改变建筑生命周期。然而,在与 BIM 相关的主要挑战方面的研究还存在明显差距。本研究旨在调查设计阶段的主要挑战及其对项目成功的影响。为了实现这些目标,我们对来自美国、加拿大、巴西和阿拉伯联合酋长国的四家大型工程公司进行了跨国案例研究。通过对经理、工程师和主管进行 23 次半结构化访谈收集了数据,并使用 NVIVO 软件进行了内容分析。由此产生的编码结构揭示了以下类别:组织和文化问题、专业和知识问题、技术和运营问题、成本问题、BIM 具体问题、设计问题、数据问题以及信息和交流问题。研究结果表明,最重要的挑战是缺乏 BIM 知识或专业技能。此外,设计阶段的一个重要推动因素是 BIM 所提供数据的准确性,这可以加强项目管理分析。最后,BIM 的挑战和促进因素影响着各种效益,特别是效率。
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引用次数: 0
Selecting-the-Best vs. Eliminating-the-Worst: An Experimental Investigation of Idea Evaluation Processes Under Cognitive Bias Conditions 选择最佳与排除最差:认知偏差条件下创意评估过程的实验研究
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3459032
Zhijian Cui;Vladimir Baraboshkin;Dilney Gonçalves
The conventional wisdom in idea selection literature typically assumes that selecting-the-best ideas and eliminating-the-worst ideas represent the two sides of the same coin. In other words, selecting-the-best ideas from a pool of ideas should be equivalent to eliminating-the-worst ones until only the best remain. However, our explorative experimental investigation regarding the accuracy of these two idea evaluation processes indicates major differences. Specifically, our results suggest that the elimination process outperforms the selection process in terms of the probability of selecting the highest quality innovation ideas. Our text analysis further reveals that when participants are asked to do the selection or elimination tasks, their cognitive perception of each idea tends to focus on different aspects of the ideas, namely, the positive (pros) vs. negative (cons) sides of the same idea. We use a 2 × 2 experimental design by priming the participants with pros and cons information in selecting-the-best and eliminating-the-worst scenarios. Surprisingly, we find that with pros, the selection process outperforms the elimination process, whereas with cons, the efficacies of the two idea evaluation processes are equivalent. Additionally, we find that the efficacy of the selection process does not change whether the participant has pros or cons, yet the efficacy of the elimination process is significantly improved with cons compared to with pros. Based on analysis of the experimental data, we present and test an explanatory model in which the evaluation accuracy, measured in terms of the percentage of matches, is influenced by factors, such as the evaluation process, response duration, and the moderating effect of cognitive biases.
创意选择文献中的传统观点通常认为,选择最佳创意和剔除最差创意是一枚硬币的两面。换句话说,从创意库中选出最佳创意,就等同于剔除最差创意,直到只剩下最好的创意为止。然而,我们对这两种创意评估过程的准确性进行的探索性实验调查表明,它们之间存在很大差异。具体来说,我们的结果表明,就选出最高质量创新想法的概率而言,淘汰过程优于选择过程。我们的文本分析进一步揭示了,当参与者被要求完成选择或淘汰任务时,他们对每个创意的认知往往集中在创意的不同方面,即同一创意的正面(优点)与反面(缺点)。我们采用 2 × 2 的实验设计,在选择 "最佳 "和淘汰 "最差 "的情景中,向参与者提供正反两方面的信息。令人惊讶的是,我们发现在利的情况下,选择过程优于淘汰过程,而在弊的情况下,两个想法评估过程的效率相当。此外,我们还发现,无论参与者是赞成还是反对,选择过程的效率都不会发生变化,但与赞成过程相比,反对过程的效率明显提高。基于对实验数据的分析,我们提出并检验了一个解释性模型,在该模型中,以匹配百分比衡量的评估准确性受到评估过程、响应持续时间以及认知偏差的调节作用等因素的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Logistics of Evacuating and Sheltering Medically Fragile Populations Under Pandemics 大流行病情况下疏散和收容医疗条件脆弱人群的后勤工作
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3458901
Diaz Rafael;Acero Beatriz;Behr Joshua;Juita-Elena Yusuf
This article examines the logistics of evacuation and sheltering of medically fragile populations, who tend to have less capacity to safely manage rapidly shifting storm-induced conditions under a pandemic environment. Health awareness and the health and financial impacts of the pandemic have altered households’ evacuation and sheltering calculus. The timing and volume of evacuees have significant implications for configuring available transportation infrastructures and means and opening shelters and refuge of last resort as the storm materializes and degrades the built environment. This article asks five questions about the effect of medical fragility, health risk awareness, health and financial impacts of the pandemic, and the availability of noncongregate shelters on evacuation and sheltering behavior. The empirical analysis uses data from a survey of 2200 households conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to gauge risk perceptions under the compound threat of a hurricane and pandemic. Takeaways from our findings have significant implications for managers and policymakers and indicate, first, that medically fragile households are more likely to evacuate than nonmedically fragile households. Second, households with health concerns about the pandemic are more likely to evacuate regardless of medical fragility. Third, the expected sheltering of these segments varies depending on the facilities provided by the authorities. Anticipating the behavior of population groups allows managers to deploy technology that supports effective resource configuration and coordination and provides effective emergency service during evacuation planning and execution.
这篇文章探讨了医疗脆弱人群撤离和避难的后勤问题,在大流行病环境下,他们往往没有能力安全地应对风暴引起的快速变化。健康意识以及大流行病对健康和经济的影响改变了家庭撤离和避难的考虑。随着暴风雨的来临和建筑环境的恶化,撤离人员的时间和数量对现有交通基础设施和手段的配置以及避难所和最后避难所的开放都会产生重大影响。本文提出了五个问题,分别涉及医疗脆弱性、健康风险意识、大流行病对健康和财务的影响以及非集中式避难所的可用性对疏散和避难行为的影响。实证分析使用了 COVID-19 大流行期间对 2200 个家庭进行的调查数据,以衡量在飓风和大流行双重威胁下的风险意识。我们的研究结果对管理者和政策制定者具有重要意义,它表明:首先,身体脆弱的家庭比非身体脆弱的家庭更有可能撤离。其次,对大流行病有健康顾虑的家庭更有可能撤离,而与医疗脆弱性无关。第三,根据当局提供的设施不同,这些群体的预期避难情况也不同。通过预测人群的行为,管理者可以部署支持有效资源配置和协调的技术,并在疏散计划和执行过程中提供有效的应急服务。
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引用次数: 0
Horizontal Integration Through Knowledge Sharing in the Supply Chain Under Uncertainty 不确定性条件下通过知识共享实现供应链的横向整合
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3459609
Mostafa Jafari;Shayan Naghdi Khanachah;Peyman Akhavan
A robust knowledge-sharing network is designed for horizontal integration under disruption risks and epistemic uncertainties by introducing a novel optimization model using a fuzzy robust possibilistic programming approach to optimize knowledge sharing among supply chain members with varying knowledge levels. In this article, we aim to identify an efficient knowledge-sharing network, thereby reducing costs and enhancing suppliers' knowledge levels. By challenging the common assumption that companies with higher knowledge levels are always the primary contributors and have more added value for cooperation, this study highlights their potential inefficiencies and higher sharing costs. The proposed model promotes the integration of diverse knowledge sources within the supply chain, emphasizing the importance of horizontal integration. It advocates for comprehensive knowledge sharing among suppliers and organizations to enhance supply chain efficiency, collaboration, and performance while reducing costs. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that knowledge sharing significantly increases supply chain integration, and the study endorses the use of multiobjective mathematical programming for optimal decision making in scheduling. The results emphasize the value of collaborating with closely aligned companies to minimize knowledge-sharing costs and enhance broader organizational collaboration. Furthermore, the introduced model proposes practical execution scheduling and knowledge-sharing processes, as evidenced by a case study, leading to effective execution scheduling, reduced costs, improved communication, strengthened collaboration, and increased supply chain efficiency. Overall, this article contributes to research in supply chain management and knowledge-sharing models, enabling them to navigate constraints and market dynamics to improve supply chain performance through effective knowledge sharing and collaboration.
通过引入一个新颖的优化模型,使用模糊鲁棒可能性编程方法优化知识水平各异的供应链成员之间的知识共享,设计出了一个在中断风险和认识不确定性条件下的鲁棒知识共享网络。本文旨在确定一个高效的知识共享网络,从而降低成本并提高供应商的知识水平。本研究挑战了知识水平较高的公司总是主要贡献者并具有更多合作附加值的普遍假设,强调了其潜在的低效率和较高的共享成本。所提出的模型促进了供应链内不同知识源的整合,强调了横向整合的重要性。它倡导供应商和组织之间进行全面的知识共享,以提高供应链效率、协作和绩效,同时降低成本。定量分析表明,知识共享能显著提高供应链的整合度,研究还支持使用多目标数学编程来优化调度决策。研究结果强调了与紧密合作的公司进行协作的价值,以最大限度地降低知识共享成本,加强更广泛的组织协作。此外,引入的模型提出了切实可行的执行调度和知识共享流程,并通过案例研究得到了证明,从而实现了有效的执行调度,降低了成本,改善了沟通,加强了协作,提高了供应链效率。总之,本文有助于供应链管理和知识共享模型的研究,使其能够驾驭制约因素和市场动态,通过有效的知识共享和协作提高供应链绩效。
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引用次数: 0
Enabling the Integration of Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Textile Industry: A Framework and Evaluation Approach 促进纺织业整合工业 4.0 和可持续供应链管理:框架与评估方法
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3459922
Hamza Muhammad Dawood;Chunguang Bai;Syed Imran Zaman;Matthew Quayson;Cristian Garcia
The value of Industry 4.0 technology in promoting sustainable development cannot be fully realized without considering the mutual influence between sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) and Industry 4.0. To our knowledge, the investment of Industry 4.0 technology and SSCM has not yet been studied from an integration perspective. This study aims to determine the enablers for integrating Industry 4.0 and SSCM and provide a theoretical framework and approach for evaluating those enablers. First, a human, technology, organization, and environment fit (HTOE-fit) theoretical framework is developed to identify and categorize 16 enablers. Second, Fuzzy-DEMATEL and Fuzzy-TOPSIS techniques are used to analyze the influence relationships between the enablers and then rank those enablers. The case of the textile industry in a developing economy has been investigated. Results showed that technology is the most essential aspect, and automation is the most important enabler in the textile industry. The theoretical implications are based on the HTOE-fit framework, which offers a novel approach for identifying critical enablers that are necessary for the successful integration of Industry 4.0 and SSCM, based on the above-mentioned four aspects. This study also identifies the mutual influence relationship among the enablers, which helps the textile companies in formulating investment and implementation paths for integrating Industry 4.0 and SSCM.
如果不考虑可持续供应链管理(SSCM)与工业 4.0 之间的相互影响,就无法充分实现工业 4.0 技术在促进可持续发展方面的价值。据我们所知,还没有人从整合的角度研究过工业 4.0 技术和可持续供应链管理的投资问题。本研究旨在确定工业 4.0 与 SSCM 融合的推动因素,并提供评估这些推动因素的理论框架和方法。首先,建立了一个人、技术、组织和环境契合(HTOE-fit)理论框架,以识别和分类 16 个推进因素。其次,使用模糊-DEMATEL 和模糊-TOPSIS 技术分析使能因素之间的影响关系,然后对这些使能因素进行排序。研究以发展中经济体的纺织业为例。结果表明,技术是最基本的方面,自动化是纺织业最重要的促进因素。其理论意义基于 HTOE-fit 框架,该框架提供了一种新方法,可根据上述四个方面确定工业 4.0 和 SSCM 成功整合所需的关键推动因素。本研究还确定了各促进因素之间的相互影响关系,这有助于纺织企业制定整合工业 4.0 和 SSCM 的投资和实施路径。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of Machine Learning for Enhancing Lean Manufacturing Practices for Metal Additive Manufacturing 实施机器学习,加强金属增材制造的精益生产实践
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3459645
Ema Vasileska;Aleksandar Argilovski;Mite Tomov;Bojan Jovanoski;Valentina Gecevska
Metal additive manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), has emerged as a promising technology for rapidly producing intricate parts while minimizing material waste. However, the widespread adoption of AM has been hindered by the lack of adequate quality control measures. To address this challenge, a large number of machine learning (ML) applications have been proposed to improve the quality and productivity of AM processes. This study proposes the Lean concept as a guiding framework for classifying ML applications according to the Lean principles they support. Through a comprehensive review of literature studies, the research demonstrates the efficacy of this holistic approach, emphasizing ML's contributions to the Lean principles and the derived benefits to refine metal AM practices, improve efficiency, foster continuous improvement in LPBF, and finally bring value to the customer. The obtained results are particularly important for manufacturing engineers, quality control specialists, and decision-makers in the AM industry, as they provide actionable insights for enhancing process reliability, reducing waste, and achieving higher productivity.
金属增材制造(AM),尤其是激光粉末床熔融技术(LPBF),已成为一种既能快速生产复杂零件,又能最大限度减少材料浪费的前景广阔的技术。然而,由于缺乏适当的质量控制措施,AM 的广泛应用受到了阻碍。为了应对这一挑战,人们提出了大量机器学习(ML)应用,以提高 AM 流程的质量和生产率。本研究提出了精益概念,作为根据精益原则对 ML 应用进行分类的指导框架。通过对文献研究的全面回顾,研究证明了这一整体方法的有效性,强调了 ML 对精益原则的贡献,以及在完善金属 AM 实践、提高效率、促进 LPBF 的持续改进并最终为客户带来价值方面的益处。所获得的结果对制造工程师、质量控制专家和 AM 行业的决策者尤为重要,因为它们为提高工艺可靠性、减少浪费和实现更高的生产率提供了可行的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Unlearn Success or Failure Beliefs?: How Do Big Data Analytic Capabilities Affect the Incumbents’ Business Model Innovation in Deep Uncertainty 学习成功或失败的信念?大数据分析能力如何影响现有企业在深度不确定性中的商业模式创新
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3457874
Suqin Liao;Zaiyang Xie
Research investigating the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions under which Big Data analytic capabilities (BDACs) influence business model innovation (BMI) in incumbents remains largely underdeveloped. Drawing on the dynamic capabilities view (DCV), we developed a moderated multimediation model in which unlearning success beliefs and unlearning failure beliefs were theorized as the different mechanisms underlining why incumbents are more likely to engage in BMI under the influence of BDACs. We further proposed that deep uncertainty is an important boundary condition that affects such a relationship. Multisource data from a multiwave survey was analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the theoretical framework. The results indicated that BDACs positively affect incumbents’ BMI through not only unlearning success beliefs but also unlearning failure beliefs. Furthermore, the results provided evidence for that deep uncertainty positively moderates the mediation of unlearning success beliefs. Notably, although the moderating effect of deep uncertainty on the mediation of unlearned failure beliefs is negative, it is insignificant. Our study contributes theoretically to the research on BDACs, organizational unlearning, BMI, and DCV, while practical implications are also discussed.
关于大数据分析能力(BDACs)影响在职者商业模式创新(BMI)的内在机制和边界条件的研究在很大程度上仍然不够成熟。借鉴动态能力观点(DCV),我们建立了一个缓和的多媒介模型,将 "不学习的成功信念 "和 "不学习的失败信念 "理论化为不同的机制,以强调为何在大数据分析能力的影响下,在职者更有可能参与商业模式创新。我们进一步提出,深度不确定性是影响这种关系的重要边界条件。我们使用结构方程模型分析了来自多波调查的多源数据,以检验理论框架。结果表明,BDAC 不仅通过解除成功信念的学习,还通过解除失败信念的学习,对在职者的 BMI 产生积极影响。此外,结果还证明,深度不确定性正向调节了 "不学习成功信念 "的中介作用。值得注意的是,虽然深度不确定性对未学习的失败信念的调节作用是负的,但并不显著。我们的研究在理论上有助于BDACs、组织未学习、BMI和DCV的研究,同时也讨论了实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
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