Geomorphology最新文献_第9页

Hurricane-triggered cascading hazards: Geomorphic responses and flood hazard dynamics in a tropical mountain region 飓风引发的级联灾害：热带山区的地貌响应和洪水灾害动态

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110090

Yenny Alejandra Jiménez Donato , Carla Restrepo , Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas , Alberto Muñoz-Torrero Manchado , Miguel Antonio Ávila Mora , Michelle Catalán Armas , Markus Stoffel

In tropical mountains, extreme hydrometeorological hazards have the potential to produce significant geomorphic changes that influence flood hazard dynamics. Although considerable research has been devoted to the geomorphic response of catchments to flood in temperate areas, comparatively little attention has been paid to the geomorphic and hydrological impacts of hurricanes in tropical mountainous areas. It is thus crucial to identify and quantify the differential response of catchments to these events and to integrate those changes into the corresponding flood hazard analyses. In this study, we address three key research questions: (1) What are the geomorphic impacts triggered by hurricanes in mountainous regions at the river reach scale? (2) To what extent do neighboring catchments differ in their response to hurricanes? (3) How do hurricane-induced geomorphic changes influence flood hazard dynamics? For that, we investigate the geomorphic response and flood hazard of two catchments in the Sierra de las Minas (Guatemala), Pasabien and Jones, by analyzing their response to cascading events triggered by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and Hurricanes Eta and Iota in 2020. We use an integrated approach that combines UAV and satellite-based remote sensing analyses, field-based evidence and physically based modeling to analyze landform and flood extent changes after the events. The overall results indicate that hurricanes have the capacity to impact flood hazard dynamics as they play a key role in landscape evolution, and that the storm characteristics, together with physiographic characteristics of the catchment, condition their differential geomorphic impact. These results have strong implications for disaster risk reduction, especially in the light of the ongoing urbanization process and the increasing frequency of hydrometeorological extreme in tropical mountains.

在热带山区，极端水文气象灾害有可能产生影响洪水灾害动态的重大地貌变化。尽管对温带地区集水区对洪水的地貌响应进行了大量的研究，但对热带山区飓风的地貌和水文影响的关注相对较少。因此，确定和量化流域对这些事件的不同反应，并将这些变化纳入相应的洪水危害分析是至关重要的。在本研究中，我们解决了三个关键的研究问题：(1)在河流河段尺度上，飓风对山区地貌的影响是什么？(2)邻近的集水区对飓风的反应有多大程度的不同？(3)飓风引发的地貌变化如何影响洪涝灾害动态？为此，我们通过分析1998年飓风Mitch和2020年飓风Eta和Iota引发的级联事件对危地马拉Sierra de las Minas两个集水区Pasabien和Jones的地貌响应和洪水危害进行了研究。我们采用综合方法，结合无人机和基于卫星的遥感分析，基于现场的证据和基于物理的建模来分析事件后的地形和洪水范围变化。总体结果表明，飓风在景观演变中发挥着关键作用，具有影响洪水灾害动态的能力，风暴特征与流域的地理特征一起决定了它们的差异性地貌影响。这些结果对减少灾害风险具有重要意义，特别是考虑到正在进行的城市化进程和热带山区水文气象极端事件日益频繁。

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引用次数: 0

Paraglacial conditions, climate and isostacy control river incision and terrace development; the example of the River Lune, NW England 准冰川条件、气候和均衡控制河流切口和阶地发育；以英格兰西北部的鲁恩河为例

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110098

Paul A. Carling , Mahmoud Abbas , Xianjiao Ou , Jialing Cai , Ying Ying Ding , Peter.M. Atkinson , Xujiao Zhang , Yanlian Zhou

Within Britain, post-last-glacial river terraces are frequently indicators of catchment-wide extrinsic eustatic and isostatic drivers, as the landscape adjusted through paraglacial conditions and latterly experienced temperate climates. Climate drove changes in river discharge and sediment loads at the catchment scale, mediated by local intrinsic controls on terrace formation. The terraces of the River Lune, NW England, are described and related primarily to climatic drivers with a subordinate role for isostacy. Localized drivers include: 1) glacial over-deepening; 2) terrace effacement due to change in the river style; 3) a moraine blocking the river course; 4) the influence of bedrock gorges. Humans may have had a reinforcing effect on climatically-driven terrace formation.

The terrace levels are from highest to lowest: T1 to T3. The T1 level is a degraded, broad, glacifluvial surface; an ice-front braidplain that formed early during deglaciation (c. < 19 ka). The T2 level consists of gravel deposits on straths cut into bedrock, till or the T1 deposits, where the river bed aggraded during the Windermere Interstadial, then incised during the Younger Dryas. The T1 and T2 levels formed during the last glacio-eustatic sea level fall. The T3 level is broadly synonymous with the modern floodplain, which developed from the Early Mediaeval Period, due both to changes in climate and human use of the catchment. In upstream reaches, this level is in the process of abandonment. Major bedrock controls on terrace formation occur at the Lune Gorge and at the Knot Anticline. The latter limited isostatic and eustatic drivers from propagating incision upstream from the modern coast.

在英国，末次冰期后的河流阶地通常是流域范围内的外部波动和均衡驱动因素的指标，因为景观经过准冰川条件和后来经历的温带气候进行了调整。气候驱动了流域尺度上河流流量和泥沙负荷的变化，并受到阶地形成的局部内在控制的调节。英国西北部鲁恩河的阶地主要与气候驱动因素有关，均衡作用次要。局部驱动因素包括：1)冰川过深；2)河型变化导致的阶地侵蚀；3)阻塞河道的冰碛；4)基岩峡谷的影响。人类可能对气候驱动的阶地形成起到了强化作用。阶地等级从高到低依次为：T1到T3。T1层是退化的、宽阔的冰川河面；冰期早期形成的冰前辫状平原（约19ka）。T2层由切割成基岩的河床上的砾石沉积物组成，T1层由温德米尔间冰期河床沉积而成，然后在新仙女木期被切割。T1和T2水平形成于末次冰期-上升海平面下降期间。由于气候变化和人类对集水区的使用，从中世纪早期开始发展的现代洪泛区大致相当于T3水平。在上游河段，该水位处于弃流过程中。阶地形成的主要基岩控制发生在月子峡和结背斜。后者限制了现代海岸向上游扩展切口的均衡和上升驱动。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of kinematic characteristics of geohazards along the Karakoram Highway using multi-track time series InSAR observations 利用InSAR多轨时间序列观测分析喀喇昆仑公路沿线地质灾害的运动学特征

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110089

Bei An , Changcheng Wang , Yanan Jiang , Peng Shen , Chen Liu , Kui Liu , Rui Wang

The Karakoram Highway traverses geologically complex terrain that extends acrossthe Himalayas, the northern Pamir Plateau, and the Kunlun Mountains, regions characterized by active tectonics, frequent seismicity activity, and intense rainfall events. These factors collectively drive recurrent geological hazards, including landslides, glacial debris flows, and glacial lake outburst floods along the corridor. This study employed Sentinel-1 SAR imagery from ascending and descending tracks (June 2018–November 2024) to document surface deformation across the Karakoram region through multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) analysis. Multi-track SAR integration effectively expanded the observable coverage area by mitigating geometric shadows and layover effects inherent to side-looking radar imaging, which enabled comprehensive identification of multiple geohazards along the Karakoram Highway corridor. To better characterize kinematics of diverse geohazards, this study proposes an interval estimation-based deformation projection method that converts line-of-sight deformation rates into slope-parallel displacement components. Integrated analysis of MT-InSAR deformation measurements and local hydrometeorological data reveals deformation characteristics of diverse geohazards in the Karakoram region, including ablation-driven glacial debris flows, frontal debris accumulation at glacier termini, deformation patterns of slow-moving landslides, periglacial deformation around glacial lakes, and other phenomena. This synthesis underscores the significant influence of seasonal temperature fluctuations and concentrated rainfall on the deformation signatures of these geohazards, which may induce potential threats to road infrastructure integrity.

喀喇昆仑公路穿越喜马拉雅山脉、北部帕米尔高原和昆仑山等地质复杂的地形，这些地区的特点是构造活跃、地震活动频繁、降雨频繁。这些因素共同推动了走廊沿线滑坡、冰川泥石流和冰湖溃决洪水等地质灾害的发生。本研究利用Sentinel-1上升和下降轨道（2018年6月- 2024年11月）的SAR图像，通过多时相干涉合成孔径雷达（MT-InSAR）分析，记录了喀喇昆仑地区的地表变形。多航迹SAR集成通过减轻侧视雷达成像固有的几何阴影和中途停留效应，有效地扩大了可观测覆盖面积，从而实现了喀喇昆仑公路走廊沿线多种地质灾害的综合识别。为了更好地表征不同地质灾害的运动学特征，本研究提出了一种基于区间估计的变形投影方法，该方法将视线变形率转换为斜坡平行位移分量。综合分析MT-InSAR变形测量和当地水文气象资料，揭示了喀喇昆仑地区多种地质灾害的变形特征，包括消融驱动的冰川泥石流、冰川末端锋面碎屑堆积、缓慢移动的山体滑坡变形模式、冰川湖周围的冰周变形等现象。这种综合强调了季节性温度波动和集中降雨对这些地质灾害的变形特征的显著影响，这可能对道路基础设施的完整性造成潜在威胁。

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引用次数: 0

Site-specific controls on rockfall activity: A case of study from north and south faces on the Pyrenees 特定地点对岩崩活动的控制：比利牛斯山脉南北两面的研究案例

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110088

Jaime Boyano-Galiano , Alberto Muñoz-Torrero Manchado , José Carlos Robredo Sánchez , Santiago Fábregas Reigosa , Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas

In mountain environments, rockfalls pose a significant natural hazard. Climate change is expected to influence their magnitude and frequency, yet understanding long-term dynamics and specific triggers remains challenging due to scarce observational data. Dendrogeomorphology offers a valuable tool to reconstruct past rockfall passage frequency. This study investigates contrasting rockfall dynamics and their climatic triggers on opposing north (Artouste forest, France) and south (Pineta valley, Spain) Pyrenean faces. We analyzed 261 increment cores from 142 impacted Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. trees across four plots with varying exposure and vegetation density. Rockfall Rate (RRt) was reconstructed from the early 20th century using the conditional impact probability method (CIP method). Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) was used to characterize block sizes and accurately determine tree locations. RRt was statistically analyzed (Spearman, LMMs) against daily E-OBS climate data to identify key climate-rockfall relationships. Our results reveal distinct rockfall dynamics. The north-face exhibited higher activity, strongly linked to autumn freeze-thaw cycles. By contrast, the south-face showed lower activity influenced by both spring/autumn freeze-thaw cycles and intense precipitation events (> 20 mm/day), particularly in the less vegetated plot. Interestingly, our results provide evidence that local site conditions such as release zone lithology and vegetation density strongly modulate the sensitivity to these climatic triggers. Our findings highlight the spatial variability in Pyrenean rockfall dynamics, underscoring the need for site-specific hazard assessments and suggesting potential increases in rockfall activity under projected climate warming.

在山区环境中，落石会造成严重的自然灾害。预计气候变化将影响其幅度和频率，但由于观测数据匮乏，了解其长期动态和具体触发因素仍然具有挑战性。树木地貌学为重建过去的岩崩通道频率提供了有价值的工具。本研究调查对比岩崩动力学及其气候触发器在相对的北（Artouste森林，法国）和南（皮内塔山谷，西班牙）比利牛斯山脉的面。我们分析了142个受冲击冷杉厂的261个增量岩心。不同暴露度和植被密度的4个样地的林木。采用条件冲击概率法（CIP法）重建了20世纪初以来的岩崩率。使用地面激光扫描（TLS）表征块大小并准确确定树的位置。根据每日E-OBS气候数据对RRt进行统计分析（Spearman, lms），以确定关键的气候-岩崩关系。我们的结果揭示了独特的岩崩动力学。北表面表现出较高的活动，与秋季冻融循环密切相关。春秋季冻融循环和强降水事件（20 mm/d）对南坡的影响较小，植被较少的样地尤甚。有趣的是，我们的研究结果提供了证据，表明释放带岩性和植被密度等当地条件强烈地调节了对这些气候触发因素的敏感性。我们的研究结果强调了比利牛斯山脉岩崩动力学的空间变动性，强调了对特定地点的危害评估的必要性，并表明在预计的气候变暖下，岩崩活动可能会增加。

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引用次数: 0

Critical assessment of a tree-ring-based snow avalanche reconstruction: Makunosawa experimental site, Japan 基于树木年轮的雪崩重建的关键评估：Makunosawa实验地点，日本

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110087

Ryoko Nishii , Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas , Yukari Takeuchi , Markus Stoffel , Takafumi Katsushima

Tree-ring-based reconstructions of snow avalanches are increasingly valuable for assessing the impacts of climate change in high mountain regions. However, their reliability depends critically on understanding and managing the signal-to-noise ratio in tree-ring data. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, we compared tree-ring evidence with high-confidence avalanche observations (2000–2018) at the Makunosawa site in Japan, where winter snow depth regularly exceeds 300 cm. Using a confusion matrix, we found a high detection accuracy of 89 % and a low false negative rate of 17 % when applying a weighted index of 1.4 across all sampled trees. The resulting tree-ring chronology revealed 14 large-scale avalanches (with flow distances exceeding 2000 m) between 1967 and 2018, with recurrence intervals ranging from 1.7 to 5 years. Avalanche activity was notably higher during the 1980s and early 2000s. We find that in heavily snow-covered regions, abrupt growth suppressions in conifer trees are the most reliable indicator of past avalanche damage, as exposed trunks and crowns are especially susceptible to impact. Furthermore, the height at which injuries are sampled is crucial: damage located below the typical winter snow surface is more likely to result from other processes and may introduce noise into the chronology. These findings underscore the importance of both signal selection and thoughtful sampling strategies in enhancing the accuracy of dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of snow avalanche activity.

基于树木年轮的雪崩重建在评估气候变化对高山地区的影响方面越来越有价值。然而，它们的可靠性主要取决于对树木年轮数据信噪比的理解和管理。为了评估该方法的准确性，我们将树木年轮证据与日本Makunosawa站点的高置信度雪崩观测（2000-2018）进行了比较，该站点冬季雪深通常超过300厘米。使用混淆矩阵，当对所有采样树应用加权指数1.4时，我们发现检测准确率高达89%，假阴性率低至17%。树木年轮年代学结果显示，1967年至2018年间发生了14次大规模雪崩（流距超过2000 m），复发间隔为1.7 ~ 5年。在20世纪80年代和21世纪初，雪崩活动明显增加。我们发现，在积雪覆盖的地区，针叶树的突然生长抑制是过去雪崩破坏的最可靠指标，因为暴露的树干和树冠特别容易受到影响。此外，损伤取样的高度至关重要：位于典型冬季雪面以下的损伤更有可能是由其他过程造成的，并可能在年表中引入噪声。这些发现强调了信号选择和周到的采样策略在提高雪崩活动的树木地貌重建精度方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Respective impacts of global warming, permafrost thaw and urban sprawl on debris-flow risk: Insights from the Dorfbach Torrent, Swiss Alps 全球变暖、永久冻土融化和城市扩张对泥石流风险的各自影响：来自瑞士阿尔卑斯山多尔夫巴赫激流的见解

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110086

Gabriel da Silva Correia , Adrien Favillier , Markus Stoffel , Christoph Graf , Manon Farvacque , Christophe Corona

Debris flows pose significant hazards to mountain communities worldwide. In the European Alps, they annually damage infrastructure and settlements, often resulting in fatalities. Climate warming is projected to locally and temporarily shift debris-flow frequency, intensity, and spatial extent by enhancing rain-on-snow events, precipitation extremes, glacier melt, and permafrost thaw—processes that alter sediment availability in alpine catchments. At the same time, human exposure to debris-flow hazards has intensified as urban expansion increasingly encroaches on torrential cones, driven by limited development space in alpine valleys. Despite their central role in shaping future risk and economic losses, climate and land-use changes are rarely considered together in quantitative risk analyses. This study investigates the depositional cone of the Dorfbach torrent (Valais, Switzerland), drawing on scenarios of past, present, and future debris-flow frequency and intensity. Hazard maps were combined with elements at risk, buildings and infrastructure, from 1880 to 2020, based on historical topographic maps and aerial photographs. Analyses employed the Swiss EconoMe framework, designed to quantify risks from gravitational hazards, to disentangle the influence of climate and land-use on total risk. Results indicate that climate warming and permafrost thaw alone would expand the debris-flow-affected area by 228 %, reducible to 61 % with protection dams. Historical data show settlements and infrastructure on the cone increased by 227 % and 203 % respectively since 1880. Integrating hazard scenarios with risk elements across four time steps (1880, 1940, 1980, and 2020) reveals that land-use changes have led to a 118 % in risk costs between 1880 and 2020. In contrast, the 2010 hazard mapping projected a 238 % increase, highlighting that climate-driven hazard changes contribute more than twice as much as land-use change to rising risk costs. Given widespread urban expansion on Alpine torrential cones and rapid climate shifts, our findings from this archetypal Swiss site underscore the need for similar integrated studies across other mountain regions.

泥石流对世界各地的山区社区构成重大危害。在欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉，它们每年都会破坏基础设施和定居点，经常导致死亡。预计气候变暖将通过加强雨雪事件、极端降水、冰川融化和永久冻土融化过程，局部和暂时地改变泥石流的频率、强度和空间范围，从而改变高山流域沉积物的可利用性。与此同时，由于高寒河谷有限的开发空间，城市扩张对暴雨锥的侵蚀日益加剧，人类对泥石流灾害的暴露程度也在加剧。尽管气候和土地利用变化在形成未来风险和经济损失方面发挥着核心作用，但在定量风险分析中很少同时考虑它们。本研究调查了Dorfbach急流（瑞士瓦莱州）的沉积锥，绘制了过去、现在和未来泥石流频率和强度的情景。根据历史地形图和航空照片，从1880年到2020年，将危险因素、建筑物和基础设施结合在一起。分析采用了旨在量化重力危害风险的瑞士经济框架，以理清气候和土地利用对总风险的影响。结果表明，仅气候变暖和多年冻土融化就会使泥石流影响面积扩大228%，而有保护大坝的泥石流影响面积可减少到61%。历史数据显示，自1880年以来，锥上的定居点和基础设施分别增长了227%和203%。综合四个时间步（1880年、1940年、1980年和2020年）的灾害情景和风险要素，发现1880年至2020年期间土地利用变化导致了118%的风险成本。相比之下，2010年的灾害地图预测增加了238%，突出表明气候驱动的灾害变化对风险成本上升的贡献是土地利用变化的两倍多。考虑到高山暴雨锥上广泛的城市扩张和快速的气候变化，我们在这个瑞士原型遗址的发现强调了在其他山区进行类似综合研究的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Widespread relict dunefields of Noctis Labyrinthus, Mars: Evidence of bedform formation on unusually steep slopes 火星诺克提斯迷宫的广泛的废弃沙丘：在异常陡峭的斜坡上形成河床的证据

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110075

Matt W. Telfer , Mackenzie Day , Matthew Chojnacki

Evidence for relic dunes and dunefields is valuable for its palaeoclimatic implications of a planetary surface, but bedforms are rarely clearly preserved in planform, such that they might be observable by orbital sensors. Uniformly-spaced patterning of the landscape, covering ∼3000 km², on the slopes of very large valleys in eastern Noctis Labyrinthus, Mars, is here interpreted as a series of palaeodunefields, with a number of very unusual characteristics. Occurring at elevations sometimes in excess of 7000 m, these are candidates for the highest elevation aeolian bedforms yet observed on Mars. Using data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CTX and HiRISE cameras, we describe the attributes of these dunes and set them in geomorphological context of a remarkable landscape. Their morphology and distribution are consistent with aeolian bedforms, and their scale and orientation suggest that they can be classified as transverse climbing dunes. Unlike most climbing dunes, however, which typically form isolated bedforms, the large number of repeating bedforms dunes here suggests that these might be better termed as part of a climbing dunefield. The palaeodunes are found on slopes averaging 17°, and are present even on underlying slopes up to the angle of repose of sand on Mars, at about 32–34°. Consideration of the geometry of the present-day expression of relative relief (approximately 4–10 m), and models of potential past geometries of dunes on steep slopes, raises the possibility that these dunes may never have had leeside slip faces. Their antiquity is indicated by extensive cratering of the indurated surfaces, and crater-counting statistics suggest a Late Amazonian age of around 5 Ma. Their distribution, primarily on east-facing slopes, implies formation under a westward sediment flux, with deposition presumably occurring due to topographically-induced slowdown of winds on the large (sometimes >5000 m relief), very smooth-sided valley walls.

遗迹沙丘和沙丘场的证据是有价值的，因为它对行星表面的古气候意义重大，但地表形态很少被清晰地保存在平地上，这样它们就可以被轨道传感器观察到。均匀间隔的景观图案，覆盖约3000平方公里，位于火星诺克提斯迷宫东部非常大的山谷的斜坡上，这里被解释为一系列古丘陵地，具有许多非常不寻常的特征。有时海拔超过7000米，这些是在火星上观测到的海拔最高的风成地貌的候选者。利用火星侦察轨道器的CTX和HiRISE相机的数据，我们描述了这些沙丘的属性，并将它们置于一个非凡景观的地貌背景中。它们的形态和分布与风成地貌一致，其规模和方向表明它们可归类为横向爬升沙丘。然而，与大多数通常形成孤立床型的攀高沙丘不同，这里大量重复床型的沙丘表明，它们可能更适合被称为攀高沙丘场的一部分。古丘陵分布在平均为17°的斜坡上，甚至在火星上沙的休止角为32-34°的下斜坡上也有。考虑到当前相对地形的几何形状（大约4-10米），以及陡坡上沙丘过去的潜在几何形状模型，提出了这些沙丘可能从未有过背侧滑动面的可能性。它们的古老可以通过硬化表面上大量的陨石坑来表明，陨石坑计数的统计数据表明，亚马逊时代的晚期大约是5 Ma。它们的分布，主要在向东的斜坡上，意味着在向西的沉积物通量下形成，沉积可能是由于地形导致的风在大的（有时是5000米的地形）上减速而发生的，非常光滑的山谷壁。

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引用次数: 0

Topographic constraints on the rock avalanche erosion mechanisms and sliding effects 地形对岩石雪崩侵蚀机制和滑动效应的制约

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110078

Qiyi Lai , Jianjun Zhao , Mengming Lin , Rui Zhang , Chang Yang , Qingmiao Li , Jianxian He

Rock avalanches frequently exhibit accelerated movement, increased volume, and heightened hazards due to erosion at their base. Our understanding of topography controls of the erosion mechanism and promotive sliding effect in rock avalanches remains limited due to the presence of an extremely long flow zone and complex scraping process in landslides, as well as the difficulty of observing them in actual landslides. Based on a compilation of 50 rock avalanche cases inventories, physical tests and discrete element numerical simulations, this study investigates the effects of topography on erosion mechanisms and promotive sliding. The findings indicate that topography in the erosion zone significantly influences the spatial distribution of deposits, including compression, tension, and arcuate uplift. Impact erosion of the sliding body significantly influences the topographic relief. Deflected terrain can induce fluid-like behavior in the sliding mass, characterized by brief intensification followed by rapid attenuation, thereby enhancing both acceleration and dispersal. Erosion mechanisms vary based on the contact angle between the sliding body and the underlying topography, with erosion-related physical quantities revealing the dominant influence of terrain features. Notably, intersections with side boundaries generate substantial lateral pressure, intensifying basal scraping and promoting movement, especially on slopes with aspects between 15° to 30°. Sliding masses exhibit greater mobility within gullies than smooth slopes, although excessive curvature may inhibit erosion. These findings deepen our understanding of topographic control over erosion and sliding effects in rock avalanches, offering a theoretical basis for disaster prevention and mitigation strategies.

岩石雪崩经常表现出加速运动，体积增加，并且由于其底部的侵蚀而增加了危险性。由于滑坡中存在极长的流带和复杂的刮擦过程，以及在实际滑坡中难以观察到这些过程，我们对岩石雪崩侵蚀机制和促进滑动效应的地形控制认识仍然有限。基于50个岩石雪崩案例的汇编、物理试验和离散元数值模拟，本研究探讨了地形对侵蚀机制和促进滑动的影响。研究结果表明，侵蚀带的地形对沉积物的空间分布有显著影响，包括压缩、张拉和弧形隆升。滑体的冲击侵蚀对地形起伏有显著影响。偏转的地形可以诱导滑动质量的类流体行为，其特征是短暂的增强然后迅速衰减，从而增强加速度和分散。侵蚀机制因滑动体与下伏地形之间的接触角而异，与侵蚀相关的物理量揭示了地形特征的主要影响。值得注意的是，具有侧边界的交叉点产生了巨大的侧压力，加剧了基底的刮擦并促进了运动，尤其是在坡面在15°到30°之间的斜坡上。滑块在沟壑中表现出比光滑斜坡更大的流动性，尽管过度的曲率可能会抑制侵蚀。这些发现加深了我们对岩石雪崩中侵蚀和滑动效应的地形控制的理解，为防灾减灾策略提供了理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Morphometrics and process regimes: Defining the beach-dune transition zone on an evolving coast 形态计量学和过程机制：在不断演变的海岸上定义海滩-沙丘过渡带

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110085

Elizabeth George , Alex Smith , Jacob Lehner , Brianna Lunardi , Phillipe Wernette , Ben Chittle , Chris Houser

Predicting the resiliency and evolution of coastal barriers is critical for developing effective management strategies given sea level rise, changes in storm activity, and the loss of sea ice. The dune toe is a commonly used morphometric boundary for assessing response and recovery of coastal barriers. Multiple extraction methods have been developed to extract the dune toe from large remote sensing datasets, including Least Cost Path (LCP), Inflection Point (IP), and Relative Relief (RR). Each method is based on independent a priori assumptions that these morphometrics are representative of process-regime boundaries across the beach-dune interface, but there is increasing evidence that these simple morphometrics are not consistent or accurate. Data from Brackley Beach (BB), Prince Edward Island (PEI) in this study critically evaluates commonly used dune toe delineation methods, and how these delineations relate to cross-shore variations in backshore vegetation extent, frequency of beach inundation due to wave runup, and elevation change in response to post-tropical storms Dorian and Fiona. Results indicate that IP, LCP, and RR force the dune toe landward and at higher elevations compared to the seaward extent of vegetation, the distribution of run-up elevations and changes in elevation. A modified Relative Relief (MRR) delineation method is introduced as the further seaward threshold position of the RR method. Results suggest that this is more representative of the boundary for vegetation, run-up and elevation change, suggesting that this location is a more accurate for estimating beach-dune response and recovery to storm activity and sea level rise.

在海平面上升、风暴活动变化和海冰减少的情况下，预测沿海屏障的弹性和演变对于制定有效的管理策略至关重要。沙丘脚趾是一种常用的形态测量边界，用于评估海岸屏障的响应和恢复。从大型遥感数据集中提取沙丘脚趾的方法有多种，包括最小成本路径（LCP）、拐点（IP）和相对起伏（RR）。每种方法都基于独立的先验假设，即这些形态计量学代表了海滩-沙丘界面上的过程-制度边界，但越来越多的证据表明，这些简单的形态计量学不一致或不准确。本研究中来自爱德华王子岛（PEI）布拉克利海滩（BB）的数据批判性地评估了常用的沙丘脚趾描绘方法，以及这些描绘与后海岸植被范围的跨海岸变化、波浪上升导致的海滩淹没频率以及响应热带风暴多利安和菲奥娜的海拔变化之间的关系。结果表明，相对于植被的向海程度、海拔高度分布和海拔变化，IP、LCP和RR迫使沙丘向陆地移动，且海拔高度更高。引入了一种改进的相对起伏（MRR）圈定方法，作为RR方法的进一步向海阈值位置。结果表明，该位置更能代表植被、爬坡和海拔变化的边界，表明该位置更准确地估计了海滩-沙丘对风暴活动和海平面上升的响应和恢复。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamics of the Hron River drainage divide (Western Carpathians): From regional drivers to local controls 赫伦河流域划分（喀尔巴阡山脉西部）的动力学：从区域驱动因素到局部控制

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110077

Roberta Prokešová , Ján Novotný

Drainage divides are dynamic landscape features that change their positions over time and evolve towards a topographic steady state. Although divide migration greatly affects the landscape, the process is commonly too slow to be observed or measured directly. Consequently, the primary mechanisms driving the migration of drainage divides remain poorly understood. While it is assumed that unequal erosion rates on opposite sides of drainage divides force their migrations, indirect evidence or proxy indices currently provide the most effective tools for estimating these erosion rates. This study employs DEM-based topographic indices serving as erosional proxies to quantify their cross-divide anomalies, inferring variations in erosion rates across the analysed drainage divide. Our analysis focused on the divide segments defining the upper part of the Hron River basin. This drainage basin is located in the Inner Western Carpathians, for which limited information is available on key drivers controlling drainage divide dynamics. To infer differences in erosion rates across the analysed drainage divide, we used two categories of proxy indices, the fluvial and hillslope (Gilbert) metrics. The obtained results indicate that fluvial proxies are likely responsive to regional controls, albeit relatively weak in the study area. Specifically, the χ (chi) index anomalies show relatively consistent patterns, suggesting a generally northward-directed asymmetry. We interpret the cross-divide χ-offsets as reflecting the topographic response to the ongoing uplift of the Western Carpathians, which represents the main regional driving force. The most recent uplift phase appears to be spatially uniform and characterised by low rates, which are generally consistent with current GNSS data and the low seismicity of the Inner Western Carpathians. In contrast, topography adjacent to the drainage divide appears to be dominated by local-scale or short-term processes, which are effectively captured by hillslope (Gilbert) metrics. In the vicinity of the drainage divide segments, these local controls often obscure regional trends.

水系分水岭是动态的景观特征，随着时间的推移而改变其位置，并朝着地形的稳定状态发展。尽管分区迁移极大地影响了景观，但这个过程通常太慢，无法直接观察或测量。因此，驱动排水分界迁移的主要机制仍然知之甚少。虽然假设水系分水岭两侧不相等的侵蚀速率迫使它们迁移，但间接证据或代理指数目前为估算这些侵蚀速率提供了最有效的工具。本研究采用基于dem的地形指数作为侵蚀指标，量化其跨分水岭异常，推断所分析的分水岭上侵蚀速率的变化。我们的分析主要集中在确定赫伦河流域上游的划分段上。该流域位于喀尔巴阡山脉的内西部，对控制流域划分动态的关键驱动因素的信息有限。为了推断所分析的流域分水岭上侵蚀率的差异，我们使用了两类代理指数，河流和山坡（吉尔伯特）指标。研究结果表明，河流代用物可能响应区域控制，尽管研究区相对较弱。具体来说，χ (chi)指数异常表现出相对一致的模式，表明总体上是北向的不对称。我们将交叉划分的χ-offset解释为反映了西喀尔巴阡山脉持续隆起的地形响应，这代表了主要的区域驱动力。最近的隆升阶段似乎在空间上是均匀的，并以低速率为特征，这与目前的GNSS数据和内喀尔巴阡山脉西部的低地震活动性基本一致。相比之下，毗邻排水分水岭的地形似乎由局部尺度或短期过程主导，这些过程可以通过山坡（吉尔伯特）度量有效地捕捉到。在排水分界段附近，这些局部控制往往掩盖了区域趋势。

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引用次数: 0