Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111071
Weihan Meng , Lingnan Kong , Abudula Abulizi , Jingjing Cong , Zhihui Sun , Yaqing Chang
Apostichopus japonicus is a highly significant marine aquaculture species. Research findings have indicated that male sea cucumbers demonstrate a more rapid growth rate compared to females, underscoring the potential advantages of establishing an all-male population. In this study, we identified a specific protein-coding gene (ORFan) within a 4565 bp male fragment and named it sex determination factor (sdf). The sdf transcript exhibited ubiquitous expression in various adult male tissues, along with dynamic expression patterns in the testis across different developmental stages. Notably, knockdown of the sdf gene through immersion of embryos in its specific vivo-morpholino oligomers (vivo-MO) resulted in significant changes in the expression levels of several sex-related genes including piwi1, vasa, foxl2, and DNMT3. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis showed that sdf knockdown resulted in significant alterations in multiple biological processes encompassing various sex-related gene ontology terms such as male gonad development, ovarian follicle development, and steroidogenesis. These results provide a molecular foundation for comprehending ORFans in sea cucumbers while offering a valuable method for gene knockdown studies in echinoderms.
{"title":"Sex determination factor, a novel male-linked gene in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: Molecular characterization, expression patterns and effects of gene knockdown","authors":"Weihan Meng , Lingnan Kong , Abudula Abulizi , Jingjing Cong , Zhihui Sun , Yaqing Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Apostichopus japonicus</em> is a highly significant marine aquaculture species. Research findings have indicated that male sea cucumbers demonstrate a more rapid growth rate compared to females, underscoring the potential advantages of establishing an all-male population. In this study, we identified a specific protein-coding gene (ORFan) within a 4565 bp male fragment and named it <em>sex determination factor</em> (<em>sdf</em>). The <em>sdf</em> transcript exhibited ubiquitous expression in various adult male tissues, along with dynamic expression patterns in the testis across different developmental stages. Notably, knockdown of the <em>sdf</em> gene through immersion of embryos in its specific vivo-morpholino oligomers (vivo-MO) resulted in significant changes in the expression levels of several sex-related genes including <em>piwi1</em>, <em>vasa</em>, <em>foxl2</em>, and <em>DNMT3</em>. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis showed that <em>sdf</em> knockdown resulted in significant alterations in multiple biological processes encompassing various sex-related gene ontology terms such as male gonad development, ovarian follicle development, and steroidogenesis. These results provide a molecular foundation for comprehending ORFans in sea cucumbers while offering a valuable method for gene knockdown studies in echinoderms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 111071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111070
Kathryn Bisaha , Simon Bagatto , Rebekah Harden , Randi Depp , Rachel Olson , Qin Liu , Janna M. Andronowski , Richard L. Londraville
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed high and low-frequency diets over 40 days to assess the effect of diet on bone parameters. Fish fed 3×/day (High) were significantly greater in total weight and length vs. fish fed 2×/week (Low; <0.01). The High group had significantly higher vertebral bone density (p = 0.0009) and lower bone volume (p = 0.04) compared to the Low group. Scales from the Low group also had higher density of resorption lacunae in their scales (p = 0.02). We interpret these data to hypothesize that higher leptin titers associated with reduced calorie intake is generally catabolic to bone in zebrafish.
{"title":"Bone dynamics in zebrafish on low- and high-frequency diets","authors":"Kathryn Bisaha , Simon Bagatto , Rebekah Harden , Randi Depp , Rachel Olson , Qin Liu , Janna M. Andronowski , Richard L. Londraville","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) were fed high and low-frequency diets over 40 days to assess the effect of diet on bone parameters. Fish fed 3×/day (High) were significantly greater in total weight and length vs. fish fed 2×/week (Low; <0.01). The High group had significantly higher vertebral bone density (<em>p</em> = 0.0009) and lower bone volume (<em>p</em> = 0.04) compared to the Low group. Scales from the Low group also had higher density of resorption lacunae in their scales (<em>p</em> = 0.02). We interpret these data to hypothesize that higher leptin titers associated with reduced calorie intake is generally catabolic to bone in zebrafish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 111070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111069
Sara Moutinho , Óscar Monroig , Helena Peres , Andrea Villena-Rodríguez , Rui Magalhães , Lina Pulido-Rodríguez , Giuliana Parisi , Aires Oliva-Teles
The potential of insects as alternative ingredients in animal feeds is well-established. However, limited information is available on the use of insect oils as alternative lipid sources in aquafeeds. To address this, a study was conducted on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles to evaluate the effects of including black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil (HIO). Diets were formulated to include 4, 7.9, and 9.5 % HIO, replacing a vegetable oil blend at 42, 84, or 100 %, respectively. After 70 days, the effects on liver fatty acid profiles, plasma metabolites, and lipid metabolism gene expression were assessed. The results showed that HIO inclusion led to a linear decrease in plasma lipids and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein levels increased. The experimental diets also altered the liver's fatty acid composition without affecting total lipid content. There was an increase in the liver's saturated fatty acid content, like lauric acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids, like oleic acid. In contrast, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was reduced, although EPA and DHA levels remained unaffected. Additionally, the content of C16:0 and C18:0 (% of total fatty acids) was higher in the liver than in the corresponding diets. The inclusion of HIO had minimal impact on the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, transport, and β-oxidation. However, a downregulation of elongation of very long-chain fatty acids proteins 6 and 1b (elovl6 and elovl1b) was observed with increasing HIO levels. Overall, the study indicates that up to 9.5 % HIO inclusion in diets is well tolerated by gilthead seabream juveniles, with minimal effects on plasma metabolites and key gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism. These findings support the use of HIO as a viable alternative lipid source for juvenile gilthead seabream, contributing to the sustainable development of aquafeeds.
{"title":"Effects of black soldier fly larvae oil on lipid metabolism, liver fatty acid composition, and plasma metabolite profiles in gilthead seabream juveniles","authors":"Sara Moutinho , Óscar Monroig , Helena Peres , Andrea Villena-Rodríguez , Rui Magalhães , Lina Pulido-Rodríguez , Giuliana Parisi , Aires Oliva-Teles","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential of insects as alternative ingredients in animal feeds is well-established. However, limited information is available on the use of insect oils as alternative lipid sources in aquafeeds. To address this, a study was conducted on gilthead seabream (<em>Sparus aurata</em>) juveniles to evaluate the effects of including black soldier fly (<em>Hermetia illucens</em>) larvae oil (HIO). Diets were formulated to include 4, 7.9, and 9.5 % HIO, replacing a vegetable oil blend at 42, 84, or 100 %, respectively. After 70 days, the effects on liver fatty acid profiles, plasma metabolites, and lipid metabolism gene expression were assessed. The results showed that HIO inclusion led to a linear decrease in plasma lipids and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein levels increased. The experimental diets also altered the liver's fatty acid composition without affecting total lipid content. There was an increase in the liver's saturated fatty acid content, like lauric acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids, like oleic acid. In contrast, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was reduced, although EPA and DHA levels remained unaffected. Additionally, the content of C16:0 and C18:0 (% of total fatty acids) was higher in the liver than in the corresponding diets. The inclusion of HIO had minimal impact on the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, transport, and β-oxidation. However, a downregulation of elongation of very long-chain fatty acids proteins 6 and 1b (<em>elovl6</em> and <em>elovl1b</em>) was observed with increasing HIO levels. Overall, the study indicates that up to 9.5 % HIO inclusion in diets is well tolerated by gilthead seabream juveniles, with minimal effects on plasma metabolites and key gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism. These findings support the use of HIO as a viable alternative lipid source for juvenile gilthead seabream, contributing to the sustainable development of aquafeeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 111069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111068
Walaa El-Houseiny , Asmaa W. Basher , Yasmina K. Mahmoud , Yasmin Bayoumi , Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith , Elsayed M. Younis , Simon J. Davies , Ahmed H. Arisha , Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim , Mohamed Ezzat M. Assayed
This study evaluated the efficacy of integrating artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract (CSLE) into the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet to mitigate fluoride (FLR) adverse effects on growth, immune components, renal and hepatic function, and the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related genes. A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted with 240 O. niloticus fish separated into four groups as follows: a control group (CON) fed on a basic diet, a CSLE group receiving 300 mg CSLE/kg via the diet, a FLR group exposed to 6.1 mg/L waterborne FLR, and a group receiving both CSLE and FLR. Fish exposed to FLR exhibited slower growth rates and poorer feed conversion compared to the control group. They also displayed signs of anemia, leukopenia, and elevated serum levels of renal injury indicators and liver enzymes. Consistent with a decrease in both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, higher levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation products were observed. Exposure to FLR resulted in decreased serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, complement 3, IgM, total protein, globulin, and albumin levels. FLR induced multiple pathological perturbations in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, and increased the mRNA expression of splenic tumor necrosis factor-alpha, heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1 beta, tumor protein p53, and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 while reducing superoxide dismutase and catalase gene expression. However, the majority of FLR adverse effects were significantly reduced by adding 300 mg CSLE/ kg diet. Adding CSLE to O. niloticus' diet may reduce FLR's negative effects, making it a beneficial aquafeed.
{"title":"Mitigation of sodium fluoride-induced growth inhibition, immunosuppression, hepatorenal damage, and dysregulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation-related genes by dietary artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract in Oreochromis niloticus","authors":"Walaa El-Houseiny , Asmaa W. Basher , Yasmina K. Mahmoud , Yasmin Bayoumi , Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith , Elsayed M. Younis , Simon J. Davies , Ahmed H. Arisha , Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim , Mohamed Ezzat M. Assayed","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the efficacy of integrating artichoke (<em>Cynara scolymus</em>) leaf extract (CSLE) into the Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) diet to mitigate fluoride (FLR) adverse effects on growth, immune components, renal and hepatic function, and the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related genes. A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted with 240 <em>O. niloticus</em> fish separated into four groups as follows: a control group (CON) fed on a basic diet, a CSLE group receiving 300 mg CSLE/kg via the diet, a FLR group exposed to 6.1 mg/L waterborne FLR, and a group receiving both CSLE and FLR. Fish exposed to FLR exhibited slower growth rates and poorer feed conversion compared to the control group. They also displayed signs of anemia, leukopenia, and elevated serum levels of renal injury indicators and liver enzymes. Consistent with a decrease in both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, higher levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation products were observed. Exposure to FLR resulted in decreased serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, complement 3, IgM, total protein, globulin, and albumin levels. FLR induced multiple pathological perturbations in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, and increased the mRNA expression of splenic tumor necrosis factor-alpha, heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1 beta, tumor protein p53, and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 while reducing superoxide dismutase and catalase gene expression. However, the majority of FLR adverse effects were significantly reduced by adding 300 mg CSLE/ kg diet. Adding CSLE to <em>O. niloticus</em>' diet may reduce FLR's negative effects, making it a beneficial aquafeed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 111068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111061
Qing-Xue Sun, Qing Tan, Xue-Na Huang, Cui-Luan Yao
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays a crucial role in the immune response through recognizing bacterial flagellin. Some teleosts possess two forms of TLR5, including a canonical membrane TLR5 (TLR5M) ortholog and a piscine soluble TLR5 (TLR5S). In this report, the full-length cDNA sequences of Larimichthys crocea TLR5M (LcTLR5M) and TLR5S (LcTLR5S) were identified. The predicted 885-aa-LcTLR5M protein contained a 20-aa signal peptide, followed by 12 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane (TM) region, and a cytoplasmic Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domain while the predicted 642-aa-LcTLR5S only contained 13 LRRs. The LcTLR5M transcripts were detected in most tissues examined, with the highest expression in heart and the lowest in stomach. The expression of LcTLR5S was high in liver whereas low in other examined tissues. Both LcTLR5M and LcTLR5S transcripts could be induced by immune challenge. Subcellular localization revealed that LcTLR5M existed on the cell membrane while LcTLR5S expressed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, to investigate the role of LcTLR5S in downstream signaling transduction, a LcTLR5S-TIR chimera was constructed by fusing the ORF of LcTLR5S with TM and TIR domains from LcTLR5M. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that the TIR domain is essential in the flagellin induced MyD88-mediated-TNFα activation but not in -NF-κB activation. However, the flagellin-LcTLR5M-MyD88-mediated NF-κB and TNFα activation was largely suppressed by LcTLR5S. These findings suggested that the flagellin-LcTLR5M/LcTLR5S mediated immune activation was MyD88-dependent, and the role of the TIR-domain might differ between NF-κB and TNFα signaling transduction.
{"title":"A soluble TLR5 is involved in the flagellin-MyD88-mediated immune response via regulation rather than activation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","authors":"Qing-Xue Sun, Qing Tan, Xue-Na Huang, Cui-Luan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays a crucial role in the immune response through recognizing bacterial flagellin. Some teleosts possess two forms of TLR5, including a canonical membrane TLR5 (TLR5M) ortholog and a piscine soluble TLR5 (TLR5S). In this report, the full-length cDNA sequences of <em>Larimichthys crocea TLR5M</em> (<em>LcTLR5M</em>) and <em>TLR5S</em> (<em>LcTLR5S</em>) were identified. The predicted 885-aa-<em>Lc</em>TLR5M protein contained a 20-aa signal peptide, followed by 12 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane (TM) region, and a cytoplasmic Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domain while the predicted 642-aa-<em>Lc</em>TLR5S only contained 13 LRRs. The <em>LcTLR5M</em> transcripts were detected in most tissues examined, with the highest expression in heart and the lowest in stomach. The expression of <em>LcTLR5S</em> was high in liver whereas low in other examined tissues. Both <em>LcTLR5M</em> and <em>LcTLR5S</em> transcripts could be induced by immune challenge. Subcellular localization revealed that <em>Lc</em>TLR5M existed on the cell membrane while <em>Lc</em>TLR5S expressed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, to investigate the role of <em>LcTLR5S</em> in downstream signaling transduction, a <em>LcTLR5S-TIR</em> chimera was constructed by fusing the ORF of <em>LcTLR5S</em> with TM and TIR domains from <em>LcTLR5M</em>. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that the TIR domain is essential in the flagellin induced MyD88-mediated<em>-TNFα</em> activation but not in -<em>NF-κB</em> activation. However, the flagellin-<em>Lc</em>TLR5M-MyD88-mediated <em>NF-κB</em> and <em>TNFα</em> activation was largely suppressed by <em>Lc</em>TLR5S. These findings suggested that the flagellin-<em>Lc</em>TLR5M/<em>Lc</em>TLR5S mediated immune activation was MyD88-dependent, and the role of the TIR-domain might differ between NF-κB and TNFα signaling transduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 111061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111048
Chia-Jui Liu , Chia-Hao Chang , Yu-Xuan Lin , Yu-Ting Lin , Chun-Yi Yeh , Wan-Cih He , Naveen Ranasinghe , Salman Akram , Tsung-Han Lee
“Pinhead” is an abnormal condition of farmed fish which is rarely studied, albeit well known among fish culturists, and is characterized by extreme emaciation and anorexia. In this study, the potential impacts of pinhead condition in milkfish were analyzed and compared to fed, healthy, and a group starved for four weeks. The condition factor and hepatosomatic index of pinhead milkfish were significantly lower compared with fed, healthy individuals. Abnormal plasma osmolality and muscle water content in pinhead milkfish indicated an imbalance in their internal water content. The anorexigenic hormone, leptin A was highly expressed in liver of pinhead milkfish, which could be related to their lack of appetite. Meanwhile, the hepatosomatic index, intestinal somatic index, enterocyte height, number of villi and goblet cells, Na+/K+- ATPase activity, and intestinal protein content of the pinhead milkfish were similar to those of the 4-week starved individuals. Taken together, our results characterized key physiological parameters of pinhead milkfish for the first time. Further investigation is required to understand how environmental or artificial stress can lead to the occurrence of pinhead milkfish, and to develop methods for alleviating this condition.
"针头 "是养殖鱼类的一种异常状况，虽然在鱼类养殖者中广为人知，但很少有人对其进行研究，其特征是极度消瘦和厌食。本研究分析了 "针头 "状态对牛奶鱼的潜在影响，并将其与喂养的健康牛奶鱼和饥饿四周的牛奶鱼进行了比较。与喂养的健康个体相比，针头乳鱼的体况系数和肝功能指数明显降低。针头乳鱼的血浆渗透压和肌肉含水量异常，表明其体内含水量失衡。厌食激素瘦素 A 在针头乳鱼的肝脏中高表达，这可能与其食欲不振有关。同时，针头乳鱼的肝体指数、肠道体指数、肠细胞高度、绒毛和小腺细胞数量、Na+/K+- ATP酶活性和肠道蛋白质含量与饥饿四周的个体相似。综上所述，我们的研究结果首次描述了大头牛奶鱼的关键生理参数。要了解环境或人工胁迫如何导致针头乳鱼的出现，并开发缓解这种状况的方法，还需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"Physiology, leptin gene expression, and intestinal morphology of pinhead and starved milkfish (Chanos chanos)","authors":"Chia-Jui Liu , Chia-Hao Chang , Yu-Xuan Lin , Yu-Ting Lin , Chun-Yi Yeh , Wan-Cih He , Naveen Ranasinghe , Salman Akram , Tsung-Han Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>“Pinhead” is an abnormal condition of farmed fish which is rarely studied, albeit well known among fish culturists, and is characterized by extreme emaciation and anorexia. In this study, the potential impacts of pinhead condition in milkfish were analyzed and compared to fed, healthy, and a group starved for four weeks. The condition factor and hepatosomatic index of pinhead milkfish were significantly lower compared with fed, healthy individuals. Abnormal plasma osmolality and muscle water content in pinhead milkfish indicated an imbalance in their internal water content. The anorexigenic hormone, leptin A was highly expressed in liver of pinhead milkfish, which could be related to their lack of appetite. Meanwhile, the hepatosomatic index, intestinal somatic index, enterocyte height, number of villi and goblet cells, Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>- ATPase activity, and intestinal protein content of the pinhead milkfish were similar to those of the 4-week starved individuals. Taken together, our results characterized key physiological parameters of pinhead milkfish for the first time. Further investigation is required to understand how environmental or artificial stress can lead to the occurrence of pinhead milkfish, and to develop methods for alleviating this condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 111048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111047
Boran Karataş
This study assessed the impact of dietary Chlorella sp. and Schizochytrium sp. extracts on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and gene expression related to growth, digestion, antioxidant defense, and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 180 fish (average weight 8.92 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks (400 L, 15 fish per tank, three replicates per treatment). Fish were divided into four dietary groups for 60 days: 0 % (Control), 0.5 % Chlorella sp. extract (CH), 0.5 % Schizochytrium sp. extract (SC), and a combined 0.25 % Chlorella sp. and 0.25 % Schizochytrium sp. (CH + SC). At trial end, fish in the CH + SC group had a final weight (FW) of 27.06 ± 0.28 g, significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.05), with improved growth parameters (P < 0.05). While body composition showed no differences in moisture, lipid, or ash content, crude protein was significantly higher in CH + SC (P < 0.05). Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of the growth hormone GH-I gene in the CH + SC group (P < 0.05). Genes related to digestive enzymes (trypsin, lipase, amylase) were also upregulated in all microalgae groups, with the highest levels in CH + SC (P < 0.05). Additionally, antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and immune-related genes (LYZII, TNF-α, IL-1β) showed elevated expression in CH + SC (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that a diet containing Chlorella sp. and Schizochytrium sp. extracts supports growth, enhances nutrient utilization, and upregulates genes related to antioxidant and immune function in rainbow trout. Further research is recommended to assess functional immune responses and enzyme activities to confirm these physiological effects.
{"title":"Effects of Chlorella sp. and Schizochytrium sp. extracts on growth indices, body composition, and gene expression profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","authors":"Boran Karataş","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the impact of dietary <em>Chlorella</em> sp. and <em>Schizochytrium</em> sp. extracts on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and gene expression related to growth, digestion, antioxidant defense, and immune response in rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>). A total of 180 fish (average weight 8.92 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks (400 L, 15 fish per tank, three replicates per treatment). Fish were divided into four dietary groups for 60 days: 0 % (Control), 0.5 % <em>Chlorella</em> sp. extract (CH), 0.5 % <em>Schizochytrium</em> sp. extract (SC), and a combined 0.25 % <em>Chlorella</em> sp. and 0.25 % <em>Schizochytrium</em> sp. (CH + SC). At trial end, fish in the CH + SC group had a final weight (FW) of 27.06 ± 0.28 g, significantly higher than other groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05), with improved growth parameters (P < 0.05). While body composition showed no differences in moisture, lipid, or ash content, crude protein was significantly higher in CH + SC (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of the growth hormone GH-I gene in the CH + SC group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Genes related to digestive enzymes (trypsin, lipase, amylase) were also upregulated in all microalgae groups, with the highest levels in CH + SC (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and immune-related genes (LYZII, TNF-α, IL-1β) showed elevated expression in CH + SC (<em>P</em> < 0.05). This study demonstrated that a diet containing <em>Chlorella</em> sp. and <em>Schizochytrium</em> sp. extracts supports growth, enhances nutrient utilization, and upregulates genes related to antioxidant and immune function in rainbow trout. Further research is recommended to assess functional immune responses and enzyme activities to confirm these physiological effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 111047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111046
Jixiu Wang , Chenqian Wu , Zhiqing Ye , Xiaolong Yin , Weiye Li , Guangbo Zhang , Zhijing Jiang , Xudong Liang , Ying Wei , Lifei Ge , Xiuwen Xu , Tianming Wang , Jingwen Yang
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-established anti-inflammatory agents, with cortisol, an endogenous GC, exerting pivotal regulatory effects on normal physiological processes. However, the immune regulatory role of cortisol in teleost fish, particularly in inflammation induced by pathogenic infection, remains largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a pro-inflammatory response in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), as evidenced by increased expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. We further explored the immunosuppressive capacity of cortisol in LPS-stimulated large yellow croaker kidney cells (PCK cells) and in vitro tissues of the large yellow croaker. Our findings indicated that cortisol effectively suppresses LPS-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and p38 MAPK pathway activation. Moreover, the immunosuppressive effects of cortisol were reversed by pretreatment with mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist. Collectively, this study delineated the inhibitory role of cortisol in the LPS-induced inflammatory cascade in large yellow croaker and underscores the significance of GR in mediating this response. These insights advance our comprehension of GCs-mediated immune modulation and provide a theoretical basis for the application of cortisol in disease prevention and the selective breeding of disease-resistant traits in aquaculture.
{"title":"Cortisol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro inflammatory response of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) via the glucocorticoid receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways","authors":"Jixiu Wang , Chenqian Wu , Zhiqing Ye , Xiaolong Yin , Weiye Li , Guangbo Zhang , Zhijing Jiang , Xudong Liang , Ying Wei , Lifei Ge , Xiuwen Xu , Tianming Wang , Jingwen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-established anti-inflammatory agents, with cortisol, an endogenous GC, exerting pivotal regulatory effects on normal physiological processes. However, the immune regulatory role of cortisol in teleost fish, particularly in inflammation induced by pathogenic infection, remains largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a pro-inflammatory response in the large yellow croaker (<em>Larimichthys crocea</em>), as evidenced by increased expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. We further explored the immunosuppressive capacity of cortisol in LPS-stimulated large yellow croaker kidney cells (PCK cells) and <em>in vitro</em> tissues of the large yellow croaker. Our findings indicated that cortisol effectively suppresses LPS-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and p38 MAPK pathway activation. Moreover, the immunosuppressive effects of cortisol were reversed by pretreatment with mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist. Collectively, this study delineated the inhibitory role of cortisol in the LPS-induced inflammatory cascade in large yellow croaker and underscores the significance of GR in mediating this response. These insights advance our comprehension of GCs-mediated immune modulation and provide a theoretical basis for the application of cortisol in disease prevention and the selective breeding of disease-resistant traits in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 111046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142632982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111045
Ignacio G. Barroso, Carolina K. Canettieri, Clelia Ferreira, Walter R. Terra
A model of protein digestion and peptide and amino acid absorption along the midgut of Musca domestica larvae was proposed and supported by RNA-Seq analyses, protein bioinformatics, microvillar-membrane-enriched midgut proteomics, and enzymatic activities. Peptidase genes are highly expressed in the posterior midgut (PM), whereas those for cathepsins have expression limited to the middle midgut (MM). MM has the lowest levels of gene expression of almost all peptidases but has high expression of genes for membrane-bound serine endopeptidases. The anterior midgut (AM) has intermediate expression values of serine endopeptidase and aminopeptidase (AP) genes and low expression of carboxypeptidases (CPs). Gene expression and peptidase activities were usually consistent for putative intracellular and membrane-bound enzymes. However, secreted peptidase gene expression and activities have divergent values, especially in the PM, which may be due to the countercurrent water flux causing enzyme recycling, thus decreasing their excretion. Data suggest that Trys and APs act in the AM. In the acidic MM, lysozymes kill microorganisms found in the diet, releasing proteins digested by cathepsins D, which may also digest Trys coming from the AM. Finally, highly active serine endopeptidases, CPs, dipeptidases, and APs complete protein digestion in PM. Absorption of peptides and amino acids coupled to protons may occur along the midgut, especially in PM, as occurs for facilitated amino acid transport. Absorption with sodium ions is probably restricted to AM and PM. Our findings provide valuable insights into the protein digestion and amino acid absorption mechanism in M. domestica larvae.
通过RNA-Seq分析、蛋白质生物信息学、微绒毛膜富集的中肠蛋白质组学和酶活性，提出了姬鹟幼虫沿中肠消化蛋白质以及吸收肽和氨基酸的模型。肽酶基因在后中肠（PM）中高表达，而酪蛋白酶基因的表达仅限于中肠（MM）。几乎所有肽酶基因在中中肠（MM）的表达量都最低，但膜结合丝氨酸内肽酶基因的表达量却很高。前中肠（AM）的丝氨酸内肽酶和氨基肽酶（AP）基因表达量居中，而羧肽酶（CPs）的表达量较低。假定的细胞内酶和膜结合酶的基因表达和肽酶活性通常是一致的。然而，分泌型肽酶基因表达量和活性值存在差异，尤其是在 PM 中，这可能是由于逆流水流导致酶的循环，从而减少了它们的排泄。数据表明，Trys 和 APs 在 AM 中起作用。在酸性的 MM 中，溶菌酶会杀死食物中的微生物，释放出由促蛋白酶 D 消化的蛋白质，促蛋白酶 D 也可能消化来自 AM 的 Trys。最后，高活性丝氨酸内肽酶、CPs、二肽酶和 APs 在 PM 中完成蛋白质消化。与质子偶联的肽和氨基酸的吸收可能会沿着中肠进行，尤其是在原生动物体内，就像氨基酸的运输一样。钠离子的吸收可能仅限于 AM 和 PM。我们的研究结果为了解驯鹿幼虫的蛋白质消化和氨基酸吸收机制提供了宝贵的信息。
{"title":"Protein digestion and amino acid absorption mechanisms along the midgut of Musca domestica larvae","authors":"Ignacio G. Barroso, Carolina K. Canettieri, Clelia Ferreira, Walter R. Terra","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A model of protein digestion and peptide and amino acid absorption along the midgut of <em>Musca domestica</em> larvae was proposed and supported by RNA-Seq analyses, protein bioinformatics, microvillar-membrane-enriched midgut proteomics, and enzymatic activities. Peptidase genes are highly expressed in the posterior midgut (PM), whereas those for cathepsins have expression limited to the middle midgut (MM). MM has the lowest levels of gene expression of almost all peptidases but has high expression of genes for membrane-bound serine endopeptidases. The anterior midgut (AM) has intermediate expression values of serine endopeptidase and aminopeptidase (AP) genes and low expression of carboxypeptidases (CPs). Gene expression and peptidase activities were usually consistent for putative intracellular and membrane-bound enzymes. However, secreted peptidase gene expression and activities have divergent values, especially in the PM, which may be due to the countercurrent water flux causing enzyme recycling, thus decreasing their excretion. Data suggest that Trys and APs act in the AM. In the acidic MM, lysozymes kill microorganisms found in the diet, releasing proteins digested by cathepsins D, which may also digest Trys coming from the AM. Finally, highly active serine endopeptidases, CPs, dipeptidases, and APs complete protein digestion in PM. Absorption of peptides and amino acids coupled to protons may occur along the midgut, especially in PM, as occurs for facilitated amino acid transport. Absorption with sodium ions is probably restricted to AM and PM. Our findings provide valuable insights into the protein digestion and amino acid absorption mechanism in <em>M. domestica</em> larvae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 111045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111044
Zhe Wang , Lu-Fan Li , Yu-Jing Yan , Jun-Yao Huang , Yan-Fei Xi , Ming-Yan Yuan , Jie-Yao Dong , Ming-Di Wang , Kai Dang
Cyclic hibernation bouts in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) lead to repeated suppression and recovery of mitochondrial respiratory function across multiple organs, potentially impacting reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics. The Harderian gland (HG) plays an important role in endocrine regulation through porphyrin secretion. However, the influence of hibernation on oxidative pressure and associated antioxidant pathways in the HG remains inadequately understood. In the current study, we investigated the morphological changes, secretory activity, ROS levels, and underlying mechanisms in the HG of Daurian ground squirrels at distinct circannual stages of hibernation. Results indicated that: (1) Protoporphyrin levels in the HG increased during hibernation compared to the summer active (SA) phase, with a reduction in acinar lumen during torpor, potentially related to hibernation in a low-light environment. (2) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during hibernation and post-hibernation (POST) did not exceed the levels observed in SA, indicating that the HG effectively mitigated oxidative pressure and lipid peroxidation during these periods. (3) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity decreased during Inter-bout arousal (IBA) compared to both SA and torpor, although total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) remained stable across all stages. (4) Overall fluorescent intensity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was significantly lower than in SA. These findings demonstrate that the HG in Daurian ground squirrels maintains a favorable oxidative status through the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities during hibernation and even post-hibernation.
达乌尔地松鼠（Spermophilus dauricus）的周期性冬眠会导致多个器官线粒体呼吸功能的反复抑制和恢复，从而可能影响活性氧（ROS）的动态变化。哈德氏腺（HG）通过分泌卟啉在内分泌调节中发挥着重要作用。然而，人们对冬眠对哈德氏腺氧化压力和相关抗氧化途径的影响仍然了解不足。在本研究中，我们研究了达乌尔土松鼠在冬眠的不同循环阶段中HG的形态变化、分泌活性、ROS水平及其内在机制。结果表明(1) 与夏季活动期（SA）相比，冬眠期HG中的原卟啉水平升高，蛰伏期尖顶管腔缩小，这可能与低光照环境下的冬眠有关。(2）冬眠期和冬眠后（POST）的过氧化氢（H2O2）和丙二醛（MDA）含量没有超过在夏季活动期观察到的水平，这表明在这些时期，HG 有效地减轻了氧化压力和脂质过氧化反应。(3）尽管总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）在所有阶段都保持稳定，但与 SA 和冬眠期相比，冬眠间期（IBA）超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增加，而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活性降低。(4）核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2（Nrf2）和 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1（Keap1）的总体荧光强度明显低于 SA 期。这些研究结果表明，达乌尔地鼠的HG在冬眠期间甚至冬眠后都能通过调节抗氧化酶的活性保持良好的氧化状态。
{"title":"Oxidative stress levels and antioxidant defense mechanisms (Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway) in the Harderian glands of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels","authors":"Zhe Wang , Lu-Fan Li , Yu-Jing Yan , Jun-Yao Huang , Yan-Fei Xi , Ming-Yan Yuan , Jie-Yao Dong , Ming-Di Wang , Kai Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyclic hibernation bouts in Daurian ground squirrels (<em>Spermophilus dauricus</em>) lead to repeated suppression and recovery of mitochondrial respiratory function across multiple organs, potentially impacting reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics. The Harderian gland (HG) plays an important role in endocrine regulation through porphyrin secretion. However, the influence of hibernation on oxidative pressure and associated antioxidant pathways in the HG remains inadequately understood. In the current study, we investigated the morphological changes, secretory activity, ROS levels, and underlying mechanisms in the HG of Daurian ground squirrels at distinct circannual stages of hibernation. Results indicated that: (1) Protoporphyrin levels in the HG increased during hibernation compared to the summer active (SA) phase, with a reduction in acinar lumen during torpor, potentially related to hibernation in a low-light environment. (2) Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during hibernation and post-hibernation (POST) did not exceed the levels observed in SA, indicating that the HG effectively mitigated oxidative pressure and lipid peroxidation during these periods. (3) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity decreased during Inter-bout arousal (IBA) compared to both SA and torpor, although total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) remained stable across all stages. (4) Overall fluorescent intensity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was significantly lower than in SA. These findings demonstrate that the HG in Daurian ground squirrels maintains a favorable oxidative status through the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities during hibernation and even post-hibernation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 111044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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