Brain and Cognition最新文献_第4页

Neural correlates of rumination and social anxiety: Mediating role of vmPFC connectivity in resting-state fMRI 反刍与社交焦虑的神经关联：vmPFC连通性在静息状态fMRI中的中介作用

IF 1.4 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106352

Li Geng , Qiuyang Feng , Xueyang Wang , Yu Li , Jiang Qiu

Rumination is closely associated with social anxiety and is considered a key cognitive factor in its onset and persistence. Both processes engage brain functions related to self-referential cognition and emotional regulation; however, the neural pathways linking rumination and social anxiety remain incompletely understood. Using resting-state neuroimaging data from 470 participants, we conducted voxel-based functional connectivity analysis focusing on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a key region implicated in self-referential processing and affective regulation. Results showed that functional connectivity between the anterior vmPFC and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) was significantly associated with both rumination and social anxiety, and mediated their association. Notably, functional connectivity related to social anxiety was primarily observed in the anterior rather than the posterior vmPFC, suggesting that social anxiety may be closely linked to heightened sensitivity to social value and reward cues. This study reveals the central role of the vmPFC in integrating self-related cognition and emotion regulation, demonstrating how its functional connectivity mediates the influence of rumination on social anxiety, thereby deepening our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying social anxiety.

反刍与社交焦虑密切相关，被认为是其发病和持续的关键认知因素。这两个过程都涉及与自我参照认知和情绪调节相关的大脑功能；然而，连接反刍和社交焦虑的神经通路仍然不完全清楚。利用来自470名参与者的静息状态神经成像数据，我们进行了基于体素的功能连接分析，重点关注腹内侧前额叶皮层（vmPFC），这是一个涉及自我参照加工和情感调节的关键区域。结果表明，vmPFC前部与左侧额下回（IFG）和右侧额上回（SFG）之间的功能连通性与反刍和社交焦虑均显著相关，并介导了它们之间的关联。值得注意的是，与社交焦虑相关的功能连接主要在vmPFC前部而不是后部观察到，这表明社交焦虑可能与对社会价值和奖励线索的高度敏感性密切相关。本研究揭示了vmPFC在整合自我相关认知和情绪调节中的核心作用，揭示了其功能连接如何介导反刍对社交焦虑的影响，从而加深了我们对社交焦虑的神经机制的理解。

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引用次数: 0

The neural basis of cognitive processing: A review and a speculative architecture 认知加工的神经基础：综述与思辨架构

IF 1.4 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106351

Willem B. Verwey

The purpose of this article is to explore what cognitive research can reveal about the way in which the neural system processes information. To that end, a comprehensive review of cognitive/behavioral and neuroscience models and findings is presented along with ideas as to how the human neural system has evolved. The representation of information in short-term memory (STM) is ascribed to stable oscillatory patterns across hierarchically structured functional networks of neocortical areas. These oscillatory patterns are primarily shaped by information in long-term memory (LTM) that is stored in the synaptic connections between neurons and, consequently, between neural areas. It is argued for the first time that the non-sensory and non-motor information processing stages revealed by behavioral research involve the change of potentially brain-wide oscillatory patterns that follow the reconfiguring of temporary neural networks. These network configurations can be governed by hub areas in the perceptual cortices (serving stimulus identification), the hippocampus (declarative memory), and the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex (motor behavior, STM, and information processing). These ideas are integrated into a tentative neural Three-Level Systems (TLS) architecture comprising evolutionarily older perceptual and motor systems that are linked by a flexible central processing system located in the evolutionarily more recent association cortex.

本文的目的是探索认知研究可以揭示神经系统处理信息的方式。为此，对认知/行为和神经科学模型和发现进行了全面的回顾，并提出了关于人类神经系统如何进化的想法。短期记忆（STM）中的信息表征被归因于新皮质区域分层结构功能网络的稳定振荡模式。这些振荡模式主要是由长期记忆（LTM）中的信息形成的，这些信息存储在神经元之间的突触连接中，因此也存储在神经区域之间。本文首次提出，行为研究揭示的非感觉和非运动信息处理阶段涉及临时神经网络重新配置后潜在的全脑振荡模式的变化。这些网络结构可以由知觉皮质（服务刺激识别）、海马体（陈述性记忆）、基底神经节和前额皮质（运动行为、STM和信息处理）中的中枢区域控制。这些想法被整合到一个暂定的神经三级系统（TLS）架构中，该架构由进化上较老的感知和运动系统组成，这些系统由位于进化上较新的联想皮层中的灵活的中央处理系统连接起来。

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引用次数: 0

Unraveling the link between brain injury and enhanced artistic skills 揭示脑损伤与艺术技能提升之间的联系

IF 1.4 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106348

Diego Iacono , Gloria C. Feltis

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), whether from a single incident or repeated trauma, is a heterogeneous neurological condition known for its cognitive, motor, and behavioral effects. However, its potential to influence or even enhance artistic creativity remains a lesser-studied phenomenon. This review explores evidence suggesting that TBI can give rise to novel or intensified artistic abilities, drawing on case reports and neuroimaging studies.

We examine brain regions commonly involved in creative processes − including the prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices, as well as subcortical and limbic areas − and how TBI-related damage, such as diffuse axonal injury and focal contusions, may alter their function. Proposed mechanisms include cortical disinhibition and compensatory neuroplasticity, potentially unmasking latent creative capacities.

Neuroimaging findings, including fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), highlight altered connectivity in networks such as the default mode and executive control systems. Comparisons with conditions like frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which can also trigger emergent creativity, help distinguish trauma-induced reorganization from neurodegenerative changes.

Finally, we consider implications for neurorehabilitation, particularly the therapeutic use of art, and reflect on the ethical dimensions of post-TBI artistic transformation. Artistic expression is proposed as a marker of adaptive brain plasticity and identity reconstruction following injury.

创伤性脑损伤（TBI）是一种异质性的神经系统疾病，无论是由单一事件还是反复创伤引起的，它以其认知、运动和行为影响而闻名。然而，它影响甚至增强艺术创造力的潜力仍然是一个较少研究的现象。本综述通过病例报告和神经影像学研究，探讨了脑外伤可以产生新的或增强的艺术能力的证据。我们研究了通常参与创造性过程的大脑区域——包括前额叶、顶叶、颞叶和枕叶皮层，以及皮层下和边缘区域——以及tbi相关损伤（如弥漫性轴索损伤和局灶性挫伤）如何改变其功能。提出的机制包括皮质去抑制和代偿神经可塑性，潜在地揭示潜在的创造能力。包括功能磁共振成像（fMRI）和弥散张量成像（DTI）在内的神经影像学发现，强调了默认模式和执行控制系统等网络连接的改变。与额颞叶痴呆（FTD）等也能引发突发创造力的疾病进行比较，有助于区分创伤性重组和神经退行性变化。最后，我们考虑了对神经康复的影响，特别是艺术的治疗用途，并反思了创伤性脑损伤后艺术转型的伦理维度。艺术表现被认为是损伤后适应性大脑可塑性和身份重建的标志。

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引用次数: 0

An error in our thinking: The sensory conflict hypothesis of combined action observation and motor imagery 思维中的一个错误：动作观察与动作想象相结合的感觉冲突假说

IF 1.4 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106350

Matthew W. Scott

The capacity to learn and adapt movement and skills through non-physical forms of practice provides benefits which extend across disciplines such as rehabilitation and sports. Two non-physical forms of practice are action observation (i.e., watching an action; AO) and motor imagery (i.e., cognitively simulating performing an action; MI). Researchers and practitioners now often adopt an integrated approach, where one observes an action while concurrently imagining the feeling of performing the action (termed congruent AOMI). Congruent AOMI results in greater corticomotor activity and improved behavioral outcomes compared to its independent counterparts. Despite existing theoretical frameworks seeking to explain these effects, empirical findings remain inconclusive. This article critically evaluates previous hypotheses before advancing an alternative – the Sensory Conflict Hypothesis (SCH). Situated in an internal modelling framework, the SCH proposes greater corticomotor activity and improved behavioral outcomes to be driven by the occurrence and reduction of sensory prediction errors, respectively. The SCH is further discussed in the context of differing actions during AOMI, where actions are associated in some form (coordinative AOMI) or differ in both action kinematics and goals (conflicting AOMI), with implications for cognitive engagement discussed. The SCH presents new, testable avenues of research to further understand the relationship between AO and MI, and how to optimize their integration.

通过非身体形式的练习学习和适应运动和技能的能力提供了跨学科的好处，如康复和体育。两种非身体形式的练习是动作观察(即观察一个动作；AO)和运动意象(即认知模拟执行动作；MI)。研究人员和实践者现在经常采用一种综合的方法，在观察一个动作的同时想象执行该动作的感觉（称为一致AOMI）。与独立的AOMI相比，一致的AOMI导致更大的皮质运动活动和改善的行为结果。尽管现有的理论框架试图解释这些影响，但实证结果仍然不确定。本文在提出另一种假说——感觉冲突假说（SCH）之前，批判性地评估了先前的假说。在一个内部建模框架中，SCH提出了更大的皮质运动活动和改善的行为结果分别由感觉预测错误的发生和减少驱动。在AOMI期间的不同行动背景下进一步讨论了SCH，其中行动以某种形式相关联（协调的AOMI）或在行动运动学和目标上不同（冲突的AOMI），并讨论了对认知参与的影响。SCH提出了新的、可测试的研究途径，以进一步了解AO和MI之间的关系，以及如何优化它们的集成。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring facial expression processing with fast periodic visual stimulation and diverse stimuli 快速周期性视觉刺激和多样化刺激下的面部表情加工研究

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106338

David Vandenheever , Haleigh Davidson , Jennifer Kemp , Zack Murphy , Autumn Kujawa , Jingyi Shi , Michael R. Nadorff , Kayla Bates-Brantley , MacKenzie Sidwell

Facial expression recognition is a fundamental aspect of human social interaction, enabling effective communication and emotional understanding. Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) paradigms have recently emerged as a powerful approach for studying facial expression processing. However, previous studies often utilized identical base stimuli, making it difficult to disentangle neural responses to low-level perceptual differences from those reflecting conceptual discrimination of emotion. By introducing variability in our stimuli, we aimed to overcome these limitations and investigate neural responses to facial expressions of anger, fear, happiness, and sadness. Using EEG, robust oddball responses were observed across participants at both individual and group levels, demonstrating the paradigm’s sensitivity even with brief recordings and limited post-processing. Significant neural responses were detected across key regions of interest, with the occipital and right occipito-temporal regions showing increased activity, consistent with previous studies investigating facial expression processing. This study highlights the effectiveness of the FPVS paradigm for examining emotional processing using naturalistic stimuli and provides a framework for future research into neural mechanisms underlying facial emotion recognition in diverse and pathological populations.

面部表情识别是人类社会互动的一个基本方面，使有效的沟通和情感理解成为可能。快速周期视觉刺激（FPVS）范式是近年来研究面部表情处理的有力方法。然而，先前的研究通常使用相同的基础刺激，这使得很难将低水平感知差异的神经反应与反映情感概念歧视的神经反应区分开来。通过引入刺激的可变性，我们的目标是克服这些限制，研究神经对愤怒、恐惧、快乐和悲伤面部表情的反应。通过脑电图，在个体和群体水平上观察到参与者的强烈古怪反应，即使是简短的记录和有限的后处理，也证明了范式的敏感性。在关键的感兴趣区域检测到显著的神经反应，枕叶和右枕颞叶区域显示出增加的活动，与先前调查面部表情处理的研究一致。本研究强调了FPVS范式在使用自然刺激检查情绪处理方面的有效性，并为未来研究不同病理人群面部情绪识别的神经机制提供了框架。

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引用次数: 0

Did increasing brain size place early humans at risk of extinction? 大脑体积的增大是否使早期人类面临灭绝的危险？

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106336

Jeffrey M. Stibel

Increasing brain size is a hallmark of human evolution. While a larger brain offers evolutionary advantages driven by social and cognitive adaptations, it also imposes considerable energetic, metabolic, and thermoregulatory costs. As a result, brain size may have biological limits that impose survival pressures during periods of extreme environmental change. Here, temporal trends in absolute brain size across the genus Homo are analyzed, with a focus on a marked slowdown in growth beginning around 300,000 years ago. The results suggest that strong directional selection for brain expansion in early Homo was followed by a shift toward stabilizing selection in later populations. Comparisons across glacial and interglacial periods indicate that the physiological costs of large brains may have become especially disadvantageous during warming interglacial periods in the last 100,000 years, potentially increasing extinction risk. This evolutionary shift coincides with the emergence of cognitive and cultural innovations—such as symbolic tools and language—that may have enabled cognitive offloading, reducing selective pressure for continued encephalization. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that stabilizing selection, mediated in part by behavioral and technological adaptations, buffered later Homo populations against the ecological and physiological costs associated with large brains.

大脑体积的增大是人类进化的一个标志。虽然更大的大脑提供了由社会和认知适应驱动的进化优势，但它也带来了相当大的能量、代谢和体温调节成本。因此，大脑的大小可能有生物学上的限制，在极端环境变化时期施加生存压力。在这里，研究人员分析了整个人属的绝对大脑大小的时间趋势，重点关注了大约30万年前开始的明显放缓的增长。结果表明，早期人类大脑扩张的强烈定向选择之后，在后来的人群中向稳定选择转变。冰川期和间冰期的比较表明，在过去10万年变暖的间冰期，大型大脑的生理成本可能变得特别不利，潜在地增加了灭绝风险。这一进化转变与认知和文化创新的出现不期之合，比如符号工具和语言，它们可能使认知卸载成为可能，减少了持续脑化的选择压力。总之，这些发现支持了一种假设，即稳定的选择，部分由行为和技术适应介导，缓冲了后来的人类群体与大大脑相关的生态和生理成本。

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引用次数: 0

Flight training-induced stage-specific reorganization of the ventral visual network in pilots: evidence from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies 飞行训练诱导的飞行员腹侧视觉网络的阶段特异性重组：来自纵向和横断面研究的证据

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106337

Shicong Zhang , Xi Chen , Shuqi Guo , Zhuyu Zhang , Peiran Xu , Qingbin Meng , Jiaqi Hao , Qi Chu , Xiuyi Li

Aviation safety critically depends on pilots’ visual processing abilities. Understanding the plasticity of its neural mechanisms can inform flight training optimization. This study used longitudinal and cross-sectional designs to investigate how long-term flight training affects functional reorganization within the ventral and dorsal visual networks. Multimodal MRI data were collected from 136 participants across two experiments: Experiment 1 (25 flight cadets, 24 controls) and Experiment 2 (48 pilots, 39 controls). Longitudinal analysis showed that cadets exhibited a significant decrease in ventral network clustering coefficient and local efficiency after three years of training (population × time interaction). Cross-sectional results revealed that professional pilots had reduced small-worldness and global efficiency in the ventral network, both negatively correlated with flight hours, while characteristic path length was positively correlated. No significant differences were observed in the dorsal visual network. These findings suggest that flight training induces stage-specific topological remodeling of the ventral visual network, possibly through local pruning and enhanced global integration. Moreover, the ventral network demonstrates greater sensitivity to flight-related experience than the dorsal pathway. This study advances understanding of neural adaptation in aviation and offers insights into stage-specific training strategies for optimizing pilot performance.

航空安全严重依赖于飞行员的视觉处理能力。了解其神经机制的可塑性可以为优化飞行训练提供依据。本研究采用纵向和横断面设计来研究长期飞行训练如何影响腹侧和背侧视觉网络的功能重组。实验1（25名飞行学员，24名对照）和实验2（48名飞行员，39名对照）分别收集了136名参与者的多模态MRI数据。纵向分析表明，经过3年的训练，学员的腹侧网络聚类系数和局部效率显著降低（种群×时间交互作用）。横断面结果显示，职业飞行员在腹侧网络中的小世界性和全局效率均与飞行时数呈负相关，而特征路径长度呈正相关。背侧视觉网络无明显差异。这些发现表明，飞行训练可能通过局部修剪和增强全球整合，诱导腹侧视觉网络的特定阶段拓扑重塑。此外，腹侧神经网络比背侧神经网络对飞行相关体验更敏感。这项研究促进了对航空神经适应的理解，并为优化飞行员表现的阶段特定训练策略提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

The same label, different processes: What lies behind the term “mental simulation” in the embodied cognition literature? 相同的标签，不同的过程：在具身认知文献中，“心理模拟”一词的背后隐藏着什么？

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106335

Mara Stockner , Giuliana Mazzoni , Denis Perrin , Francesco Ianì

Over recent decades, cognitive science has increasingly focused on the theory of “Embodied Cognition”, an “umbrella” term that encompasses several often non-converging approaches. A main construct underlying these approaches is the notion of “Mental Simulation”. This paper argues that mental simulation is far from being a unitary construct and proposes a taxonomy in which different types of mental simulations are placed on a continuum, making it possible to disentangle the complex nature of mental simulation. To support this taxonomy empirically, a series of studies are reviewed showing that mental simulation is a fundamental cognitive process, underlying several abilities (e.g., action observation, language comprehension, mental imagery). Although the same label is used in different domains, the literature review supports the necessity to distinguish mental simulations on at least two dimensions, namely the process and the result of this process. The process can be automatic or voluntary, fast or slow; the outcome can range from a mental representation to motor resonance. Our analysis underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of the cognitive, phenomenological and neural aspects of mental simulation. This helps clarify the state of knowledge in this domain while the taxonomy provides future research with a solid conceptual ground.

近几十年来，认知科学越来越关注“具身认知”理论，这是一个涵盖了几种通常不收敛的方法的“总括”术语。这些方法背后的一个主要概念是“心理模拟”。本文认为，心理模拟远不是一个单一的结构，并提出了一种分类法，其中不同类型的心理模拟被放置在一个连续体上，使得解开心理模拟的复杂性成为可能。为了从经验上支持这一分类，对一系列研究进行了回顾，表明心理模拟是一种基本的认知过程，是几种能力（如行为观察、语言理解、心理意象）的基础。虽然在不同的领域使用相同的标签，但文献综述支持至少在两个维度上区分心理模拟的必要性，即过程和过程的结果。这个过程可以是自动的或自愿的，可以是快的或慢的；结果可以从心理表征到运动共振。我们的分析强调了细致入微地理解心理模拟的认知、现象学和神经方面的重要性。这有助于澄清该领域的知识状态，而分类法为未来的研究提供了坚实的概念基础。

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引用次数: 0

Can you spot the funny face? An EEG study on slapstick humour processing in children 你能认出那张滑稽的脸吗？儿童闹剧幽默加工的脑电图研究

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106334

Mirella Manfredi , Ebru Ger , Fabian Dietler , Alice Mado Proverbio , Moritz M. Daum

This study investigated the neural correlates of slapstick humour recognition in 4- to 5-year-old children using electroencephalography (EEG). We asked whether the development of facial expression recognition affects the capacity to identify humour in situations involving misfortune. The children completed two tasks: an Emotion Recognition Task (EmoRec), in which the children had to identify congruent and incongruent emotional expressions, and a Humour Recognition Task (HumRec), in which they were asked to distinguish humorous from non-humorous misfortunate situations. We identified specific neural correlates associated with slapstick humour processing (N170, LP) and neural correlates related to face processing (N170, P300). This suggests that children between the ages of 4 and 5 recognised emotions in faces and identified humorous information in misfortunate situations. In addition, the neural activity was correlated with humour and facial emotion recognition. This supports the hypothesis that emotional recognition contributes to understanding slapstick humour in early childhood.

本研究利用脑电图（EEG）研究了4 ~ 5岁儿童对闹剧幽默识别的神经关联。我们的问题是，面部表情识别能力的发展是否会影响在不幸的情况下识别幽默的能力。孩子们完成了两个任务：一个是情绪识别任务（EmoRec），在这个任务中，孩子们必须识别一致和不一致的情绪表达；另一个是幽默识别任务（HumRec），在这个任务中，他们被要求区分幽默和非幽默的不幸情况。我们确定了与闹剧幽默加工（N170， LP）和面部加工（N170, P300）相关的特定神经相关。这表明，4到5岁的孩子能够识别面部的情绪，并在不幸的情况下识别出幽默的信息。此外，神经活动与幽默和面部情绪识别相关。这支持了一种假设，即情绪识别有助于理解儿童早期的闹剧幽默。

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引用次数: 0

Microstate analysis in infancy: Examining infant brain at rest and during experimental tasks 婴儿的微观状态分析：在休息和实验任务中检查婴儿大脑

IF 2.2 3区心理学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Brain and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106333

Kara L. McDevitt, Maria A. Gartstein

Microstates are brief, stable states of spatial topography that are measured with electroencephalography (EEG) and thought to capture whole-brain activation patterns. EEG microstates have been associated with functional networks measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in adult populations. Microstate analysis offers a unique opportunity to measure brain activity, capturing whole-brain dynamics with superior temporal sensitivity as infants engage in cognitive and emotionally salient tasks. Additionally, comparison of microstates between infants and the adult literature provide insight into functional network emergence and development. The current study examined microstates in 61 infants (ages 6–12 months) utilized a wakeful resting task in addition to laboratory tasks designed to elicit cognitive and emotional responses. The EEG microstate topographies and parameters were compared within these tasks and across activities. It was hypothesized that microstates would be extracted from infant EEG data, with resting (or baseline) topographies providing replication of previous work (Brown & Gartstein, 2023). It was hypothesized that the experimental tasks would produce four microstates similar in topography to the resting task, eliciting a calm/alert state, and that parameters would differ within and across tasks depending on the underlying functional networks needed to process information specific to each activity. Similar topographies were found across tasks and were consistent with the adult literature. Topographies and parameters differed in comparisons within and across tasks consistent with the associated functional networks. These findings point to the usefulness of microstate analysis in measuring emotional processing and cognition and how these emerge as a function of brain development.

微观状态是空间地形的短暂、稳定状态，可以用脑电图（EEG）测量，并被认为可以捕捉全脑激活模式。在成年人群中，脑电微观状态与功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）测量的功能网络有关。微观状态分析为测量大脑活动提供了一个独特的机会，在婴儿从事认知和情感突出任务时，以优越的时间敏感性捕捉全脑动态。此外，婴儿和成人之间的微观状态的比较文献提供了洞察功能网络的出现和发展。目前的研究检查了61名婴儿（6-12个月）的微观状态，除了实验室任务外，还利用清醒休息任务来引发认知和情绪反应。在这些任务和跨活动中比较脑电图微状态的地形和参数。假设从婴儿脑电图数据中提取微观状态，静息（或基线）地形提供先前工作的复制(Brown &；Gartstein, 2023)。假设实验任务将产生与静息任务相似的四种微观状态，引发平静/警觉状态，并且根据处理特定于每个活动的信息所需的潜在功能网络，任务内部和任务之间的参数会有所不同。在不同的任务中发现了类似的地形，并且与成人文献一致。在与相关功能网络一致的任务内部和任务之间的比较中，地形和参数有所不同。这些发现指出了微观状态分析在测量情绪处理和认知方面的有用性，以及这些如何作为大脑发育的功能出现。

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引用次数: 0