Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.2.469-524.1976
L. V. Kalakoutskii, N. Agre
INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 469 Aims and Scope .............................................................. 469 Suitability of Various Types of Cultures for Studies of Development and Differentiation .................................................................. 470 Growth of Actinomycetes ................. ................................... 471 LIFE CYCLES IN THE ACTINOMYCETALES ....... ......................... 472 Generalized Scheme of Events Accompanying Reproduction ...... ............. 472 Multiplicity of Reproductive Patterns ......... ............................... 474 Rare and Unconfirmed Modes of Reproduction ........ ........................ 475 STATIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION ........ .......................... 475 Differentiation within Colonies ............ .................................. 475 Differentiation of the Mycelium: Primary versus Secondary Mycelium ..... .... 476 Cellular Differentiation ................. .................................... 477 Amycelial Structures ....................................................... 479 Modes of Spore Formation ................ ................................... 481 Spores .................................................................. 483 Structure ................................................................. 483 Composition .............................................................. 484 Physiology ............................................................... 486 DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION ....... ......................... 487 Age-dependent Changes in Actinomycete Cells ....... ......................... 487 Environmental Conditions and Morphogenesis ....... ......................... 488 Metabolic Activity and Morphogenesis ......... ............................... 489 Environmental Factors in Control of Sporulation ....... ...................... 489 Nutritional limitations and sporulation: desiccation and other triggers ....... 489 Nutritional requirements for sporulation ........ ........................... 490 Supression of sporulation .............. .................................... 491 Sporulation under natural conditions ......... .............................. 491 Internal Factors in Control of Sporulation ...... . ............................. 491 Variants and mutants with impaired differentiation ...... ................... 492 Sporulation and chromosomal genes ......... .............................. 493 Sporulation and plasmids ............. ..................................... 493 Proteolytic activity and sporulation and the question of RNA polymerase modification .................................................................. 493 Involvement of specific factors in regulation of sporulation ..... ............. 494 Spore Germination and Types of Dormancy Encountered ...... ................ 495 Constitutive dormancy of thermoresistant endospores and an overall picture of germination ......
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Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.2.360-402.1976
Arthur, I., Aronson, P. Fitz-James
INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 360 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPORE COAT LAYERS ..... ........................ 361 Freeze-Etch Preparations and Sections of Control, Sulfite-Treated, and Mutant Spores ........................................... .......... . 361 Germinating Spores ......................................................... 365 Comparative Structural Features of Various Species ..... ..................... 365 Parasporal Inclusions in Relation to Spore Coats ........ .................. 367 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAT POLYPEPTIDES .... .... 371 DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILIZATION OF SPORE COAT LAYERS .... .......... 381 KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS OF SPORE COAT PROTEIN ..... ................. 385 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE OUTER COAT: INCORPORATION OF HALF-CYSTINE RESIDUES ............................................................ 389 Model for Coat Assembly .................................................. 391 ANALYSIS OF PRESUMPTIVE SPORE COAT MUTANTS .... ................. 394 FUNCTIONS OF THE SPORE COAT ......... ................................. 395 SPORE COAT-RELATED PROTEINS ......... ................................ 396 CRITICAL REVIEW AND SUMMARY ......... ................................ 396 GENERAL REMARKS AND SPECULATIONS ON FUTURE STUDIES .... ..... 398 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 399
{"title":"Structure and morphogenesis of the bacterial spore coat.","authors":"Arthur, I., Aronson, P. Fitz-James","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.2.360-402.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.2.360-402.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 360 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPORE COAT LAYERS ..... ........................ 361 Freeze-Etch Preparations and Sections of Control, Sulfite-Treated, and Mutant Spores ........................................... .......... . 361 Germinating Spores ......................................................... 365 Comparative Structural Features of Various Species ..... ..................... 365 Parasporal Inclusions in Relation to Spore Coats ........ .................. 367 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAT POLYPEPTIDES .... .... 371 DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILIZATION OF SPORE COAT LAYERS .... .......... 381 KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS OF SPORE COAT PROTEIN ..... ................. 385 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE OUTER COAT: INCORPORATION OF HALF-CYSTINE RESIDUES ............................................................ 389 Model for Coat Assembly .................................................. 391 ANALYSIS OF PRESUMPTIVE SPORE COAT MUTANTS .... ................. 394 FUNCTIONS OF THE SPORE COAT ......... ................................. 395 SPORE COAT-RELATED PROTEINS ......... ................................ 396 CRITICAL REVIEW AND SUMMARY ......... ................................ 396 GENERAL REMARKS AND SPECULATIONS ON FUTURE STUDIES .... ..... 398 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 399","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.525-525.1976
[This corrects the article on p. 321 in vol. 39.].
[这是对第39卷第321页的文章的更正]。
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Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.40.2.259-.1976
R. Doetsch, R. Murray
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Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.260-269.1976
J R Porter
{"title":"Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria.","authors":"J R Porter","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.260-269.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.260-269.1976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956/pdf/bactrev00052-0010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.314-359.1976
D J Cummings, R W Bolin
INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 314 Preamble to Capsid Size Determination ...... ............................ 315 T4 HEAD MORPHOGENESIS ........... ................................. 320 Gene Function and Aberrant Structures ....... ........................... 321 Prohead Assembly Pathway ............................................. 322 Role of the Host in Assembly ........... ................................. 324 CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL ABERRATIONS .... ......... 325 T4 Head-Related Aberrant Substructures ...... ........................... 325 T4 Tail-Related Aberrant Substructures ....... ........................... 327 Effect of Anti-Metabolites on the Maturation of Specific Gene Products .... 327 Cleavage Reactions in Bacteriophage T5 ....... ........................... 331 GIANT BACTERIOPHAGE................................................ 332 Rationale for the Use of Giants in Head Length Control Studies .... ....... 334 Kinetics of Production of Giants by Canavanine ..... ..................... 335 Compartmentalization of Assembly ........ .............................. 338 Properties of Giants ...................................................... 340 Multiplicity of reactivation ........... ................................. 340 Genome length and packaging ......... ................................ 341 Surface morphology ................................................... 343 Mixed-Infection Experiments ........... ................................. 346 CONCLUDING REMARKS................................................ 351 Possible Mechanisms by Which Canavanine Produces Giants .... .......... 351 Size Determination of T4 Heads .......... ................................ 352 Perspectives ........................................................... 355 LITERATURE CITED.................................................... 355
{"title":"Head length control in T4 bacteriophage morphogenesis: effect of canavanine on assembly.","authors":"D J Cummings, R W Bolin","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.314-359.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.314-359.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 314 Preamble to Capsid Size Determination ...... ............................ 315 T4 HEAD MORPHOGENESIS ........... ................................. 320 Gene Function and Aberrant Structures ....... ........................... 321 Prohead Assembly Pathway ............................................. 322 Role of the Host in Assembly ........... ................................. 324 CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL ABERRATIONS .... ......... 325 T4 Head-Related Aberrant Substructures ...... ........................... 325 T4 Tail-Related Aberrant Substructures ....... ........................... 327 Effect of Anti-Metabolites on the Maturation of Specific Gene Products .... 327 Cleavage Reactions in Bacteriophage T5 ....... ........................... 331 GIANT BACTERIOPHAGE................................................ 332 Rationale for the Use of Giants in Head Length Control Studies .... ....... 334 Kinetics of Production of Giants by Canavanine ..... ..................... 335 Compartmentalization of Assembly ........ .............................. 338 Properties of Giants ...................................................... 340 Multiplicity of reactivation ........... ................................. 340 Genome length and packaging ......... ................................ 341 Surface morphology ................................................... 343 Mixed-Infection Experiments ........... ................................. 346 CONCLUDING REMARKS................................................ 351 Possible Mechanisms by Which Canavanine Produces Giants .... .......... 351 Size Determination of T4 Heads .......... ................................ 352 Perspectives ........................................................... 355 LITERATURE CITED.................................................... 355","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413960/pdf/bactrev00052-0064.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
[This corrects the article on p. 168 in vol. 40.].
[这是对第40卷第168页的文章的更正]。
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Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.259-.1976
R N Doetsch, R G Murray
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Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.276-283.1976
M Penn, M Dworkin
INTRODUCTION ................ ................................ 276 WAKSMAN ON THE TWO VISIONS ......................................... 277 PLEOMORPHISM: KOCH VERSUS WINOGRADSKY .......... ............... 278 PROCESS AND ESSENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY ............ ................. 279 CONCLUSIONS ............... ................................. 281 LITERATURE CITED .............. ............................. 282
{"title":"Robert Koch and two visions of microbiology.","authors":"M Penn, M Dworkin","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.276-283.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.276-283.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION ................ ................................ 276 WAKSMAN ON THE TWO VISIONS ......................................... 277 PLEOMORPHISM: KOCH VERSUS WINOGRADSKY .......... ............... 278 PROCESS AND ESSENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY ............ ................. 279 CONCLUSIONS ............... ................................. 281 LITERATURE CITED .............. ............................. 282","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413958/pdf/bactrev00052-0026.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.469-524.1976
L V Kalakoutskii, N S Agre
INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 469 Aims and Scope .............................................................. 469 Suitability of Various Types of Cultures for Studies of Development and Differentiation .................................................................. 470 Growth of Actinomycetes ................. ................................... 471 LIFE CYCLES IN THE ACTINOMYCETALES ....... ......................... 472 Generalized Scheme of Events Accompanying Reproduction ...... ............. 472 Multiplicity of Reproductive Patterns ......... ............................... 474 Rare and Unconfirmed Modes of Reproduction ........ ........................ 475 STATIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION ........ .......................... 475 Differentiation within Colonies ............ .................................. 475 Differentiation of the Mycelium: Primary versus Secondary Mycelium ..... .... 476 Cellular Differentiation ................. .................................... 477 Amycelial Structures ....................................................... 479 Modes of Spore Formation ................ ................................... 481 Spores .................................................................. 483 Structure ................................................................. 483 Composition .............................................................. 484 Physiology ............................................................... 486 DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION ....... ......................... 487 Age-dependent Changes in Actinomycete Cells ....... ......................... 487 Environmental Conditions and Morphogenesis ....... ......................... 488 Metabolic Activity and Morphogenesis ......... ............................... 489 Environmental Factors in Control of Sporulation ....... ...................... 489 Nutritional limitations and sporulation: desiccation and other triggers ....... 489 Nutritional requirements for sporulation ........ ........................... 490 Supression of sporulation .............. .................................... 491 Sporulation under natural conditions ......... .............................. 491 Internal Factors in Control of Sporulation ...... . ............................. 491 Variants and mutants with impaired differentiation ...... ................... 492 Sporulation and chromosomal genes ......... .............................. 493 Sporulation and plasmids ............. ..................................... 493 Proteolytic activity and sporulation and the question of RNA polymerase modification .................................................................. 493 Involvement of specific factors in regulation of sporulation ..... ............. 494 Spore Germination and Types of Dormancy Encountered ...... ................ 495 Constitutive dormancy of thermoresistant endospores and an overall picture of germination ......
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