Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.552-590.1976
D Reanney
INTRODUCTION............................................................. 552 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION ....... ........................ 553 INSUFFICIENCY OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANISM(S) ...... ................ 553 Two Types of Molecular Evolution ............................................ 553 Role of Mutation ............................................................ 554 MUTATION: A REEXAMINATION ........... ................................. 555 STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO ADAPTIVE MODES 556 TERMINOLOGY OF ECEs ................ .................................... 557 ECOLOGY OF ECEs......................................................... 558 HOST RANGES OF ECEs IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ...... ................. 560 GENES CARRIED BY ECEs .............. .................................... 561 GENETIC "COMPLEXITY" OF A PROKARYOTIC SPECIES ...... ............ 563 GENETIC PROCESSES MEDIATED BY ECEs ....... ......................... 567 Dissemination of Existing Genes ........... .................................. 567 cell-to-ECE-to-cell gene transfer ............................................ 567 phage conversion........................................................... 567 ECE-to-cell-to-ECE gene transfer .......... ................................ 568 Genome Sizing ............................................................... 568 Controlled Randomization of Genomes ........................................ 568 IS elements and phage Mu ............. .................................... 568 permuted phage genomes ................................................... 569 Natural Genetic Engineering ............. .................................... 569 processes of polynucleotide exchange involving resident homology ..... ....... 569 polynucleotide exchange involving nonresident homology ...... .............. 571 evolution of R factors in bacteria .......... .............. ..................... 572 significance of sequence duplication in natural genetic engineering ..... ...... 572 universality and frequency of natural genetic engineering ...... .............. 574 Miscellaneous......................................... ..................... 575 OTHER EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLE PROCESSES OF ECE-MEDIATED POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE ........... ................................. 575 Dispersed State of Specific (Plant) Proteins ........ ........................... 575 "Simultaneous" Appearance of Similar Genes in Unrelated Organisms ..... ..... 575 PROCESSES OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE AMONG EUKARYOTES ... 576 POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ECEs (RNA TUMOR VIRUSES) IN EMBRYOGENESIS ............................................................... 576 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES IN INTERSPECIFIC GENE TRANSFER ..... ......... 577 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES AND REGULATORY PROCESSES IN HIGHER ORGANISMS ................................................................. 578 EPIGENETIC ELEMENTS IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS ...... .............. 578 POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR EPIGEN
{"title":"Extrachromosomal elements as possible agents of adaptation and development.","authors":"D Reanney","doi":"10.1128/br.40.3.552-590.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.552-590.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION............................................................. 552 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION ....... ........................ 553 INSUFFICIENCY OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANISM(S) ...... ................ 553 Two Types of Molecular Evolution ............................................ 553 Role of Mutation ............................................................ 554 MUTATION: A REEXAMINATION ........... ................................. 555 STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO ADAPTIVE MODES 556 TERMINOLOGY OF ECEs ................ .................................... 557 ECOLOGY OF ECEs......................................................... 558 HOST RANGES OF ECEs IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ...... ................. 560 GENES CARRIED BY ECEs .............. .................................... 561 GENETIC \"COMPLEXITY\" OF A PROKARYOTIC SPECIES ...... ............ 563 GENETIC PROCESSES MEDIATED BY ECEs ....... ......................... 567 Dissemination of Existing Genes ........... .................................. 567 cell-to-ECE-to-cell gene transfer ............................................ 567 phage conversion........................................................... 567 ECE-to-cell-to-ECE gene transfer .......... ................................ 568 Genome Sizing ............................................................... 568 Controlled Randomization of Genomes ........................................ 568 IS elements and phage Mu ............. .................................... 568 permuted phage genomes ................................................... 569 Natural Genetic Engineering ............. .................................... 569 processes of polynucleotide exchange involving resident homology ..... ....... 569 polynucleotide exchange involving nonresident homology ...... .............. 571 evolution of R factors in bacteria .......... .............. ..................... 572 significance of sequence duplication in natural genetic engineering ..... ...... 572 universality and frequency of natural genetic engineering ...... .............. 574 Miscellaneous......................................... ..................... 575 OTHER EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLE PROCESSES OF ECE-MEDIATED POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE ........... ................................. 575 Dispersed State of Specific (Plant) Proteins ........ ........................... 575 \"Simultaneous\" Appearance of Similar Genes in Unrelated Organisms ..... ..... 575 PROCESSES OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE AMONG EUKARYOTES ... 576 POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ECEs (RNA TUMOR VIRUSES) IN EMBRYOGENESIS ............................................................... 576 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES IN INTERSPECIFIC GENE TRANSFER ..... ......... 577 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES AND REGULATORY PROCESSES IN HIGHER ORGANISMS ................................................................. 578 EPIGENETIC ELEMENTS IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS ...... .............. 578 POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR EPIGEN","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 3","pages":"552-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413972/pdf/bactrev00053-0034.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11981126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.698-721.1976
J. Fitzgerald
{"title":"Sulfate ester formation and hydrolysis: a potentially important yet often ignored aspect of the sulfur cycle of aerobic soils.","authors":"J. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.3.698-721.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.3.698-721.1976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 3 1","pages":"698-721"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.591-632.1976
P. Mäkelä, H. Mayer
{"title":"Enterobacterial common antigen.","authors":"P. Mäkelä, H. Mayer","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.3.591-632.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.3.591-632.1976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"47 1","pages":"591-632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.270-275.1976
R N Doetsch
INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF BUFFON AND NEEDHAM POSITION: PREFORMATIONISM WITH INFUSIONS
{"title":"Lazzaro Spallanzani's Opuscoli of 1776.","authors":"R N Doetsch","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.270-275.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.270-275.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF BUFFON AND NEEDHAM POSITION: PREFORMATIONISM WITH INFUSIONS","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 2","pages":"270-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413957/pdf/bactrev00052-0020.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.403-468.1976
G D Vogels, C Van der Drift
[This corrects the article on p. 403 in vol. 40.].
{"title":"Degradation of purines and pyrimidines by microorganisms.","authors":"G D Vogels, C Van der Drift","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.403-468.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.403-468.1976","url":null,"abstract":"[This corrects the article on p. 403 in vol. 40.].","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 2","pages":"403-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413962/pdf/bactrev00052-0153.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
[This corrects the article on p. 116 in vol. 40.].
[这是对第四十卷第一一六页的文章的更正]。
{"title":"Recalibrated Linkage Map of Escherichia coli K-12.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 116 in vol. 40.].</p>","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413965/pdf/bactrev00052-0275b.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25747160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.284-313.1976
P A Campbell
INTRODUCTION .................................... 284 Nonspecific Resistance to Infection .......................................... 284 Specific Resistance to Infection .............................................. 285 CELLS INVOLVED IN HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION ............. 285 CELLS INVOLVED IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ................. 287 HUMORAL ANTIBODIES IN RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION ... 289 Agglutinins ................................................................. 289 Opsonins .................................................................. 289 Precipitins .................................................................. 290 Bacteriolysins .............................................................. 290 Other Antibacterial Antibodies .............................................. 290 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION .............................................................. 291 Migration Inhibition Factor ................................................. 291 Macrophage Chemotactic Factor ............................................. 291 Chemotactic Factor for Leukocytes .......................................... 292 Blastogenic Factor for Lymphocytes ......................................... 292 Transfer Factor ............................................................. 292 BACTERIAL ADJUVANTS ............................... 292 Lipopolysaccharide .......................................................... 292 BordeteUa pertussis .................. ....................................... 293 Mycobacteria and Mycobacterial Components ............... ........... 294 Corynebacterium parvum and Nocardia ....................................... 294 Listeria monocytogenes .................... ........................ 294 Other Bacterial Adjuvants ............................................ 294 ROLE OF MACROPHAGES ............................................ 294 Stimulation of Macrophages by Other Cells and Factors ........ ............... 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Antibodies ................. .................. 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Bacteria ..................................... 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Chemicals ................... ................. 295 Effects of Macrophages and Macrophage Products on Other Cells ..... ......... 296 Macrophage Mediators .................................................... 296 ROLE OF THYMUS-DERIVED CELLS (T CELLS) ........... ................ 296 Stimulation of T Lymphocytes by Antigens ........... ........................ 297 Stimulation of T Lymphocytes by Mitogens ........... ........................ 297 Specificity of Resistance to Bacterial Infections ......... ..................... 297 ROLE OF BONE MARROW-DERIVED CELLS ............. .................. 298 B Cells in Humoral Antibody Production ............. ........................ 298 Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Cell-Mediated Immunity ....... ................ 298 S
{"title":"Immunocompetent cells in resistance to bacterial infections.","authors":"P A Campbell","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.284-313.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.284-313.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION .................................... 284 Nonspecific Resistance to Infection .......................................... 284 Specific Resistance to Infection .............................................. 285 CELLS INVOLVED IN HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION ............. 285 CELLS INVOLVED IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ................. 287 HUMORAL ANTIBODIES IN RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION ... 289 Agglutinins ................................................................. 289 Opsonins .................................................................. 289 Precipitins .................................................................. 290 Bacteriolysins .............................................................. 290 Other Antibacterial Antibodies .............................................. 290 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION .............................................................. 291 Migration Inhibition Factor ................................................. 291 Macrophage Chemotactic Factor ............................................. 291 Chemotactic Factor for Leukocytes .......................................... 292 Blastogenic Factor for Lymphocytes ......................................... 292 Transfer Factor ............................................................. 292 BACTERIAL ADJUVANTS ............................... 292 Lipopolysaccharide .......................................................... 292 BordeteUa pertussis .................. ....................................... 293 Mycobacteria and Mycobacterial Components ............... ........... 294 Corynebacterium parvum and Nocardia ....................................... 294 Listeria monocytogenes .................... ........................ 294 Other Bacterial Adjuvants ............................................ 294 ROLE OF MACROPHAGES ............................................ 294 Stimulation of Macrophages by Other Cells and Factors ........ ............... 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Antibodies ................. .................. 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Bacteria ..................................... 295 Stimulation of Macrophages by Chemicals ................... ................. 295 Effects of Macrophages and Macrophage Products on Other Cells ..... ......... 296 Macrophage Mediators .................................................... 296 ROLE OF THYMUS-DERIVED CELLS (T CELLS) ........... ................ 296 Stimulation of T Lymphocytes by Antigens ........... ........................ 297 Stimulation of T Lymphocytes by Mitogens ........... ........................ 297 Specificity of Resistance to Bacterial Infections ......... ..................... 297 ROLE OF BONE MARROW-DERIVED CELLS ............. .................. 298 B Cells in Humoral Antibody Production ............. ........................ 298 Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Cell-Mediated Immunity ....... ................ 298 S","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 2","pages":"284-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413959/pdf/bactrev00052-0034.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.2.360-402.1976
A I Aronson, P Fitz-James
INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 360 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPORE COAT LAYERS ..... ........................ 361 Freeze-Etch Preparations and Sections of Control, Sulfite-Treated, and Mutant Spores ........................................... .......... . 361 Germinating Spores ......................................................... 365 Comparative Structural Features of Various Species ..... ..................... 365 Parasporal Inclusions in Relation to Spore Coats ........ .................. 367 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAT POLYPEPTIDES .... .... 371 DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILIZATION OF SPORE COAT LAYERS .... .......... 381 KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS OF SPORE COAT PROTEIN ..... ................. 385 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE OUTER COAT: INCORPORATION OF HALF-CYSTINE RESIDUES ............................................................ 389 Model for Coat Assembly .................................................. 391 ANALYSIS OF PRESUMPTIVE SPORE COAT MUTANTS .... ................. 394 FUNCTIONS OF THE SPORE COAT ......... ................................. 395 SPORE COAT-RELATED PROTEINS ......... ................................ 396 CRITICAL REVIEW AND SUMMARY ......... ................................ 396 GENERAL REMARKS AND SPECULATIONS ON FUTURE STUDIES .... ..... 398 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 399
{"title":"Structure and morphogenesis of the bacterial spore coat.","authors":"A I Aronson, P Fitz-James","doi":"10.1128/br.40.2.360-402.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.2.360-402.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 360 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPORE COAT LAYERS ..... ........................ 361 Freeze-Etch Preparations and Sections of Control, Sulfite-Treated, and Mutant Spores ........................................... .......... . 361 Germinating Spores ......................................................... 365 Comparative Structural Features of Various Species ..... ..................... 365 Parasporal Inclusions in Relation to Spore Coats ........ .................. 367 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAT POLYPEPTIDES .... .... 371 DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILIZATION OF SPORE COAT LAYERS .... .......... 381 KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS OF SPORE COAT PROTEIN ..... ................. 385 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE OUTER COAT: INCORPORATION OF HALF-CYSTINE RESIDUES ............................................................ 389 Model for Coat Assembly .................................................. 391 ANALYSIS OF PRESUMPTIVE SPORE COAT MUTANTS .... ................. 394 FUNCTIONS OF THE SPORE COAT ......... ................................. 395 SPORE COAT-RELATED PROTEINS ......... ................................ 396 CRITICAL REVIEW AND SUMMARY ......... ................................ 396 GENERAL REMARKS AND SPECULATIONS ON FUTURE STUDIES .... ..... 398 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 399","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 2","pages":"360-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413961/pdf/bactrev00052-0110.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11977434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}