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Intermixed levels of visual search difficulty produce asymmetric probability learning 视觉搜索难度的混合水平会产生不对称的概率学习。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02897-4
Bo-Yeong Won, Andrew B. Leber

When performing novel tasks, we often apply the rules we have learned from previous, similar tasks. Knowing when to generalize previous knowledge, however, is a complex challenge. In this study, we investigated the properties of learning generalization in a visual search task, focusing on the role of search difficulty. We used a spatial probability learning paradigm in which individuals learn to prioritize their search toward the locations where a target appears more often (i.e., high-probable location) than others (i.e., low-probable location) in a search display. In the first experiment, during a training phase, we intermixed the easy and difficult search trials within blocks, and each was respectively paired with a distinct high-probable location. Then, during a testing phase, we removed the probability manipulation and assessed any generalization of spatial biases to a novel, intermediate difficulty task. Results showed that, as training progressed, the easy search evoked a stronger spatial bias to its high-probable location than the difficult search. Moreover, there was greater generalization of the easy search learning than difficult search learning at test, revealed by a stronger bias toward the former’s high-probable location. Two additional experiments ruled out alternatives that learning during difficult search itself is weak and learning during easy search specifically weakens learning of the difficult search. Overall, the results demonstrate that easy search interferes with difficult search learning and generalizability when the two levels of search difficulty are intermixed.

在执行新任务时,我们经常会运用从以前的类似任务中学到的规则。然而,知道何时归纳以前的知识是一项复杂的挑战。在本研究中,我们研究了视觉搜索任务中学习泛化的特性,重点是搜索难度的作用。我们采用了一种空间概率学习范式,让个体学会优先选择搜索显示中目标出现频率较高的位置(即高概率位置),而不是其他位置(即低概率位置)。在第一个实验中,在训练阶段,我们在区块内混合了容易和困难的搜索试验,每个试验分别与一个不同的高概率位置配对。然后,在测试阶段,我们取消了概率操作,并评估了空间偏差在新的中等难度任务中的泛化情况。结果表明,随着训练的进行,简单搜索比困难搜索更容易引起对高概率位置的空间偏向。此外,在测试中,简单搜索学习比困难搜索学习的泛化程度更高,这表现在前者对高概率位置的偏向性更强。另外两个实验排除了困难搜索学习本身较弱和简单搜索学习特别削弱困难搜索学习的可能性。总之,实验结果表明,当两种搜索难度混合时,简单搜索会干扰困难搜索的学习和泛化。
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引用次数: 0
Perception of temporal structure in speech is influenced by body movement and individual beat perception ability 对语音中时间结构的感知受身体运动和个人节拍感知能力的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02893-8
Tamara Rathcke, Eline Smit, Yue Zheng, Massimiliano Canzi

The subjective experience of time flow in speech deviates from the sound acoustics in substantial ways. The present study focuses on the perceptual tendency to regularize time intervals found in speech but not in other types of sounds with a similar temporal structure. We investigate to what extent individual beat perception ability is responsible for perceptual regularization and if the effect can be eliminated through the involvement of body movement during listening. Participants performed a musical beat perception task and compared spoken sentences to their drumbeat-based versions either after passive listening or after listening and moving along with the beat of the sentences. The results show that the interval regularization prevails in listeners with a low beat perception ability performing a passive listening task and is eliminated in an active listening task involving body movement. Body movement also helped to promote a veridical percept of temporal structure in speech at the group level. We suggest that body movement engages an internal timekeeping mechanism, promoting the fidelity of auditory encoding even in sounds of high temporal complexity and irregularity such as natural speech.

语音中时间流的主观体验与声音的声学特性有很大的偏差。本研究的重点是在语音中发现的时间间隔规则化的知觉倾向,而在具有类似时间结构的其他类型的声音中却没有发现。我们研究了个人节拍感知能力在多大程度上导致了感知正则化,以及这种效应是否可以通过听时的身体运动来消除。受试者进行了一项音乐节拍感知任务,并在被动聆听或聆听并跟随句子节拍移动后,将口语句子与基于鼓点的句子进行比较。结果表明,节拍感知能力较低的听者在进行被动聆听任务时,会出现间隔正则化现象,而在有肢体动作参与的主动聆听任务中,这种现象则会消失。肢体动作还有助于在群体水平上促进对语音中时间结构的真实感知。我们认为,肢体运动能调动内部计时机制,即使在自然语音等时间复杂性和不规则性较高的声音中,也能提高听觉编码的保真度。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in emotion-induced blindness: Are they reliable and what do they measure? 情绪致盲的个体差异:它们可靠吗?
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02900-y
Mark Edwards, David Denniston, Camryn Bariesheff, Nicholas J. Wyche, Stephanie C. Goodhew

The emotion-induced-blindness (EIB) paradigm has been extensively used to investigate attentional biases to emotionally salient stimuli. However, the low reliability of EIB scores (the difference in performance between the neutral and emotionally salient condition) limits the effectiveness of the paradigm for investigating individual differences. Here, across two studies, we investigated whether we could improve the reliability of EIB scores. In Experiment 1, we introduced a mid-intensity emotionally salient stimuli condition, with the goal of obtaining a wider range of EIB magnitudes to promote reliability. In Experiment 2, we sought to reduce the attentional oddball effect, so we created a modified EIB paradigm by removing the filler images. Neither of these approaches improved the reliability of the EIB scores. Reliability for the high- and mid-intensity EIB difference scores were low, while reliability of the scores for absolute performance (neutral, high-, and mid-intensity) were high and the scores were also highly correlated, even though overall performance in the emotionally salient conditions were significantly worse than in the neutral conditions. Given these results, we can conclude that while emotionally salient stimuli impair performance in the EIB task compared with the neutral condition, the strong correlation between the emotionally salient and neutral conditions means that while EIB can be used to investigate individual differences in attentional control, it is not selective to individual differences in attentional biases to emotionally salient stimuli.

情绪诱发失明(EIB)范式已被广泛用于研究对情绪突出刺激的注意偏差。然而,EIB得分(中性和情绪突出条件下的表现差异)的可靠性较低,限制了该范式在研究个体差异方面的有效性。在这里,我们通过两项研究探讨了能否提高 EIB 分数的可靠性。在实验 1 中,我们引入了中等强度的情绪突出刺激条件,目的是获得更广泛的 EIB 幅值,以提高可靠性。在实验 2 中,我们试图减少注意力怪球效应,因此我们创建了一个经过修改的 EIB 范式,去掉了填充图像。这两种方法都没有提高EIB评分的可靠性。高强度和中等强度 EIB 差异得分的信度较低,而绝对表现(中性、高强度和中等强度)得分的信度较高,而且得分也高度相关,尽管情绪突出条件下的总体表现明显比中性条件下差。鉴于这些结果,我们可以得出这样的结论:虽然与中性条件相比,情绪突出刺激会影响 EIB 任务的成绩,但情绪突出条件与中性条件之间的强相关性意味着,虽然 EIB 可用于研究注意控制的个体差异,但它对情绪突出刺激的注意偏差的个体差异没有选择性。
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引用次数: 0
Autistic traits specific to communication ability are associated with performance on a Mooney face detection task 与沟通能力相关的自闭症特征与穆尼人脸检测任务的表现有关。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02902-w
Michael C. W. English, Murray T. Maybery, Troy A. W. Visser

Difficulties in global face processing have been associated with autism. However, autism is heterogenous, and it is not known which dimensions of autistic traits are implicated in face-processing difficulties. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted two experiments to examine how identification of Mooney face stimuli (stylized, black-and-white images of faces without details) related to the six subscales of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory in young adults. In Experiment 1, regression analyses indicated that participants with poorer communication skills had lower task sensitivity when discriminating between face-present and face-absent images, whilst other autistic traits had no unique predictive value. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and additionally showed that autistic traits were linked to a reduced face inversion effect. Taken together, these results indicate autistic traits, especially communication difficulties, are associated with reduced configural processing of face stimuli. It follows that both reduced sensitivity for identifying upright faces amongst similar-looking distractors and reduced susceptibility to face inversion effects may be linked to relatively decreased reliance on configural processing of faces in autism. This study also reinforces the need to consider the different facets of autism independently.

自闭症患者在面孔整体处理方面存在困难。然而,自闭症的表现多种多样,目前还不清楚自闭症的哪些特征与人脸处理障碍有关。为了填补这一知识空白,我们进行了两项实验,以研究识别穆尼人脸刺激(无细节的风格化黑白人脸图像)与青壮年自闭症综合特质量表的六个分量表之间的关系。在实验 1 中,回归分析表明,沟通能力较差的参与者在分辨人脸出现和人脸消失的图像时,任务敏感度较低,而其他自闭症特质则没有独特的预测价值。实验 2 复制了这些结果,并显示自闭症特征与脸部反转效应的降低有关。综上所述,这些结果表明,自闭症特质,尤其是沟通障碍,与人脸刺激的构型处理能力降低有关。因此,自闭症患者在相似面孔的干扰物中识别直立面孔的敏感性降低,以及对面孔倒置效应的易感性降低,都可能与自闭症患者对面孔构型加工的依赖性相对降低有关。这项研究还进一步说明,有必要将自闭症的不同表现形式分开考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Attention in redundancy masking 冗余掩蔽中的注意力
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02885-8
Fazilet Zeynep Yildirim-Keles, Daniel R. Coates, Bilge Sayim

Peripheral vision is limited due to several factors, such as visual resolution, crowding, and attention. When attention is not directed towards a stimulus, detection, discrimination, and identification are often compromised. Recent studies have found a new phenomenon that strongly limits peripheral vision, “redundancy masking”. In redundancy masking, the number of perceived items in repeating patterns is reduced. For example, when presenting three lines in the peripheral visual field and asking participants to report the number of lines, often only two lines are reported. Here, we investigated what role attention plays in redundancy masking. If redundancy masking was due to limited attention to the target, it should be stronger when less attention is allocated to the target, and absent when attention is maximally focused on the target. Participants were presented with line arrays and reported the number of lines in three cueing conditions (i.e., single cue, double cue, and no cue). Redundancy masking was observed in all cueing conditions, with observers reporting fewer lines than presented in the single, double, and no cue conditions. These results suggest that redundancy masking is not due to limited attention. The number of lines reported was closer to the correct number of lines in the single compared to the double and the no cue conditions, suggesting that reduced attention additionally compromised stimulus discrimination, and replicating typical effects of diminished attention. Taken together, our results suggest that the extent of attention to peripherally presented stimuli modulates discrimination performance, but does not account for redundancy masking.

由于视觉分辨率、拥挤程度和注意力等多种因素,周边视觉受到限制。当注意力不集中在刺激物上时,探测、辨别和识别能力往往会受到影响。最近的研究发现了一种严重限制周边视觉的新现象,即 "冗余遮蔽"。在冗余遮蔽中,重复模式中的感知项目数量会减少。例如,当在外围视野中出现三条线并要求参与者报告线的数量时,往往只能报告出两条线。在此,我们研究了注意力在冗余掩蔽中的作用。如果冗余掩蔽是由于对目标的注意力有限造成的,那么当注意力较少分配到目标上时,冗余掩蔽应该更强,而当注意力最大限度地集中在目标上时,冗余掩蔽应该消失。在三种提示条件下(即单提示、双提示和无提示),向受试者展示线阵列并报告线的数量。在所有提示条件下都观察到了冗余掩蔽,观察者报告的线条数少于在单提示、双提示和无提示条件下呈现的线条数。这些结果表明,冗余掩蔽并不是由于注意力有限造成的。与双线索和无线索条件相比,单线索条件下观察者报告的线条数更接近于正确的线条数,这表明注意力的降低会额外影响刺激辨别能力,并复制了注意力降低的典型效应。总之,我们的研究结果表明,对外围刺激的注意程度会调节辨别能力,但不会导致冗余掩蔽。
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引用次数: 0
The addition of a spatial auditory cue improves spatial updating in a virtual reality navigation task 在虚拟现实导航任务中,添加空间听觉线索可改善空间更新。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02890-x
Corey S. Shayman, Mirinda M. Whitaker, Erica Barhorst-Cates, Timothy E. Hullar, Jeanine K. Stefanucci, Sarah H. Creem-Regehr

Auditory cues are integrated with vision and body-based self-motion cues for motion perception, balance, and gait, though limited research has evaluated their effectiveness for navigation. Here, we tested whether an auditory cue co-localized with a visual target could improve spatial updating in a virtual reality homing task. Participants navigated a triangular homing task with and without an easily localizable spatial audio signal co-located with the home location. The main outcome was unsigned angular error, defined as the absolute value of the difference between the participant’s turning response and the correct response towards the home location. Angular error was significantly reduced in the presence of spatial sound compared to a head-fixed identical auditory signal. Participants’ angular error was 22.79° in the presence of spatial audio and 30.09° in its absence. Those with the worst performance in the absence of spatial sound demonstrated the greatest improvement with the added sound cue. These results suggest that auditory cues may benefit navigation, particularly for those who demonstrated the highest level of spatial updating error in the absence of spatial sound.

在运动感知、平衡和步态方面,听觉线索与视觉和基于身体的自我运动线索相结合,但对其导航效果的评估研究有限。在此,我们测试了听觉线索与视觉目标共同定位是否能改善虚拟现实归位任务中的空间更新。在有和没有与原点位置共同定位的易定位空间音频信号的情况下,受试者进行了三角归位任务导航。主要结果是无符号角度误差,即参与者转向原点的反应与正确反应之间差值的绝对值。与头部固定的相同听觉信号相比,在有空间声音的情况下,角度误差明显减少。在有空间声音的情况下,参与者的角度误差为 22.79°,而在没有空间声音的情况下为 30.09°。那些在没有空间声音时表现最差的人,在添加了声音提示后表现出了最大的改善。这些结果表明,听觉提示可能有利于导航,尤其是那些在没有空间声音时空间更新误差最大的人。
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引用次数: 0
New task–new results? How the gaze cone is influenced by the method of measurement 新任务-新结果?凝视锥如何受到测量方法的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02884-9
Linda Linke, Gernot Horstmann

Perceiving direct gaze — the perception of being looked at — is important in everyday life. The gaze cone is a concept to define the area in which observers perceive gaze as direct. The most frequently used methods to measure direct gaze threshold fall into two broad groups: First, a variant of the method of constant stimuli, firstly introduced by Gibson and Pick (The American Journal of Psychology, 76, 386–394, 1963). Second, a variant of the method of adjustment, firstly introduced by Gamer and Hecht (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 705–715, 2007). Previous studies found a considerable range of thresholds, and although some influences on thresholds are already known (uncertainty, clinical groups), thresholds often vary for no apparent reason. Another important method is a triadic gaze-perception task, which usually finds triadic gaze direction judgments to be overestimated. In two experiments, we compare the method of adjustment with the method of constant stimuli. Experiment 1 additionally examines the influence of the overestimation effect found in the triadic task. Results indicate that thresholds are larger when measured by the method of adjustment than by constant stimuli. Furthermore, Experiment 1 finds a nonlinear overestimation factor, indicating that gaze directions near 0° are less overestimated than larger eccentricities. Correcting the thresholds with individually obtained overestimation factors widens the gaze cone but does not eliminate the average difference between the methods of adjustments and constant stimuli.

感知直接注视--被注视的感觉--在日常生活中非常重要。凝视锥是一个概念,用来定义观察者认为被直接凝视的区域。测量直接注视阈值最常用的方法分为两大类:第一类是恒定刺激法的变体,由 Gibson 和 Pick 首先提出(《美国心理学杂志》,76,386-394,1963 年)。第二,调整法的变体,首先由 Gamer 和 Hecht 提出(《实验心理学杂志:人类感知与表现》,33,705-715,2007 年)。以往的研究发现,阈值的范围相当大,虽然已经知道阈值的一些影响因素(不确定性、临床群体),但阈值经常会无缘无故地发生变化。另一种重要的方法是三元注视感知任务,该方法通常会发现三元注视方向判断被高估。在两个实验中,我们比较了调整法和恒定刺激法。实验 1 还考察了三元任务中发现的高估效应的影响。结果表明,用调整法测量的阈值比用恒定刺激测量的阈值要大。此外,实验 1 还发现了一个非线性高估因子,表明 0°附近的注视方向比较大偏心率的注视方向被高估的程度要低。用单独获得的高估因子对阈值进行校正,可以扩大凝视锥,但并不能消除调整方法和恒定刺激之间的平均差异。
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引用次数: 0
The who and the where: Attention to identities and locations in groups 谁和在哪里关注群体中的身份和位置。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02879-6
Helen L. Ma, Ralph S. Redden, Dana A. Hayward

While it is widely accepted that the single gaze of another person elicits shifts of attention, there is limited work on the effects of multiple gazes on attention, despite real-world social cues often occurring in groups. Further, less is known regarding the role of unequal reliability of varying social and nonsocial information on attention. We addressed these gaps by employing a variant of the gaze cueing paradigm, simultaneously presenting participants with three faces. Block-wise, we manipulated whether one face (Identity condition) or one location (Location condition) contained a gaze cue entirely predictive of target location; all other cues were uninformative. Across trials, we manipulated the number of valid cues (number of faces gazing at target). We examined whether these two types of information (Identity vs. Location) were learned at a similar rate by statistically modelling cueing effects by trial count. Preregistered analyses returned no evidence for an interaction between condition, number of valid faces, and presence of the predictive element, indicating type of information did not affect participants’ ability to employ the predictive element to alter behaviour. Exploratory analyses demonstrated (i) response times (RT) decreased faster across trials for the Identity compared with Location condition, with greater decreases when the predictive element was present versus absent, (ii) RTs decreased across trials for the Location condition only when it was completed first, and (iii) social competence altered RTs across conditions and trial number. Our work demonstrates a nuanced relationship between cue utility, condition type, and social competence on group cueing.

尽管人们普遍认为他人的单次注视会引起注意力的转移,但有关多次注视对注意力的影响的研究却很有限,尽管现实世界中的社交线索往往是在群体中出现的。此外,人们对不同社交信息和非社交信息的可靠性不平等对注意力的影响也知之甚少。为了填补这些空白,我们采用了一种不同的凝视提示范式,同时向参与者展示三张面孔。我们分块操纵了一个面孔(身份条件)或一个位置(位置条件)是否包含完全预测目标位置的注视提示;所有其他提示均无信息。在所有试验中,我们对有效线索的数量(凝视目标的人脸数量)进行了控制。我们通过用试验次数对提示效果进行统计建模,来检验这两种信息(身份与位置)的学习率是否相似。预先登记的分析结果显示,没有证据表明条件、有效面孔数量和预测元素的存在之间存在交互作用,这表明信息类型并不影响参与者利用预测元素改变行为的能力。探索性分析表明:(i) 与 "位置 "条件相比,"身份 "条件下的反应时间(RT)在各次试验中下降得更快,当预测元素存在与不存在时,反应时间的下降幅度更大;(ii) 只有当 "位置 "条件下的反应时间首先完成时,反应时间才会在各次试验中下降;(iii) 社交能力会改变不同条件和试验次数下的反应时间。我们的研究表明,提示效用、条件类型和社交能力对群体提示的影响存在微妙的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Task-order control in dual-tasks: Only marginal interactions between conflict at lower levels and higher processes of task organization 双重任务中的任务顺序控制:较低层次的冲突与较高层次的任务组织过程之间只有微弱的相互作用。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02876-9
Valentin Koob, David Dignath, Markus Janczyk

When simultaneously performing two tasks that share response properties, interference can occur. Besides general performance decrements, performance in the first task is worse when the second task requires a spatially incompatible response, known as the backward crosstalk effect (BCE). The size of this BCE, similar to congruency effects in conflict tasks, is subject to a sequential modulation, with a smaller BCE after incompatible compared to compatible trials. In the present study, we focus on a potential bidirectional interaction between crosstalk (and its resolution) at a lower level of task performance and higher-order processes of task organization. Two questions were of particular interest: First, do participants switch task order more frequently after a conflict-prone incompatible trial than after a compatible trial? Second, does changing task order influence the efficiency of conflict resolution, as indexed by the size of the sequential modulation of the BCE. Across four experiments, we only found marginal evidence for an influence of lower-level conflict on higher-order processes of task organization, with only one experiment revealing a tendency to repeat task order following conflict. Our results thus suggest practical independence between conflict and task-order control. When separating processes of task selection and task performance, the sequential modulation was generally diminished, suggesting that conflict resolution in dual-tasks can be disrupted by a deliberate decision about task order, or, alternatively, by a longer inter-trial interval. Finally, the study found a strong bias towards repeating the same task order across trials, suggesting that task-order sets not only impact task performance but also guide task selection.

当同时执行两项具有相同反应特性的任务时,可能会出现干扰。除了一般的成绩下降之外,当第二项任务需要空间上不相容的反应时,第一项任务的成绩也会下降,这就是所谓的后向串扰效应(BCE)。这种 BCE 的大小与冲突任务中的一致性效应类似,受顺序调节的影响,不相容试验后的 BCE 小于相容试验后的 BCE。在本研究中,我们将重点放在任务表现低层次的串扰(及其解决)与任务组织的高阶过程之间潜在的双向互动上。我们特别关注两个问题:首先,与相容试验相比,参与者是否在容易发生冲突的不相容试验后更频繁地转换任务顺序?其次,改变任务顺序是否会影响冲突解决的效率(以 BCE 的顺序调制大小为指标)。在四项实验中,我们只发现了低层次冲突对高阶任务组织过程产生影响的边际证据,只有一项实验揭示了冲突后重复任务顺序的倾向。因此,我们的结果表明冲突和任务顺序控制之间实际上是独立的。当把任务选择过程和任务执行过程分开时,顺序调节作用普遍减弱,这表明在双重任务中,冲突的解决可能会被任务顺序的有意决定所干扰,或者被较长的试验间隔所干扰。最后,研究发现,在试验中重复相同任务顺序的倾向性很强,这表明任务顺序集不仅会影响任务表现,还会指导任务选择。
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引用次数: 0
A spatial version of the Stroop task for examining proactive and reactive control independently from non-conflict processes 斯特罗普任务的空间版本,用于从非冲突过程中独立考察主动和被动控制能力
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02892-9
Giacomo Spinelli, Stephen J. Lupker

Conflict-induced control refers to humans’ ability to regulate attention in the processing of target information (e.g., the color of a word in the color-word Stroop task) based on experience with conflict created by distracting information (e.g., an incongruent color word), and to do so either in a proactive (preparatory) or a reactive (stimulus-driven) fashion. Interest in conflict-induced control has grown recently, as has the awareness that effects attributed to those processes might be affected by conflict-unrelated processes (e.g., the learning of stimulus-response associations). This awareness has resulted in the recommendation to move away from traditional interference paradigms with small stimulus/response sets and towards paradigms with larger sets (at least four targets, distractors, and responses), paradigms that allow better control of non-conflict processes. Using larger sets, however, is not always feasible. Doing so in the Stroop task, for example, would require either multiple arbitrary responses that are difficult for participants to learn (e.g., manual responses to colors) or non-arbitrary responses that can be difficult for researchers to collect (e.g., vocal responses in online experiments). Here, we present a spatial version of the Stroop task that solves many of those problems. In this task, participants respond to one of six directions indicated by an arrow, each requiring a specific, non-arbitrary manual response, while ignoring the location where the arrow is displayed. We illustrate the usefulness of this task by showing the results of two experiments in which evidence for proactive and reactive control was obtained while controlling for the impact of non-conflict processes.

冲突诱发控制是指人类在处理目标信息(如颜色词 Stroop 任务中的词的颜色)时,根据与干扰信息(如不协调的颜色词)产生冲突的经验来调节注意力的能力,这种能力可以是主动的(准备性的),也可以是被动的(刺激驱动的)。最近,人们对冲突诱导控制的兴趣与日俱增,因为他们意识到,归因于这些过程的效果可能会受到与冲突无关的过程(如刺激-反应联想的学习)的影响。这种意识促使人们建议摒弃使用小刺激/反应集的传统干扰范式,转而使用较大刺激/反应集(至少四个目标、干扰物和反应)的范式,这种范式可以更好地控制非冲突过程。然而,使用较大的刺激/反应集并不总是可行的。例如,在施特罗普任务中这样做需要多个任意反应,这对参与者来说是很难学会的(如对颜色的手动反应),或者是非任意反应,这对研究人员来说是很难收集的(如在线实验中的发声反应)。在这里,我们提出了一种空间版的 Stroop 任务,它解决了上述许多问题。在这项任务中,参与者要对箭头指示的六个方向中的一个做出反应,每个方向都需要特定的、非任意的手动反应,同时忽略箭头显示的位置。我们通过展示两个实验的结果来说明这项任务的实用性,在这两个实验中,我们在控制非冲突过程影响的同时,获得了主动和被动控制的证据。
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引用次数: 0
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Attention Perception & Psychophysics
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