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Choice enhances touch pleasantness 选择能增强触感的舒适度。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02887-6
Lenka Gorman, Wenhan Sun, Jyothisa Mathew, Zahra Rezazadeh, Justin Sulik, Merle Fairhurst, Ophelia Deroy

We value what we choose more than what is imposed upon us. Choice-induced preferences are extensively demonstrated using behavioural and neural methods, mainly involving rewarding objects such as money or material goods. However, the impact of choice on experiences, especially in the realm of affective touch, remains less explored. In this study, we specifically investigate whether choice can enhance the pleasure derived from affective touch, thereby increasing its intrinsic rewarding value. We conducted an experiment in which participants were being touched by an experimenter and asked to rate how pleasant their experience of touch was. They were given either a choice or no choice over certain touch stimulus variables which differed in their relevance: some were of low relevance (relating to the colour of the glove that the experimenter would use to touch them), while others were of high relevance (relating to the location on their arm where they would be stroked). Before and during touching, pupillometry was used to measure the level of arousal. We found that having a choice over aspects of tactile stimuli—especially those relevant to oneself—enhanced the pleasant perception of the touch. In addition, having a choice increases arousal in anticipation of touch. Regardless of how relevant it is to the actual tactile stimulus, allowing one to choose may positively enhance a person’s perception of the physical contact they receive.

我们更看重自己选择的东西,而不是强加给我们的东西。选择引起的偏好已通过行为和神经方法得到广泛证明,主要涉及金钱或物质财富等奖励性物品。然而,关于选择对体验的影响,尤其是在情感触觉领域的影响,探索仍然较少。在本研究中,我们专门探讨了选择是否能增强从情感触觉中获得的愉悦感,从而提高其内在奖励价值。我们进行了这样一个实验:实验者抚摸参与者,并要求他们评定触摸体验的愉悦程度。他们可以选择或不选择某些触摸刺激变量,这些变量的相关性各不相同:有些相关性较低(与实验者用来触摸他们的手套的颜色有关),而有些相关性较高(与他们手臂上被抚摸的位置有关)。在触摸前和触摸过程中,我们使用瞳孔测量法来测量被试的兴奋程度。我们发现,对触觉刺激的各个方面进行选择--尤其是那些与自己相关的方面--会增强对触觉的愉快感知。此外,有选择权也会增加对触觉的预期唤醒。无论与实际触觉刺激的相关程度如何,允许人们进行选择可能会积极增强人们对所接受的身体接触的感知。
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引用次数: 0
Object-based suppression in target search but not in distractor inhibition 目标搜索中基于物体的抑制,但在分心抑制中并非如此。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02905-7
Jiyoon Jeong, Yang Seok Cho

The present study investigated the effect of object representation on attentional priority regarding distractor inhibition and target search processes while the statistical regularities of singleton distractor location were biased. A color singleton distractor appeared more frequently at one of six stimulus locations, called the ‘high-probability location,’ to induce location-based suppression. Critically, three objects were presented, each of which paired two adjacent stimuli in a target display by adding background contours (Experiment 1) or using perceptual grouping (Experiments 2 and 3). The results revealed that attention capture by singleton distractors was hardly modulated by objects. In contrast, target selection was impeded at the location in the object containing the high-probability location compared to an equidistant location in a different object. This object-based suppression in target selection was evident when object-related features were parts of task-relevant features. These findings suggest that task-irrelevant objects modulate attentional suppression. Moreover, different features are engaged in determining attentional priority for distractor inhibition and target search processes.

本研究探讨了在单个分心物位置的统计规律性存在偏差的情况下,物体表征对分心物抑制和目标搜索过程的注意优先级的影响。在六个刺激位置(称为 "高概率位置")中,一个颜色单个分心物会更频繁地出现在其中一个位置,从而诱发基于位置的抑制。重要的是,实验中出现了三个对象,每个对象通过添加背景轮廓(实验 1)或使用知觉分组(实验 2 和 3)将目标显示中的两个相邻刺激配对。结果显示,单个分心物的注意力捕获几乎不受物体的调节。相反,在包含高概率位置的物体上,与在不同物体上的等距离位置相比,目标选择会受到阻碍。当与物体相关的特征是任务相关特征的一部分时,这种基于物体的目标选择抑制作用非常明显。这些发现表明,与任务无关的对象会调节注意抑制。此外,不同的特征参与决定分心抑制和目标搜索过程的注意优先级。
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引用次数: 0
Attentional suppression of dynamic versus static salient distractors 对动态和静态突出分心物的注意抑制
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02903-9
Owen J. Adams, Nicholas Gaspelin

Attention must be carefully controlled to avoid distraction by salient stimuli. The signal suppression hypothesis proposes that salient stimuli can be proactively suppressed to prevent distraction. Although this hypothesis has garnered much support, most previous studies have used one class of salient distractors: color singletons. It therefore remains unclear whether other kinds of salient distractors can also be suppressed. The current study directly compared suppression of a variety of salient stimuli using an attentional capture task that was adapted for eye tracking. The working hypothesis was that static salient stimuli (e.g., color singletons) would be easier to suppress than dynamic salient stimuli (e.g., motion singletons). The results showed that participants could ignore a wide variety of salient distractors. Importantly, suppression was weaker and slower to develop for dynamic salient stimuli than static salient stimuli. A final experiment revealed that adding a static salient feature to a dynamic motion distractor greatly improved suppression. Altogether, the results suggest that an underlying inhibitory process is applied to all kinds of salient distractors, but that suppression is more readily applied to static features than dynamic features.

必须谨慎控制注意力,以避免突出刺激分散注意力。信号抑制假说认为,可以主动抑制突出刺激以防止注意力分散。尽管这一假说得到了广泛的支持,但之前的大多数研究都只使用了一类突出的分心刺激:单色刺激。因此,目前还不清楚其他类型的突出分心物是否也能被抑制。目前的研究使用了一种适用于眼动追踪的注意力捕捉任务,直接比较了对各种突出刺激的抑制情况。研究假设静态突出刺激(如颜色单子)比动态突出刺激(如运动单子)更容易被抑制。结果表明,被试可以忽略各种各样的突出干扰物。重要的是,与静态突出刺激相比,动态突出刺激的抑制能力更弱,抑制速度更慢。最后一项实验表明,在动态运动干扰物中加入静态突出特征,可以大大提高抑制效果。总之,实验结果表明,一种潜在的抑制过程适用于所有类型的突出干扰物,但静态特征比动态特征更容易受到抑制。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple visual items can be simultaneously compared with target templates in memory 多个视觉项目可同时与记忆中的目标模板进行比较。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02906-6
Yujie Zheng, Jiafei Lou, Yunrong Lu, Zhi Li

When we search for something, we often rely on both what we see and what we remember. This process can be divided into three stages: selecting items, identifying those items, and comparing them with what we are trying to find in our memory. It has been suggested that we select items one by one, and we can identify several items at once. In the present study, we tested whether we need to finish comparing a selected item in the visual display with one or more target templates in memory before we can move on to the next selected item. In Experiment 1, observers looked for either one or two target types in a rapid serially presented stimuli stream. The time interval between the presentation onset of successive items in the stream was varied to get a threshold. For search for one target, the threshold was 89 ms. When look for either of two targets, it was 192 ms. This threshold difference offered a baseline. In Experiment 2, observers looked for one or two types of target in a search array. If they compared each identified item separately, we should expect a jump in the slope of the RT × Set Size function, on the order of the baseline obtained in Experiment 1. However, the slope difference was only 13 ms/item, suggesting that several identified items can be compared at once with target templates in memory. Experiment 3 showed that this slope difference was not just a memory-load cost.

当我们寻找某样东西时,我们通常会依靠我们所看到的和我们所记得的。这个过程可以分为三个阶段:选择物品、识别这些物品以及将它们与我们试图在记忆中找到的东西进行比较。有人认为,我们会一个一个地选择物品,也可以同时识别多个物品。在本研究中,我们测试了我们是否需要完成将视觉显示中的一个选定项目与记忆中的一个或多个目标模板进行比较之后才能继续下一个选定项目。在实验 1 中,观察者在快速连续呈现的刺激流中寻找一个或两个目标类型。为了得到一个阈值,我们改变了刺激流中连续项目开始呈现的时间间隔。寻找一个目标时,阈值为 89 毫秒。当寻找两个目标中的任何一个时,阈值为 192 毫秒。这一阈值差异提供了一个基线。在实验 2 中,观察者在搜索阵列中寻找一种或两种目标。如果他们分别比较每一个识别出的项目,我们就可以预期,RT × 集合大小函数的斜率会出现跳跃,与实验 1 中获得的基线大致相同。然而,斜率差异仅为 13 毫秒/项,这表明记忆中的目标模板可以同时比较多个识别出的项目。实验 3 表明,这种斜率差异不仅仅是记忆负荷成本。
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引用次数: 0
Peripheral vision contributes to implicit attentional learning: Findings from the “mouse-eye” paradigm 周边视觉有助于内隐注意学习:鼠眼 "范式的发现
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02907-5
Chen Chen, Vanessa G. Lee

The central visual field is essential for activities like reading and face recognition. However, the impact of peripheral vision loss on daily activities is profound. While the importance of central vision is well established, the contribution of peripheral vision to spatial attention is less clear. In this study, we introduced a “mouse-eye” method as an alternative to traditional gaze-contingent eye tracking. We found that even in tasks requiring central vision, peripheral vision contributes to implicit attentional learning. Participants searched for a T among Ls, with the T appearing more often in one visual quadrant. Earlier studies showed that participants’ awareness of the T location probability was not essential for their ability to learn. When we limited the visible area around the mouse cursor, only participants aware of the target’s location probability showed learning; those unaware did not. Adding placeholders in the periphery did not restore implicit attentional learning. A control experiment showed that when participants were allowed to see all items while searching and moving the mouse to reveal the target’s color, both aware and unaware participants acquired location probability learning. Our results underscore the importance of peripheral vision in implicitly guided attention. Without peripheral vision, only explicit, but not implicit, attentional learning prevails.

中心视野对于阅读和人脸识别等活动至关重要。然而,周边视觉丧失对日常活动的影响是深远的。虽然中心视觉的重要性已得到公认,但周边视觉对空间注意力的贡献却不太清楚。在这项研究中,我们引入了一种 "鼠标-眼睛 "方法,作为传统凝视眼动跟踪的替代方法。我们发现,即使是在需要中心视觉的任务中,周边视觉也有助于内隐注意学习。参与者在L中寻找T,而T更多出现在一个视觉象限中。早期的研究表明,参与者对 T 位置概率的意识对他们的学习能力并不重要。当我们限制鼠标光标周围的可见区域时,只有意识到目标位置概率的参与者才表现出学习能力,而没有意识到的参与者则没有表现出学习能力。在外围添加占位符并不能恢复内隐注意学习。一项对照实验表明,如果允许参与者在搜索和移动鼠标以显示目标颜色时看到所有项目,那么意识到和未意识到的参与者都能获得位置概率学习。我们的研究结果强调了外围视觉在内隐性注意力引导中的重要性。如果没有外围视觉,则只有显性而非隐性的注意学习才会占上风。
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引用次数: 0
The differential impact of face distractors on visual working memory across encoding and delay stages 在不同的编码和延迟阶段,面孔分心物对视觉工作记忆的影响各不相同。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02895-6
Chaoxiong Ye, Qianru Xu, Zhihu Pan, Qi-Yang Nie, Qiang Liu

External distractions often occur when information must be retained in visual working memory (VWM)—a crucial element in cognitive processing and everyday activities. However, the distraction effects can differ if they occur during the encoding rather than the delay stages. Previous research on these effects used simple stimuli (e.g., color and orientation) rather than considering distractions caused by real-world stimuli on VWM. In the present study, participants performed a facial VWM task under different distraction conditions across the encoding and delay stages to elucidate the mechanisms of distraction resistance in the context of complex real-world stimuli. VWM performance was significantly impaired by delay-stage but not encoding-stage distractors (Experiment 1). In addition, the delay distraction effect arose primarily due to the absence of distractor process at the encoding stage rather than the presence of a distractor during the delay stage (Experiment 2). Finally, the impairment in the delay-distraction condition was not due to the abrupt appearance of distractors (Experiment 3). Taken together, these findings indicate that the processing mechanisms previously established for resisting distractions in VWM using simple stimuli can be extended to more complex real-world stimuli, such as faces.

当信息必须保留在视觉工作记忆(VWM)--认知处理和日常活动中的一个关键因素--时,外部干扰就会经常出现。然而,如果分心发生在编码阶段而非延迟阶段,其效果就会有所不同。以前对这些效应的研究使用的是简单刺激(如颜色和方向),而没有考虑真实世界的刺激对视觉工作记忆造成的干扰。在本研究中,受试者在编码和延迟阶段的不同分心条件下完成了一项面部 VWM 任务,以阐明在复杂的真实世界刺激背景下的抗分心机制。延迟阶段而非编码阶段的分心物会明显影响VWM成绩(实验1)。此外,延迟分心效应产生的主要原因是编码阶段没有分心过程,而不是延迟阶段存在分心(实验 2)。最后,延迟分心条件下的障碍并不是由于突然出现的分心物造成的(实验 3)。综上所述,这些研究结果表明,之前在大众汽车记忆中使用简单刺激建立的抵制分心的处理机制可以扩展到更复杂的现实世界刺激,如人脸。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in the use of top-down versus bottom-up cues to resolve phonetic ambiguity 使用自上而下与自下而上的线索解决语音歧义的个体差异。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02889-4
Anne Marie Crinnion, Christopher C. Heffner, Emily B. Myers

How listeners weight a wide variety of information to interpret ambiguities in the speech signal is a question of interest in speech perception, particularly when understanding how listeners process speech in the context of phrases or sentences. Dominant views of cue use for language comprehension posit that listeners integrate multiple sources of information to interpret ambiguities in the speech signal. Here, we study how semantic context, sentence rate, and vowel length all influence identification of word-final stops. We find that while at the group level all sources of information appear to influence how listeners interpret ambiguities in speech, at the level of the individual listener, we observe systematic differences in cue reliance, such that some individual listeners favor certain cues (e.g., speech rate and vowel length) to the exclusion of others (e.g., semantic context). While listeners exhibit a range of cue preferences, across participants we find a negative relationship between individuals’ weighting of semantic and acoustic-phonetic (sentence rate, vowel length) cues. Additionally, we find that these weightings are stable within individuals over a period of 1 month. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that theories of cue integration and speech processing may fail to capture the rich individual differences that exist between listeners, which could arise due to mechanistic differences between individuals in speech perception.

听者如何权衡各种信息以解释语音信号中的歧义,是语音感知中一个令人感兴趣的问题,尤其是在理解听者如何处理短语或句子语境中的语音时。语言理解线索使用的主流观点认为,听者会整合多种信息来源来解释语音信号中的歧义。在此,我们研究了语义语境、句子速度和元音长度如何影响词尾停顿的识别。我们发现,虽然在群体水平上,所有信息源似乎都会影响听者如何解释语音中的歧义,但在听者个体水平上,我们观察到了线索依赖性的系统性差异,例如有些听者个体偏好某些线索(如语速和元音长度),而排斥其他线索(如语义上下文)。虽然听者表现出一系列的线索偏好,但在所有参与者中,我们发现个人对语义和声学-语音(句子速率、元音长度)线索的加权之间存在负相关关系。此外,我们还发现这些权重在个体内部一个月内保持稳定。总而言之,这些研究结果表明,线索整合和语音处理理论可能无法捕捉到听者之间存在的丰富的个体差异,而这些差异可能是由于个体之间在语音感知方面的机制差异造成的。
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引用次数: 0
Isolating the impact of a visual search template’s color and form information on search guidance and verification times 隔离视觉搜索模板的颜色和形式信息对搜索引导和验证时间的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02899-2
Derrek T. Montalvo, Andrew Rodriguez, Mark W. Becker

Visual search can be guided by biasing one’s attention towards features associated with a target. Prior work has shown that high-fidelity, picture-based cues are more beneficial to search than text-based cues. However, typically picture cues provide both detailed form information and color information that is absent from text-based cues. Given that visual resolution deteriorates with eccentricity, it is not clear that high-fidelity form information would benefit guidance to peripheral objects – much of the picture benefit could be due to color information alone. To address this, we conducted a search task with eye-tracking that had four types of cues that comprised a 2 (text/pictorial cue) × 2 (no color/color) design. We hypothesized that color information would be important for efficient search guidance while high-fidelity form information would be important for efficient verification times. In Experiment 1 cues were a colored picture of the target, a gray-scaled picture of the target, a text-based cue that included color (e.g., “blue shoe”), or a text-based cue without color (e.g., “shoe”). Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, except that the color word in the text-based cue was presented in the precise color that was the dominant color in the target. Our results show that high-fidelity form information is important for efficient verifications times (with color playing less of a role) and color is important for efficient guidance, but form information also benefits guidance. These results suggest that different features of the cue independently contribute to different aspects of the search process.

视觉搜索可以引导人们的注意力偏向与目标相关的特征。先前的研究表明,高保真的图片提示比文字提示更有利于搜索。然而,图片线索通常既能提供详细的形状信息,又能提供文字线索所不具备的颜色信息。考虑到视觉分辨率会随着偏心率的增加而降低,高保真的形式信息是否会有利于对周边物体的引导并不明确--图片的大部分益处可能仅仅来自于颜色信息。为了解决这个问题,我们利用眼动跟踪技术进行了一项搜索任务,该任务有四种类型的线索,包括 2(文字/图片线索)×2(无颜色/颜色)设计。我们的假设是,颜色信息对于高效搜索引导非常重要,而高保真形式信息对于高效验证时间非常重要。实验 1 中的线索包括目标的彩色图片、目标的灰度图片、包含颜色的文字线索(如 "蓝色鞋子")或不包含颜色的文字线索(如 "鞋子")。实验 2 是实验 1 的翻版,不同之处在于文字提示中的颜色词是以目标中的主要颜色精确呈现的。我们的结果表明,高保真的形式信息对高效验证时间很重要(颜色的作用较小),颜色对高效引导很重要,但形式信息也有利于引导。这些结果表明,线索的不同特征对搜索过程的不同方面有独立的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Bayesian analysis on missing visual information and object complexity on visual search for object orientation and object identity 贝叶斯分析缺失的视觉信息和物体复杂性对物体方位和物体特征视觉搜索的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02901-x
Rachel T. T. Nguyen, Matthew S. Peterson

Missing visual information, such as a gap between an object or an occluded view, has been shown to disrupt visual search and make amodal completion inefficient. Previous research, using simple black bars as stimuli, failed to show a pop-out effect (flat search slope across increasing visual set sizes) during a feature search when the target was partially occluded, but not in cases where it was fully visible. We wanted to see if this lack of a pop-out effect during feature (orientation) search extended to complex objects (Experiment 1) and identity search (Experiment 2). Participants completed orientation and identity visual search tasks by deciding whether the target was present or not present. Bayesian analyses was conducted to find evidence for observed data to be under the null (pop-out effects) or alternative hypotheses (differences in search slopes). When no occluders or gaps were present, a pop-out effect occurred when searching for a simple objects' orientation or identity. In addition, object complexity affected identity search, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that some complex object may not show a pop-out effect. Furthermore, white occluding bars were more disruptive than having a gap of visual information for feature search but not for identity search. Overall, pop-out effects do occur for simple objects, but when the task is more difficult, search for real-world objects is greatly affected by any type of visual disruption.

缺失的视觉信息,如物体之间的间隙或被遮挡的视图,已被证明会扰乱视觉搜索并使模态完成效率低下。之前的研究使用简单的黑条作为刺激物,结果表明,当目标部分被遮挡时,在特征搜索过程中没有显示出 "弹出效应"(在视觉集大小增加时搜索斜率持平),而当目标完全可见时则没有。我们想看看这种在特征(方位)搜索中缺乏弹出效应的现象是否会延伸到复杂物体(实验 1)和身份搜索(实验 2)中。参与者通过判断目标是否存在来完成方位和身份视觉搜索任务。贝叶斯分析为观察到的数据在零假设(弹出效应)或替代假设(搜索斜率的差异)下寻找证据。当没有遮挡物或间隙存在时,在搜索简单物体的方向或身份时会出现跳出效应。此外,物体的复杂性也会影响身份搜索,有传闻称某些复杂物体可能不会出现弹出效应。此外,在特征搜索时,白色遮挡条比视觉信息空白更具有干扰性,但在身份搜索时则不然。总的来说,简单物体确实会出现跳出效应,但当任务难度增加时,任何类型的视觉干扰都会极大地影响对真实世界物体的搜索。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing rhythmic temporal expectations: The dominance of auditory modality under spatial uncertainty 增强节奏的时间预期:空间不确定性下听觉模式的主导地位。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02898-3
Lucie Attout, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Pom Charras

To effectively process the most relevant information, the brain anticipates the optimal timing for allocating attentional resources. Behavior can be optimized by automatically aligning attention with external rhythmic structures, whether visual or auditory. Although the auditory modality is known for its efficacy in representing temporal information, the current body of research has not conclusively determined whether visual or auditory rhythmic presentations have a definitive advantage in entraining temporal attention. The present study directly examined the effects of auditory and visual rhythmic cues on the discrimination of visual targets in Experiment 1 and on auditory targets in Experiment 2. Additionally, the role of endogenous spatial attention was also considered. When and where the target was the most likely to occur were cued by unimodal (visual or auditory) and bimodal (audiovisual) signals. A sequence of salient events was employed to elicit rhythm-based temporal expectations and a symbolic predictive cue served to orient spatial attention. The results suggest a superiority of auditory over visual rhythms, irrespective of spatial attention, whether the spatial cue and rhythm converge or not (unimodal or bimodal), and regardless of the target modality (visual or auditory). These findings are discussed in terms of a modality-specific rhythmic orienting, while considering a single, supramodal system operating in a top-down manner for endogenous spatial attention.

为了有效处理最相关的信息,大脑会预测分配注意力资源的最佳时机。通过自动将注意力与外部节奏结构(无论是视觉还是听觉)保持一致,可以优化行为。虽然听觉模式在表现时间信息方面的功效众所周知,但目前的研究还没有最终确定视觉或听觉节奏演示在诱导时间注意力方面是否具有绝对优势。本研究在实验 1 中直接考察了听觉和视觉节奏线索对视觉目标辨别的影响,在实验 2 中直接考察了听觉节奏线索对视觉目标辨别的影响。此外,研究还考虑了内源性空间注意的作用。目标最有可能出现的时间和地点是由单模态(视觉或听觉)和双模态(视听)信号提示的。突出事件的序列被用来激发基于节奏的时间预期,而象征性的预测提示则用来引导空间注意力。结果表明,无论空间注意力如何,无论空间线索和节奏是否趋同(单模态或双模态),也无论目标模态(视觉或听觉)如何,听觉节奏都优于视觉节奏。这些研究结果从特定模式的节奏定向角度进行了讨论,同时考虑了单一的超模式系统以自上而下的方式运作的内源性空间注意。
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引用次数: 0
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Attention Perception & Psychophysics
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