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Proactive reward in conflict tasks: Does it only enhance general performance or also modulate conflict effects? 冲突任务中的主动奖励:它只能提高一般表现,还是也能调节冲突效果?
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02896-5
Linda C. Bräutigam, Hartmut Leuthold, Ian G. Mackenzie, Victor Mittelstädt

In the present study, we investigated the influence of performance-contingent reward prospects on task performance across three visual conflict tasks with manual responses (Experiments 1 & 2: Simon and Stroop tasks; Experiment 3: Simon and Eriksen flanker task) using block-wise (Experiment 1) and trial-wise (Experiments 2 & 3) manipulations to signal the possibility of reward. Across all experiments, task performance (in reaction time and/or error rates) generally improved in reward compared with no-reward conditions in each conflict task. However, there was, if any, little evidence that the reward manipulation modulated the size of the mean conflict effects, and there was also no evidence for conflict-specific effects of reward when controlling for time-varying fluctuations in conflict processing via distributional analyses (delta plots). Thus, the results provide no evidence for conflict-specific accounts and instead favor performance-general accounts, where reward anticipation leads to overall performance improvements without affecting conflict effects. We discuss possible implications for how proactive control might modulate the interplay between target- and distractor-processing in conflict tasks.

在本研究中,我们利用分块(实验 1)和分次(实验 2 和 3)操作来提示奖励的可能性,研究了在三项手动反应的视觉冲突任务(实验 1 和 2:西蒙和斯特罗普任务;实验 3:西蒙和埃里克森侧翼任务)中,与表现相关的奖励前景对任务表现的影响。在所有实验中,在每个冲突任务中,与无奖励条件相比,有奖励条件下的任务表现(反应时间和/或错误率)普遍有所提高。然而,几乎没有证据表明奖励操作调节了平均冲突效应的大小,而且通过分布分析(△图)控制冲突处理中的时变波动时,也没有证据表明奖励具有特定冲突效应。因此,这些结果并没有为冲突特异性解释提供证据,而是倾向于表现一般解释,即奖励预期会导致整体表现的提高,而不会影响冲突效应。我们讨论了主动控制如何调节冲突任务中目标和分心处理之间相互作用的可能影响。
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引用次数: 0
The resolution of proactive interference in a novel visual working memory task: A behavioral and pupillometric study 新型视觉工作记忆任务中主动干扰的解决:行为和瞳孔测量研究
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02888-5
Jamie Donenfeld, Erik Blaser, Zsuzsa Kaldy

Proactive interference (PI) occurs when previously learned information impairs memory for more recently learned information. Most PI studies have employed verbal stimuli, while the role of PI in visual working memory (VWM) has had relatively little attention. In the verbal domain, Johansson and colleagues (2018) found that pupil diameter – a real-time neurophysiological index of cognitive effort – reflects the accumulation and resolution of PI. Here we use a novel, naturalistic paradigm to test the behavioral and pupillary correlates of PI resolution for what-was-where item-location bindings in VWM. Importantly, in our paradigm, trials (PI vs. no-PI condition) are mixed in a block, and participants are naïve to the condition until they are tested. This design sidesteps concerns about differences in encoding strategies or generalized effort differences between conditions. Across three experiments (N = 122 total) we assessed PI’s effect on VWM and whether PI resolution during memory retrieval is associated with greater cognitive effort (as indexed by the phasic, task-evoked pupil response). We found strong support for PI’s detrimental effect on VWM (even with our spatially distributed stimuli), but no consistent link between interference resolution and effort during memory retrieval (this, even though the pupil was a reliable indicator that higher-performing individuals tried harder during memory encoding). We speculate that when explicit strategies are minimized, and PI resolution relies primarily on implicit processing, the effect may not be sufficient to trigger a robust pupillometric response.

主动干扰(PI)是指以前学习过的信息会影响对最近学习过的信息的记忆。大多数主动干扰研究都采用了言语刺激,而主动干扰在视觉工作记忆(VWM)中的作用则相对关注较少。在言语领域,Johansson 及其同事(2018 年)发现,瞳孔直径--认知努力的实时神经生理指标--反映了 PI 的积累和解析。在这里,我们使用一种新颖、自然的范式,测试了在 VWM 中 "是什么"-"在哪里 "项目-位置绑定的 PI 分辨率的行为和瞳孔相关性。重要的是,在我们的范式中,试验(PI 与无 PI 条件)混合在一个区块中,参与者在接受测试之前对试验条件一无所知。这种设计避免了对编码策略差异或不同条件下的普遍努力差异的担忧。通过三项实验(共 122 人),我们评估了 PI 对 VWM 的影响,以及在记忆检索过程中 PI 的解析是否与更大的认知努力相关(以阶段性、任务诱发的瞳孔反应为指标)。我们发现,PI 对 VWM 的不利影响得到了强有力的支持(即使我们使用的是空间分布式刺激),但干扰解决与记忆检索过程中的努力之间却没有一致的联系(尽管瞳孔是一个可靠的指标,表明表现较好的人在记忆编码过程中更加努力)。我们推测,当显性策略被最小化,而干扰解析主要依赖于隐性处理时,这种效应可能不足以引发强有力的瞳孔测量反应。
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引用次数: 0
Phonological neighbors cooperate during spoken-sentence processing: Evidence from a nonword detection task 在口语-句子处理过程中,音素邻近词相互配合:来自非词检测任务的证据
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02913-7
Sophie Dufour, Colas Fournet, Jonathan Mirault, Jonathan Grainger

We used a novel nonword detection task to examine the lexical competition principle postulated in most models of spoken word recognition. To do so, in Experiment 1 we presented sequences of spoken words with half of the sequences containing a nonword, and the target nonword (i.e., press a response key whenever you detect a nonword in the sequence) could either be phonologically related (a phonological neighbor) or unrelated to the immediately preceding word. We reasoned that the reactivation of a phonological neighbor during target nonword processing should delay the moment at which a nonword decision can be made. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants were faster at detecting nonwords when they were preceded by a phonological neighbor compared with an unrelated word. In Experiment 2, an inhibitory effect of phonological relatedness on nonword decisions was observed in a classic priming situation using the same set of related and unrelated word-nonword pairs. We discuss the implications of these findings in regard to the main models of spoken word recognition, and conclude that our specific experimental set-up with phonological neighbors embedded in spoken sentences is more sensitive to cooperative interactions between co-activated sublexical representations than lexical competition between co-activated lexical representations, with the latter being modulated by whether or not the words compete for the same slot in time.

我们使用了一项新颖的非词检测任务来检验大多数口语单词识别模型所假设的词性竞争原理。为此,我们在实验 1 中呈现了口语单词序列,其中一半序列包含一个非单词,目标非单词(即每当检测到序列中的非单词时按下响应键)既可以与紧接着的单词在语音上相关(语音邻接),也可以与之无关。我们推断,在目标非词处理过程中,音素邻近词的重新激活应该会延迟做出非词决定的时间。与我们的假设相反,与不相关的词相比,当非词前面有一个音素邻接词时,参与者检测非词的速度更快。在实验 2 中,我们使用了同样一组相关和不相关的词-非词对,在经典引物情境中观察到了语音相关性对非词决策的抑制作用。我们讨论了这些发现对口语单词识别主要模型的影响,并得出结论:我们在口语句子中嵌入音素邻近词的特定实验设置对共同激活的次词汇表征之间的合作互动比共同激活的词汇表征之间的词汇竞争更敏感,后者受单词是否竞争同一时间段的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Audiovisual perception of interrupted speech by nonnative listeners 非母语听众对中断语音的视听感知。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02909-3
Jing Yang, Naveen K. Nagaraj, Beula M. Magimairaj

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of visual cues in audiovisual perception of interrupted speech by nonnative English listeners and to identify the role of working memory, long-term memory retrieval, and vocabulary knowledge in audiovisual perception by nonnative listeners. The participants included 31 Mandarin-speaking English learners between 19 and 41 years of age. The perceptual stimuli were noise-filled periodically interrupted AzBio and QuickSIN sentences with or without visual cues that showed a male speaker uttering the sentences. In addition to sentence recognition, the listeners completed a semantic fluency task, verbal (operation span) and visuospatial (symmetry span) working memory tasks, and two vocabulary knowledge tests (Vocabulary Level Test and Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English). The results revealed significantly better speech recognition in the audio-visual condition than the audio-only condition, but the magnitude of visual benefit was substantially attenuated for sentences that had limited semantic context. The listeners’ vocabulary size in English played a key role in the restoration of missing speech information and audiovisual integration in the perception of interrupted speech. Meanwhile, the listeners’ verbal working memory capacity played an important role in audiovisual integration especially for the difficult stimuli with limited semantic context.

本研究旨在考察视觉线索在非英语母语听者对中断语音的视听感知中的影响,并确定工作记忆、长期记忆检索和词汇知识在非母语听者视听感知中的作用。研究对象包括 31 名讲普通话的英语学习者,年龄在 19 至 41 岁之间。感知刺激是充满噪音的周期性中断的AzBio和QuickSIN句子,有或没有视觉提示,显示的是一位男性演讲者在说句子。除句子识别外,听者还完成了语义流畅性任务、言语(操作跨度)和视觉空间(对称跨度)工作记忆任务,以及两项词汇知识测试(词汇水平测试和英语高级学习者词汇测试)。结果显示,视听条件下的语音识别能力明显优于纯视听条件下,但对于语义上下文有限的句子,视听条件下的优势明显减弱。听者的英语词汇量对语音信息缺失的恢复和中断语音感知中的视听整合起到了关键作用。同时,听者的语言工作记忆能力在视听整合中也发挥了重要作用,尤其是对于语义语境有限的困难刺激。
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引用次数: 0
On the relationship between spatial attention and semantics in the context of a Stroop paradigm 在 Stroop 范式下空间注意力与语义之间的关系。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02911-9
Derek Besner, Torin Young

A controversial issue in the literature on single word reading concerns whether semantic activation from a printed word can be stopped. Several reports have claimed that, even when attention is directed to a single letter in a word, semantic interference persists full blown in the context of variants of Stroop’s paradigm. Incidental word recognition is thus claimed to be unaffected by directed spatial attention and hence to be automatic by this criterion. In contrast, the literature examining the relation between intentional visual word recognition and spatial attention in tasks like lexical decision and reading aloud suggests that spatial attention is a necessary preliminary to lexical/semantic processing of a word. These opposing conclusions raise the question of whether there is a qualitative difference between incidental and intentional visual word recognition when spatial attention is considered. We first consider the methodology from Stroop experiments in which putatively narrowed spatial attention manipulations failed to prevent interference from semantics. We then report a new experiment that better promotes focused spatial attention. The results yield clear evidence that the effect of semantic activation can indeed be sidelined because one or more prior processes were in large measure stopped. We conclude that incidental word recognition is not automatic in the sense of occurring without any kind of attention.

在有关单词阅读的文献中,有一个颇具争议的问题,即印刷单词的语义激活是否可以停止。一些报告称,即使注意力被引导到单词中的一个字母上,语义干扰也会在斯特罗普范式的变体中全面爆发。因此,偶然的单词识别被认为不受定向空间注意的影响,因此根据这一标准,偶然的单词识别是自动的。与此相反,研究词汇判断和朗读等任务中有意视觉词汇识别与空间注意之间关系的文献表明,空间注意是词汇/语义加工的必要前提。这些截然相反的结论提出了一个问题:在考虑空间注意力时,偶然视觉单词识别和有意视觉单词识别之间是否存在质的区别。我们首先考虑了来自 Stroop 实验的方法,在这些实验中,所谓的缩小空间注意操作未能阻止语义的干扰。然后,我们报告了一个能更好地促进集中空间注意力的新实验。实验结果清楚地表明,语义激活的效果确实可以被忽略,因为一个或多个先前过程在很大程度上被停止了。我们的结论是,偶然的单词识别并不是自动发生的,不需要任何形式的注意。
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引用次数: 0
Repulsion bias is insensitive to spatial attention, yet expands during active working memory maintenance 排斥偏差对空间注意力不敏感,但在积极的工作记忆维持过程中会扩大。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02910-w
Mengdan Sun, Yaxin Huang, Haojiang Ying

Our brain sometimes represents visual information in a biased manner. Multiple visual features presented simultaneously or sequentially may interact with each other when we perceive them or maintain them in visual working memory (WM), giving rise to report bias. How goal-directed attention influences target representation is not fully understood, especially concerning whether attention towards distractors modulates report bias for the target. Our study investigated the WM biases of the target when it is concurrent with (1) one attended distractor only, (2) one unattended distractor only, and (3) both kinds of distractors during perception. It was found that the target WM is reported as being repelled away from concurrent distractors, attended or unattended, suggesting attention is not necessary for the occurrence of repulsion bias during perception. Furthermore, goal-directed attention towards the distractors modulates the strength of interitem interaction, and the repulsion bias was found to be stronger when attention was directed toward the distractor than when it was not. However, the exaggerated repulsion associated with the attended distractor is likely due to increased relevance to the memory task and (or) WM load instead of spatial attention. In contrast, spatial attention towards the distractor increases the chances of misreporting the distractor for the target.

我们的大脑有时会以偏差的方式呈现视觉信息。当我们感知或在视觉工作记忆(WM)中保持同时或顺序呈现的多个视觉特征时,它们可能会相互影响,从而产生报告偏差。目标定向注意如何影响目标表征,尤其是对分心物的注意是否会调节对目标的报告偏差,目前尚不完全清楚。我们的研究调查了在感知过程中,当目标与(1)一个被注意的分心物,(2)一个未被注意的分心物,以及(3)两种分心物同时出现时,目标的WM偏差。研究发现,目标 WM 被报告为排斥同时出现的分心物,无论是有分心物还是无分心物,这表明在感知过程中出现排斥偏差并不需要注意。此外,对分心物的目标定向注意会调节项目间相互作用的强度,发现当注意指向分心物时,排斥偏差比不指向分心物时更强。然而,与注意到的分心物相关的夸大排斥可能是由于与记忆任务的相关性增加以及(或)WM 负荷而非空间注意造成的。相反,对分心物的空间注意会增加将分心物误报为目标物的几率。
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引用次数: 0
The interplay between spatial and non-spatial grouping cues over approximate number perception 空间和非空间分组线索对近似数感知的相互作用。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02908-4
Andrea Adriano, Lorenzo Ciccione

Humans and animals share the cognitive ability to quickly extract approximate number information from sets. Main psychophysical models suggest that visual approximate numerosity relies on segmented units, which can be affected by Gestalt rules. Indeed, arrays containing spatial grouping cues, such as connectedness, closure, and even symmetry, are underestimated compared to ungrouped arrays with equal low-level features. Recent evidence suggests that non-spatial cues, such as color-similarity, also trigger numerosity underestimation. However, in natural vision, several grouping cues may coexist in the scene. Notably, conjunction of grouping cues (color and closure) reduces perceived numerosity following an additive rule. To test whether the conjunction-effect holds for other Gestalt cues, we investigated the effect of connectedness and symmetry over numerosity perception both in isolation and, critically, in conjunction with luminance similarity. Participants performed a comparison-task between a reference and a test stimulus varying in numerosity. In Experiment 1, test stimuli contained two isolated groupings (connectedness or luminance), a conjunction (connectedness and luminance), and a neutral condition (no groupings). Results show that point of subjective equality was higher in both isolated grouping conditions compared to the neutral condition. Furthermore, in the conjunction condition, the biases from isolated grouping cues added linearly, resulting in a numerosity underestimation equal to the sum of the isolated biases. In Experiment 2 we found that conjunction of symmetry and luminance followed the same additive rule. These findings strongly suggest that both spatial and non-spatial isolated cues affect numerosity perception. Crucially, we show that their conjunction effect extends to symmetry and connectedness.

人类和动物都具有从集合中快速提取近似数字信息的认知能力。主要的心理物理模型表明,视觉近似数字信息依赖于分割单元,而分割单元会受到格式塔规则的影响。事实上,与具有相同低级特征的未分组阵列相比,含有空间分组线索(如连通性、封闭性甚至对称性)的阵列会被低估。最近的证据表明,非空间线索(如颜色相似性)也会导致数量低估。然而,在自然视觉中,场景中可能同时存在多个分组线索。值得注意的是,分组线索(颜色和封闭性)的结合会根据加法规则降低感知的数值。为了检验组合效应是否适用于其他格式塔线索,我们研究了连接性和对称性对数字感知的影响,既包括单独的影响,也包括与亮度相似性的影响。受试者在参考刺激物和测试刺激物之间进行数字差异比较任务。在实验 1 中,测试刺激包含两个孤立的分组(连通性或亮度)、一个组合(连通性和亮度)和一个中性条件(无分组)。结果显示,与中性条件相比,两种孤立分组条件下的主观平等点都更高。此外,在联合条件下,来自孤立分组线索的偏差呈线性增加,导致对数字的低估等于孤立偏差的总和。在实验 2 中,我们发现对称性和亮度的结合也遵循同样的加法规则。这些发现有力地表明,空间和非空间孤立线索都会影响数值感知。最重要的是,我们发现它们的连带效应延伸至对称性和连通性。
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引用次数: 0
Choice enhances touch pleasantness 选择能增强触感的舒适度。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02887-6
Lenka Gorman, Wenhan Sun, Jyothisa Mathew, Zahra Rezazadeh, Justin Sulik, Merle Fairhurst, Ophelia Deroy

We value what we choose more than what is imposed upon us. Choice-induced preferences are extensively demonstrated using behavioural and neural methods, mainly involving rewarding objects such as money or material goods. However, the impact of choice on experiences, especially in the realm of affective touch, remains less explored. In this study, we specifically investigate whether choice can enhance the pleasure derived from affective touch, thereby increasing its intrinsic rewarding value. We conducted an experiment in which participants were being touched by an experimenter and asked to rate how pleasant their experience of touch was. They were given either a choice or no choice over certain touch stimulus variables which differed in their relevance: some were of low relevance (relating to the colour of the glove that the experimenter would use to touch them), while others were of high relevance (relating to the location on their arm where they would be stroked). Before and during touching, pupillometry was used to measure the level of arousal. We found that having a choice over aspects of tactile stimuli—especially those relevant to oneself—enhanced the pleasant perception of the touch. In addition, having a choice increases arousal in anticipation of touch. Regardless of how relevant it is to the actual tactile stimulus, allowing one to choose may positively enhance a person’s perception of the physical contact they receive.

我们更看重自己选择的东西,而不是强加给我们的东西。选择引起的偏好已通过行为和神经方法得到广泛证明,主要涉及金钱或物质财富等奖励性物品。然而,关于选择对体验的影响,尤其是在情感触觉领域的影响,探索仍然较少。在本研究中,我们专门探讨了选择是否能增强从情感触觉中获得的愉悦感,从而提高其内在奖励价值。我们进行了这样一个实验:实验者抚摸参与者,并要求他们评定触摸体验的愉悦程度。他们可以选择或不选择某些触摸刺激变量,这些变量的相关性各不相同:有些相关性较低(与实验者用来触摸他们的手套的颜色有关),而有些相关性较高(与他们手臂上被抚摸的位置有关)。在触摸前和触摸过程中,我们使用瞳孔测量法来测量被试的兴奋程度。我们发现,对触觉刺激的各个方面进行选择--尤其是那些与自己相关的方面--会增强对触觉的愉快感知。此外,有选择权也会增加对触觉的预期唤醒。无论与实际触觉刺激的相关程度如何,允许人们进行选择可能会积极增强人们对所接受的身体接触的感知。
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引用次数: 0
Object-based suppression in target search but not in distractor inhibition 目标搜索中基于物体的抑制,但在分心抑制中并非如此。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02905-7
Jiyoon Jeong, Yang Seok Cho

The present study investigated the effect of object representation on attentional priority regarding distractor inhibition and target search processes while the statistical regularities of singleton distractor location were biased. A color singleton distractor appeared more frequently at one of six stimulus locations, called the ‘high-probability location,’ to induce location-based suppression. Critically, three objects were presented, each of which paired two adjacent stimuli in a target display by adding background contours (Experiment 1) or using perceptual grouping (Experiments 2 and 3). The results revealed that attention capture by singleton distractors was hardly modulated by objects. In contrast, target selection was impeded at the location in the object containing the high-probability location compared to an equidistant location in a different object. This object-based suppression in target selection was evident when object-related features were parts of task-relevant features. These findings suggest that task-irrelevant objects modulate attentional suppression. Moreover, different features are engaged in determining attentional priority for distractor inhibition and target search processes.

本研究探讨了在单个分心物位置的统计规律性存在偏差的情况下,物体表征对分心物抑制和目标搜索过程的注意优先级的影响。在六个刺激位置(称为 "高概率位置")中,一个颜色单个分心物会更频繁地出现在其中一个位置,从而诱发基于位置的抑制。重要的是,实验中出现了三个对象,每个对象通过添加背景轮廓(实验 1)或使用知觉分组(实验 2 和 3)将目标显示中的两个相邻刺激配对。结果显示,单个分心物的注意力捕获几乎不受物体的调节。相反,在包含高概率位置的物体上,与在不同物体上的等距离位置相比,目标选择会受到阻碍。当与物体相关的特征是任务相关特征的一部分时,这种基于物体的目标选择抑制作用非常明显。这些发现表明,与任务无关的对象会调节注意抑制。此外,不同的特征参与决定分心抑制和目标搜索过程的注意优先级。
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引用次数: 0
Attentional suppression of dynamic versus static salient distractors 对动态和静态突出分心物的注意抑制
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02903-9
Owen J. Adams, Nicholas Gaspelin

Attention must be carefully controlled to avoid distraction by salient stimuli. The signal suppression hypothesis proposes that salient stimuli can be proactively suppressed to prevent distraction. Although this hypothesis has garnered much support, most previous studies have used one class of salient distractors: color singletons. It therefore remains unclear whether other kinds of salient distractors can also be suppressed. The current study directly compared suppression of a variety of salient stimuli using an attentional capture task that was adapted for eye tracking. The working hypothesis was that static salient stimuli (e.g., color singletons) would be easier to suppress than dynamic salient stimuli (e.g., motion singletons). The results showed that participants could ignore a wide variety of salient distractors. Importantly, suppression was weaker and slower to develop for dynamic salient stimuli than static salient stimuli. A final experiment revealed that adding a static salient feature to a dynamic motion distractor greatly improved suppression. Altogether, the results suggest that an underlying inhibitory process is applied to all kinds of salient distractors, but that suppression is more readily applied to static features than dynamic features.

必须谨慎控制注意力,以避免突出刺激分散注意力。信号抑制假说认为,可以主动抑制突出刺激以防止注意力分散。尽管这一假说得到了广泛的支持,但之前的大多数研究都只使用了一类突出的分心刺激:单色刺激。因此,目前还不清楚其他类型的突出分心物是否也能被抑制。目前的研究使用了一种适用于眼动追踪的注意力捕捉任务,直接比较了对各种突出刺激的抑制情况。研究假设静态突出刺激(如颜色单子)比动态突出刺激(如运动单子)更容易被抑制。结果表明,被试可以忽略各种各样的突出干扰物。重要的是,与静态突出刺激相比,动态突出刺激的抑制能力更弱,抑制速度更慢。最后一项实验表明,在动态运动干扰物中加入静态突出特征,可以大大提高抑制效果。总之,实验结果表明,一种潜在的抑制过程适用于所有类型的突出干扰物,但静态特征比动态特征更容易受到抑制。
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引用次数: 0
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Attention Perception & Psychophysics
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