Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2022.2053299
Ramaele Moshoeshoe
Abstract The fourth goal of the SDGs calls for the increase in access to quality education and the redress of educational inequalities. Monitoring progress towards this goal requires paying attention to changes in educational quality and inequality, not just to changes in average quality. Between 2000 and 2007, Lesotho implemented a multifaceted Free Primary Education programme that included fee eliminations, school-building, and teacher-recruitment components to increase school access and minimise the adverse effects on education quality. During this period, enrolment and average educational achievement increased. However, we do not know whether the increase in average performance was driven by all or just a few gifted students and how it affected educational inequality. This paper fills this knowledge gap by using grade 6 standardised test scores and employing the relative distribution method to analyse changes in educational achievement and educational inequality between 2000 and 2007 in Lesotho. Results show that, although educational achievement of all students increased during this period, much of the increase in overall educational achievement was attributable to improved performance of low- and high-achieving students. This increase in performance at the lower and upper tails of the performance distribution led to an increase in educational achievement and educational inequality, especially in reading proficiency. Further, changes in students’ compositional changes explain the increase in educational achievement.
{"title":"Changes in educational achievement and educational inequality in Lesotho: a relative distribution analysis","authors":"Ramaele Moshoeshoe","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2022.2053299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2022.2053299","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The fourth goal of the SDGs calls for the increase in access to quality education and the redress of educational inequalities. Monitoring progress towards this goal requires paying attention to changes in educational quality and inequality, not just to changes in average quality. Between 2000 and 2007, Lesotho implemented a multifaceted Free Primary Education programme that included fee eliminations, school-building, and teacher-recruitment components to increase school access and minimise the adverse effects on education quality. During this period, enrolment and average educational achievement increased. However, we do not know whether the increase in average performance was driven by all or just a few gifted students and how it affected educational inequality. This paper fills this knowledge gap by using grade 6 standardised test scores and employing the relative distribution method to analyse changes in educational achievement and educational inequality between 2000 and 2007 in Lesotho. Results show that, although educational achievement of all students increased during this period, much of the increase in overall educational achievement was attributable to improved performance of low- and high-achieving students. This increase in performance at the lower and upper tails of the performance distribution led to an increase in educational achievement and educational inequality, especially in reading proficiency. Further, changes in students’ compositional changes explain the increase in educational achievement.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"260 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45662027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2022.2060299
Monique Reid, P. Siklos
Abstract Inflation expectations are today keenly monitored by both the private sector and policy makers. Expectations matter, but whose expectations matter and how should this unobservable be measured? Answering these questions involves a number of choices that should be transparent and explicit. In this paper, we focus on these choices with respect to the South African inflation expectations data collected by the Bureau for Economic Research, but the discussion has broader international relevance. Firstly, there is a surprising level of heterogeneity in the design of inflation expectations surveys across countries, so there is room to learn from each of these experiences in pursuit of best practices. Being willing to detail the strengths and weaknesses of a particular approach is valuable as it will enable us to choose the appropriate proxy for each application and to interpret the results with insight. Secondly, the inflation expectations survey data of the Bureau for Economic Research has some particular strengths that may enable researchers to explore questions of international relevance, that comparable surveys have not allowed.
如今，私营部门和政策制定者都在密切关注通胀预期。期望很重要，但谁的期望很重要，这种不可观察的东西应该如何衡量?回答这些问题涉及到一些选择，这些选择应该是透明和明确的。在本文中，我们将重点关注这些选择与经济研究局收集的南非通胀预期数据有关，但讨论具有更广泛的国际相关性。首先，各国通胀预期调查的设计存在令人惊讶的异质性，因此，在寻求最佳做法的过程中，每个国家的经验都有学习的空间。愿意详细说明特定方法的优点和缺点是有价值的，因为它将使我们能够为每个应用程序选择适当的代理，并深入地解释结果。其次，美国经济研究局(Bureau for Economic Research)的通胀预期调查数据有一些特别的优势，可能使研究人员能够探索具有国际相关性的问题，这是可比调查所不允许的。
{"title":"Inflation expectations surveys: a review of some survey design choices and their implications","authors":"Monique Reid, P. Siklos","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2022.2060299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2022.2060299","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inflation expectations are today keenly monitored by both the private sector and policy makers. Expectations matter, but whose expectations matter and how should this unobservable be measured? Answering these questions involves a number of choices that should be transparent and explicit. In this paper, we focus on these choices with respect to the South African inflation expectations data collected by the Bureau for Economic Research, but the discussion has broader international relevance. Firstly, there is a surprising level of heterogeneity in the design of inflation expectations surveys across countries, so there is room to learn from each of these experiences in pursuit of best practices. Being willing to detail the strengths and weaknesses of a particular approach is valuable as it will enable us to choose the appropriate proxy for each application and to interpret the results with insight. Secondly, the inflation expectations survey data of the Bureau for Economic Research has some particular strengths that may enable researchers to explore questions of international relevance, that comparable surveys have not allowed.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"283 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48936071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2022.2053298
Sayed O. M. Timuno, J. Eita
Abstract Most empirical work on the nexus between fiscal policy and total factor productivity (TFP) is focussed on aggregate analysis and lack sector-specific evidence required to guide effective policy decisions. Our study addresses this gap by analysing the impact of fiscal policy on sectoral TFP growth in Botswana between 1984 and 2016 using the Autoregressive Distributive Lag method. The results suggest that focussing on aggregate TFP growth masks specific issues which are peculiar to various economic sectors. For instance, mineral tax, other tax revenue, and expenditure on social services were found to have a significant long-run positive impact on the TFP growth in the primary sector only, while a negative impact is witnessed in the secondary and tertiary sectors. SACU revenue has a positive impact on TFP growth in both the primary and tertiary sectors, while productive spending boosts TFP growth across all sectors. In addition, both the value-added tax and the non-mining income tax have a negative impact on TFP growth across all sectors. The speed of adjustment was found to be high in the primary sector compared to other sectors. The findings single out the importance of taking into account sector-specific fiscal policies in influencing sectoral TFP growth.
{"title":"The impact of fiscal policy on total factor productivity growth in a developing economy: evidence from Botswana","authors":"Sayed O. M. Timuno, J. Eita","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2022.2053298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2022.2053298","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most empirical work on the nexus between fiscal policy and total factor productivity (TFP) is focussed on aggregate analysis and lack sector-specific evidence required to guide effective policy decisions. Our study addresses this gap by analysing the impact of fiscal policy on sectoral TFP growth in Botswana between 1984 and 2016 using the Autoregressive Distributive Lag method. The results suggest that focussing on aggregate TFP growth masks specific issues which are peculiar to various economic sectors. For instance, mineral tax, other tax revenue, and expenditure on social services were found to have a significant long-run positive impact on the TFP growth in the primary sector only, while a negative impact is witnessed in the secondary and tertiary sectors. SACU revenue has a positive impact on TFP growth in both the primary and tertiary sectors, while productive spending boosts TFP growth across all sectors. In addition, both the value-added tax and the non-mining income tax have a negative impact on TFP growth across all sectors. The speed of adjustment was found to be high in the primary sector compared to other sectors. The findings single out the importance of taking into account sector-specific fiscal policies in influencing sectoral TFP growth.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"243 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48136173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.2016480
K. Makrelov, R. Davies, L. Harris
Abstract We employ a micro-founded, stock-flow consistent computable general equilibrium model to study the impact of increases of the leverage ratio on the South African economy. The model provides for a richer representation of institutional balance sheets than existing models and captures the important relationship identified in the literature between bank capital, lending spreads and economic activity. The financial accelerator mechanism operates through the balance sheets of all institutions in the economy. The move to a higher leverage ratio for banks is likely in the short-run to generate negative economic impacts that depend on the banks’ choice of adjustment strategy. The negative GDP effect is greatest if the financial sector reduces leverage by reducing the value of its assets rather than raising its liabilities. The shock also leads to the financial sector changing its perceptions of risk, which reduces the size of the money multiplier and increases lending spreads. The transition to a higher leverage ratio also affect the transmission of monetary policy. Executing monetary policy effectively thus requires understanding how the financial sector is likely to meet the new requirements and how its perceptions of risk are affected.
{"title":"The impact of higher leverage ratios on the South African economy","authors":"K. Makrelov, R. Davies, L. Harris","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.2016480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.2016480","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We employ a micro-founded, stock-flow consistent computable general equilibrium model to study the impact of increases of the leverage ratio on the South African economy. The model provides for a richer representation of institutional balance sheets than existing models and captures the important relationship identified in the literature between bank capital, lending spreads and economic activity. The financial accelerator mechanism operates through the balance sheets of all institutions in the economy. The move to a higher leverage ratio for banks is likely in the short-run to generate negative economic impacts that depend on the banks’ choice of adjustment strategy. The negative GDP effect is greatest if the financial sector reduces leverage by reducing the value of its assets rather than raising its liabilities. The shock also leads to the financial sector changing its perceptions of risk, which reduces the size of the money multiplier and increases lending spreads. The transition to a higher leverage ratio also affect the transmission of monetary policy. Executing monetary policy effectively thus requires understanding how the financial sector is likely to meet the new requirements and how its perceptions of risk are affected.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"184 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49006057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.2012507
Thabang Ndlovu
Abstract This article sets out a comprehensive assessment of efficiency, productivity and returns to scale economies in South Africa’s Healthcare Insurance market for the period 2011 to 2017. Economic theory suggests that there exists a relationship between the level of competition and the overall level of efficiencies within a market. For the most part, market efficiencies will be positively correlated with the level of existing market competition. This has direct implications to South Africa’s private medical scheme industry, which according to the Competition Commission’s Health Market Inquiry resembles an uncompetitive market structure. Data Envelopment Analysis was employed while conducting the study in order to estimate efficiency scores and returns to scale for both open and restricted medical schemes. The Malmquist index was employed to assess medical scheme productivity growth whereas a truncated bootstrapped regression and a logistic regression technique was employed to identify the determinants of efficiency and the probability of operating under constant returns to scale. The empirical results reveal that open medical schemes tend to be more efficient than restricted medical schemes. More so, the empirical evidence reveals that there is room for improvement of efficiencies for both open and restricted medical schemes.
{"title":"Efficiency, productivity and returns to scale economies in South Africa’s healthcare insurance market","authors":"Thabang Ndlovu","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.2012507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.2012507","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article sets out a comprehensive assessment of efficiency, productivity and returns to scale economies in South Africa’s Healthcare Insurance market for the period 2011 to 2017. Economic theory suggests that there exists a relationship between the level of competition and the overall level of efficiencies within a market. For the most part, market efficiencies will be positively correlated with the level of existing market competition. This has direct implications to South Africa’s private medical scheme industry, which according to the Competition Commission’s Health Market Inquiry resembles an uncompetitive market structure. Data Envelopment Analysis was employed while conducting the study in order to estimate efficiency scores and returns to scale for both open and restricted medical schemes. The Malmquist index was employed to assess medical scheme productivity growth whereas a truncated bootstrapped regression and a logistic regression technique was employed to identify the determinants of efficiency and the probability of operating under constant returns to scale. The empirical results reveal that open medical schemes tend to be more efficient than restricted medical schemes. More so, the empirical evidence reveals that there is room for improvement of efficiencies for both open and restricted medical schemes.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"164 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41338609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.2012506
Lutho Mbekeni, A. Phiri
Abstract In this paper, we evaluate whether the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) has been successful at fulfilling its mandate of protecting the purchasing power of the country’s citizens. To this end, we use quarterly data covering the post-inflation targeting era of 2002:Q1 to 2019:Q4 to re-examine Fisher’s hypothesis for the South African economy by testing for stationarity in real interest rates. Our study makes three noteworthy empirical contributions. Firstly, we use survey-data measures of inflation expectations for different market participants in computing the real interest rate variable. Secondly, our inflation expectations variables are constructed in alignment with the inflation forecast horizons of 12–24 months as practiced by the SARB. Thirdly, we rely on the more powerful flexible Fourier unit root test in testing for integration properties of the real exchange rate. All-in-all, our findings highlight the Reserve Bank’s success in protecting the purchasing power of different economic agents particularly for periods subsequent to the crisis. Policy recommendations are also provided.
{"title":"Can the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) protect the interest earnings of savers/investors? A new look at Fisher’s hypothesis","authors":"Lutho Mbekeni, A. Phiri","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.2012506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.2012506","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we evaluate whether the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) has been successful at fulfilling its mandate of protecting the purchasing power of the country’s citizens. To this end, we use quarterly data covering the post-inflation targeting era of 2002:Q1 to 2019:Q4 to re-examine Fisher’s hypothesis for the South African economy by testing for stationarity in real interest rates. Our study makes three noteworthy empirical contributions. Firstly, we use survey-data measures of inflation expectations for different market participants in computing the real interest rate variable. Secondly, our inflation expectations variables are constructed in alignment with the inflation forecast horizons of 12–24 months as practiced by the SARB. Thirdly, we rely on the more powerful flexible Fourier unit root test in testing for integration properties of the real exchange rate. All-in-all, our findings highlight the Reserve Bank’s success in protecting the purchasing power of different economic agents particularly for periods subsequent to the crisis. Policy recommendations are also provided.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"149 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48373851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.1961422
T. Haque, M. Haque
Abstract This study deals with the labour force participation of Non-English-Speaking migrant women and draws a comparison with that of Australian-born women, using the 2016 Australian Confidentialised Unit Record File (CURF) Microdata based on a 1% sample from the Australian 2016 Census. A general probit model is used to estimate the probability of labour market participation of both groups, as well as for each of the groups separately, attributable to various factors. The results suggest that the participation rate of Non-English-Speaking migrant women (58.9%) is increasing over time, but is still much lower than for Australian-born women (69.5%), with the gap narrowing over time. Further, it also shows a reduced chance of participation in the labour market when they are old, married, and have children. However, Non-English-Speaking migrant women are more likely to participate than Australian-born women when they are old, married, and have children due to economic needs. Providing excellent English, education, recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences together with easy access to childcare might help Non-English-Speaking migrant women to further increase their chance of participation in the Australian labour market.
{"title":"The steady progress of Non-English-Speaking migrant women’s labour market participation in Australia","authors":"T. Haque, M. Haque","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.1961422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1961422","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study deals with the labour force participation of Non-English-Speaking migrant women and draws a comparison with that of Australian-born women, using the 2016 Australian Confidentialised Unit Record File (CURF) Microdata based on a 1% sample from the Australian 2016 Census. A general probit model is used to estimate the probability of labour market participation of both groups, as well as for each of the groups separately, attributable to various factors. The results suggest that the participation rate of Non-English-Speaking migrant women (58.9%) is increasing over time, but is still much lower than for Australian-born women (69.5%), with the gap narrowing over time. Further, it also shows a reduced chance of participation in the labour market when they are old, married, and have children. However, Non-English-Speaking migrant women are more likely to participate than Australian-born women when they are old, married, and have children due to economic needs. Providing excellent English, education, recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences together with easy access to childcare might help Non-English-Speaking migrant women to further increase their chance of participation in the Australian labour market.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"131 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42228452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.1978858
Umakrishnan Kollamparambil
Abstract This is the first study in South Africa analysing the impact of the child support grant (CSG) on higher-order fertility behaviour based on a nationally representative dataset. The study uses the fifth wave of national income dynamics study (NIDS) survey data covering women from age 15 to 58 years to undertake the propensity score matching technique to ascertain whether the CSG grant drives fertility behaviour. The findings indicate that, while the CSG does not have a significant impact on fertility rates among teen mothers, older mothers from the age of 20 upwards to 58 years receiving the CSG have significantly more children compared to those that do not receive the grant, even after controlling for other relevant precursors and factoring in self-selection issues. This study underscores the need to consider the perverse incentives while designing social policy.
{"title":"The child support grant and childbearing in South Africa: is there a case for a basic income grant?","authors":"Umakrishnan Kollamparambil","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.1978858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1978858","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This is the first study in South Africa analysing the impact of the child support grant (CSG) on higher-order fertility behaviour based on a nationally representative dataset. The study uses the fifth wave of national income dynamics study (NIDS) survey data covering women from age 15 to 58 years to undertake the propensity score matching technique to ascertain whether the CSG grant drives fertility behaviour. The findings indicate that, while the CSG does not have a significant impact on fertility rates among teen mothers, older mothers from the age of 20 upwards to 58 years receiving the CSG have significantly more children compared to those that do not receive the grant, even after controlling for other relevant precursors and factoring in self-selection issues. This study underscores the need to consider the perverse incentives while designing social policy.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"88 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44938096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.1980962
Jean-Louis Bago, E. Ouédraogo, Miaba Louise Lompo
Abstract Women remain disproportionately affected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is unanimous agreement on the positive impact of schooling in reducing the pandemic, measuring the extent of this impact remains empirically difficult. Using data from the 2018 round of Zambia’s Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), we took advantage of the free primary education reform that abolished school fees for grades one to six in 2002 to obtain an exogenous variation in women’s education levels. We estimate a three-equation model to assess consistent estimates of the impact of education on a woman’s probability to be HIV positive. When the problems of sample selection and endogeneity are not addressed, we find that the effect of education on HIV status is greatly underestimated. After controlling for these two sources of bias, the effect having a secondary education on the risk of being seropositive doubles when compared to the uncorrected results. This result suggests that women acquire agency through education to prevent HIV infection. Pathways to these effects include contraceptive use, the number of lifetime sexual partners and marital status. Hence, policy makers and practitioners in Zambia should invest substantial efforts in promoting girls’ education in order to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women.
{"title":"HIV among women: does education matter more than we previously thought?","authors":"Jean-Louis Bago, E. Ouédraogo, Miaba Louise Lompo","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.1980962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1980962","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Women remain disproportionately affected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is unanimous agreement on the positive impact of schooling in reducing the pandemic, measuring the extent of this impact remains empirically difficult. Using data from the 2018 round of Zambia’s Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), we took advantage of the free primary education reform that abolished school fees for grades one to six in 2002 to obtain an exogenous variation in women’s education levels. We estimate a three-equation model to assess consistent estimates of the impact of education on a woman’s probability to be HIV positive. When the problems of sample selection and endogeneity are not addressed, we find that the effect of education on HIV status is greatly underestimated. After controlling for these two sources of bias, the effect having a secondary education on the risk of being seropositive doubles when compared to the uncorrected results. This result suggests that women acquire agency through education to prevent HIV infection. Pathways to these effects include contraceptive use, the number of lifetime sexual partners and marital status. Hence, policy makers and practitioners in Zambia should invest substantial efforts in promoting girls’ education in order to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"71 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41691532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03796205.2021.1978859
Manuchehr Irandoust
Abstract This paper empirically examines the effects that host countries’ financial development (FD) has on foreign direct investment (FDI). The departure from earlier studies of the role of FD in attracting FDI is in the multidimensional FD index. Thus, this paper investigates the causal relationship between FDI and FD in eight post-communist countries. The bootstrap panel Granger causality approach is utilized to detect the direction of causality. The findings show that there is only a unidirectional causality running from FD to FDI in six countries out of eight under review. The policy implication of the findings is that countries wishing to attract more FDI should implement measures to improve access to external finance and this should be accompanied by a well-functioning and adequately regulated financial system.
{"title":"FDI and financial development: evidence from eight post-communist countries","authors":"Manuchehr Irandoust","doi":"10.1080/03796205.2021.1978859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1978859","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper empirically examines the effects that host countries’ financial development (FD) has on foreign direct investment (FDI). The departure from earlier studies of the role of FD in attracting FDI is in the multidimensional FD index. Thus, this paper investigates the causal relationship between FDI and FD in eight post-communist countries. The bootstrap panel Granger causality approach is utilized to detect the direction of causality. The findings show that there is only a unidirectional causality running from FD to FDI in six countries out of eight under review. The policy implication of the findings is that countries wishing to attract more FDI should implement measures to improve access to external finance and this should be accompanied by a well-functioning and adequately regulated financial system.","PeriodicalId":55873,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics","volume":"45 1","pages":"102 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47494701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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