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NIGERIA: RELIGIOUS CONFLICT AND THE BOKO HARAM 尼日利亚:宗教冲突和博科圣地
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.37.1
Michael Aondona Chiangi
"Religious conflicts have increased interfaith suspicion between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria with each group being determined to outshine the other in the propagation of its religious beliefs. In fact, even Islamic sect Boko Haram was formed on the belief in the superiority of Islam as a monotheistic religion and with a divine mandate to purge Islam of Western influences. This paper examines the complex issues surrounding the advent of the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria. It argues that religious conflict in Nigeria results from the propagation of radicalized exegeses and the use of religious sentiments for gain political advantage. Government’s failure to act decisively also accounts for religious conflict in Nigeria and the Boko Haram in particular. Keywords: Boko Haram, conflict, religion, ideology, violence, Islam."
“宗教冲突增加了尼日利亚基督徒和穆斯林之间的信仰间怀疑,每个群体都决心在其宗教信仰的传播中胜过其他群体。事实上,即使是伊斯兰教派博科圣地也是基于对伊斯兰教作为一神教的优越性的信仰而形成的,其神圣使命是清除伊斯兰教对西方的影响这是围绕着博科圣地教派在尼日利亚出现的复杂问题。它认为,尼日利亚的宗教冲突是由激进的exeges的传播和利用宗教情绪获取政治优势造成的。政府未能果断采取行动也造成了尼日利亚的宗教冲突,尤其是博科圣地。关键词:博科圣地,冲突,宗教,意识形态,暴力,伊斯兰教。“
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引用次数: 0
UZBEKISTAN: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OFFICIAL DISCOURSE ON TERRORISM 乌兹别克斯坦:对官方关于恐怖主义言论的批判性分析
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-10-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.37.2
Tribedi Chutia
Since its independence, Uzbekistan has often portrayed terrorism as one of the gravest threats to its sovereignty, integrity, unity, and internal stability. Uzbekistan’s authoritarian regime has been perceived endorsing and executing a series of counter-terrorism policies to exorcise this hazardous threat that includes all possible tactics for eliminating terrorism from the respective region. Unlike the state’s proclamation about the increasing gravity of the terrorist threat, some international human right organizations and Central Asian experts depict an opposite picture of it. They are seen to be very critical of the state’s exaggerated version of the terrorist threat and question the state’s intention behind such projection. This paper makes a systematic effort to critically examine how Uzbekistan’s authoritarian leaders have constructed official discourse on terrorism, taking into consideration the social, political and economic context of the region. The paper also examines the authenticity of the state’s continuous projection of terrorism to be one of the gravest threats to the sovereignty and integrity of the region by incorporating and analyzing a detailed account of the terrorist acts that have taken place in Uzbekistan since 1991 to 2018. Finally, the paper also explains why the Uzbek authoritarian regime is keen to construct terrorism to be one of the most dangerous threats to the state. Keywords: terrorism, Uzbekistan, Counterterrorism Act, security, non-state actor
自独立以来,乌兹别克斯坦经常将恐怖主义描述为对其主权、完整、统一和内部稳定的最严重威胁之一。乌兹别克斯坦的独裁政权被认为支持并执行了一系列反恐政策,以消除这种危险的威胁,其中包括在各自地区消除恐怖主义的所有可能策略。与该国关于恐怖威胁日益严重的声明不同,一些国际人权组织和中亚专家描绘了相反的情况。他们被认为对该国夸大的恐怖威胁持非常批评的态度,并质疑该国这种预测背后的意图。本文系统地考察了乌兹别克斯坦独裁领导人是如何在考虑该地区社会、政治和经济背景的情况下构建关于恐怖主义的官方话语的。该文件还通过纳入和分析乌兹别克斯坦自1991年至2018年以来发生的恐怖行为的详细描述,审查了该国不断预测恐怖主义是对该地区主权和完整的最严重威胁之一的真实性。最后,本文还解释了为什么乌兹别克斯坦独裁政权热衷于将恐怖主义视为对国家最危险的威胁之一。关键词:恐怖主义,乌兹别克斯坦,反恐法,安全,非国家行为者
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引用次数: 0
SYRIA: TERRORISM AS A CATALYST FOR PROXY WAR – THE CASE OF THE CIVIL WAR 叙利亚:恐怖主义是代理人战争的催化剂&以叙利亚内战为例
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.2
Patrycja Patrycja
The general meaning of “proxy war” is the pursuit of one’s interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye’s concept of “smart power” and the notions of “proxy war” and “proxy activities”. The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. Keywords: proxy war, Middle East, soft power, hard power, Daesh, Syria
“代理人战争”的一般含义是为了追求自己的利益而剥削其他行为者。为此采取的措施可以通过两种方式实施:通过硬实力和软实力。就打击恐怖主义组织的活动而言,可以看出,自身利益高于打击恐怖主义的努力。叙利亚内战和恐怖组织的活动已成为全球大国更多参与争取在该国影响力斗争的理由。本文旨在展示全球和地区大国以及其他国家行为者在打击恐怖主义的幌子下为维护权力和影响力而采取的行动。本文分为理论和实践两个部分。理论部分讨论了与约瑟法·奈的“智能权力”概念以及“代理人战争”和“代理人活动”概念有关的方面。实务部分讨论了国际行为者通过正式参与在叙利亚境内打击达伊什的斗争来追求其利益的活动。关键词:代理人战争,中东,软实力,硬实力,代什,叙利亚
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引用次数: 0
ETHIOPIA: TRUMP’S SECURITIZATION ‘SPEECH ACT’ ON THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM (GERD). A RISK ON THE ETHIOPIA-EGYPT WATER DIPLOMACY 埃塞俄比亚:特朗普关于埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝的证券化言论法案。埃塞俄比亚-埃及水外交的风险
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.5
Nigusu Adem Yimer, Turgut Subaşı
The involvement of the United States in the negotiation process of the GERD was taken as a good step forward to end the belligerent water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia. However, America’s peace proposal which is named ‘the Trump deal’ ends up further complicating the two countries water diplomacy. Trump’s securitization ‘speech act’ calling Egypt to ‘blow up’ Ethiopia’s dam further escalated the risk of water war between the two states. Eventually, the Trump lead negotiation eroded the perception that the United States would generate a good proposal to halt the belligerency of the Ethio-Egypt relations. This article is intended to chart a new insight on the following questions: given the unpleasant water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia how ‘the Trump deal’ and securitization ‘speech act’ further complicated the matter? Why President Trump worked in securitizing the construction of the GERD on the Blue Nile? And how does the nature of securitization and counter-securitization activities worked in the water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia? In the process of analysis the Copenhagen School (CS) concept of securitization is employed. Keywords: Egypt, Ethiopia, Nile, Dam, Trump, Securitization.
美国参与GERD的谈判进程是朝着结束埃及和埃塞俄比亚之间好战的水外交迈出的良好一步。然而,被称为“特朗普协议”的美国和平提议最终使两国的水外交进一步复杂化。特朗普的证券化“演讲法案”呼吁埃及“炸毁”埃塞俄比亚的大坝,进一步加剧了两国之间爆发水战的风险。最终,特朗普领导的谈判削弱了人们的看法,即美国将提出一个好提议,以结束埃埃关系的好战状态。本文旨在对以下问题提出新的见解:鉴于埃及和埃塞俄比亚之间令人不快的水外交,“特朗普交易”和证券化“言论行为”如何使问题进一步复杂化?为什么特朗普总统致力于将青尼罗河上的GERD建设证券化?证券化和反证券化活动的性质在埃及和埃塞俄比亚之间的水外交中是如何起作用的?在分析过程中,采用了哥本哈根学派的证券化概念。关键词:埃及,埃塞俄比亚,尼罗河,大坝,特朗普,证券化
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引用次数: 1
ETHIOPIA: TOMO – INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM OF THE BENC COMMUNITY 埃塞俄比亚:tomo - benc社区的土著冲突解决机制
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.6
T. Wondimu
Tomo indigenous conflict resolution approach is practiced by the Benč ethnic group and their neighboring communities within the southwestern fringe of Ethiopia. As an indigenous apparatus, the Tomo approach exhibits spirituality through blessing and cursing which are directed against the accused based on complying or contravening the very indigenous dispute management rules and regulations. The objective of this study was exploring the custom through which the studied community deals with conflict by using the indigenous Tomo approach. In pursuit of this objective, the researcher utilized a qualitative approach, particularly phenomenology. In terms of data collection tools, the researcher used key-informant interview with selected Benč ritual leaders, non-participant observation on Tomo adjudication sessions and critical document analysis. Built up on such data sources, the findings of the study discovered five inferences. First, regardless of the fact that Tomo is an indigenous approach owed by Benč communities, none of the Benč neighboring communities make use ofit. Secondly, the majority of cases seen by Tomo institution are issues that deify credible eyewitness and are cumbersome for verification and/or falsification within the mainstream court system. Thirdly, unlike the habitual Tomo practice within the Benč community, contemporary Tomo exhibits two conflicting formality and informality characteristics. Due to its semi-formal nature, contemporary Tomo ritual leaders notify charges against the presumed wrongdoer by sending an invitation letter for the accused to attend the charges against him/her, comparable with formal courts. Contrary to this formality, contemporary Tomo is also characterized by informality due to the fact that verdicts given against the perpetrator are passed through ritual cursing just like the habitual Tomo. Furthermore, identical with the habitual Tomo practice, cursing within contemporary Tomo goes the presumed wrongdoer including his/her family up to some future generations along with those who feast and bury the presumed wrongdoer. Overall, contemporary Tomo has terrifying delinquency deterring outcome along with the accustomed indigenous conflict resolution mechanism features. Keywords: conflict, conflict resolution, indigenous conflict resolution, Tomo.
埃塞俄比亚西南部边缘的本奇族及其邻近社区采用了托莫土著冲突解决方法。作为一种土著机构,Tomo方法通过祝福和诅咒来展示精神,这些祝福和诅咒是基于遵守或违反土著争议管理规则和条例而针对被告的。本研究的目的是探索被研究社区使用土著Tomo方法处理冲突的习俗。为了追求这一目标,研究者采用了定性的方法,特别是现象学。在数据收集工具方面,研究人员使用了对选定的Benč仪式领导人的关键线人访谈、对Tomo裁决会议的非参与者观察和关键文件分析。基于这些数据来源,研究结果发现了五个推论。首先,尽管Tomo是Benč社区的一种土著方法,但Benč的邻近社区都没有使用它。其次,Tomo机构看到的大多数案件都是将可信的目击者神化的问题,并且在主流法院系统中难以核实和/或伪造。第三,与Benč社区内习惯性的托莫实践不同,当代托莫表现出两种相互冲突的正式性和非正式性特征。由于其半正式性质,当代的Tomo仪式领导人通过向被告发送邀请函来通知对推定违法者的指控,让被告参加对他的指控,这与正式法庭相当。与这种形式相反,当代的托莫也具有非正式的特征,因为对犯罪者的判决是通过仪式诅咒来传递的,就像习惯的托莫一样。此外,与Tomo的习惯做法相同,在当代Tomo中,诅咒被认为是作恶者的人,包括他/她的家人,直到后代,以及那些宴请和埋葬被认为是犯法者的人。总的来说,当代Tomo具有可怕的犯罪威慑结果,以及习惯的土著冲突解决机制特征。关键词:冲突,冲突解决,土著冲突解决,Tomo。
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引用次数: 0
PALESTINE: POPULAR NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE. DEBATING TERMINOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTING PARADIGMS 巴勒斯坦:民众非暴力抵抗。辩论术语和构建范式
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.3
Abdeleahman Nazzal, A. Yousef
The main goal of this research paper is to examine the core role of popular nonviolent resistance in transforming the Israeli Palestinian conflict through all available peaceful means. We have deeply gone through different definitions of nonviolence as an international concept and we explored the various historical stages and prominent stations of this type of nonviolence. To elaborate more on this goal, we can say that the strategic aim is to bridge the gap between theories and approaches of conflict transformations and the current study of peaceful resistance. Nonviolence is one strategic options for the Palestinians if we realize that the political alternatives and narrow and limited. Methodology adopted in this research is primarily qualitative with analytical and empirical connotations and implications, we relied on both primary and secondary data to reach the final results and conclusions. As far the final findings are concerned, this paper concluded that there is a gap between nonviolence peaceful resistance in the field in one hand and the decision makers on the other hand. There is a gap those who practiced or who embraced nonviolence as strategic resistance and those who put political goals and practiced political leadership. There is a lack of a proper understanding of peaceful nonviolent resistance and its role in liberating and emancipating Palestine from the occupation. Keywords: nonviolence, occupation, popular resistance, Gandhian model.
本研究论文的主要目的是考察通过一切可用的和平手段转变巴以冲突的大众非暴力抵抗的核心作用。我们深入探讨了非暴力作为一个国际概念的不同定义,并探讨了这种非暴力的不同历史阶段和突出地位。为了更详细地阐述这一目标,我们可以说,战略目标是弥合冲突转变的理论和方法与当前和平抵抗研究之间的差距。非暴力是巴勒斯坦人的一个战略选择,如果我们意识到政治选择是狭隘和有限的。本研究采用的方法主要是定性的,具有分析和实证的内涵和含义,我们依靠一手和二手数据来得出最终的结果和结论。就最终的研究结果而言,本文的结论是,在非暴力和平抵抗领域,一方面是决策者,另一方面是决策者。那些实践或接受非暴力作为战略抵抗的人与那些制定政治目标并实践政治领导的人之间存在差距。人们对和平非暴力抵抗及其在将巴勒斯坦从占领中解放出来中的作用缺乏适当的理解。关键词:非暴力,占领,民众抵抗,甘地模式。
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引用次数: 0
ETHIOPIA: ABEGAR INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION SYSTEM – COMMUNITY BASED RECONCILIATION 埃塞俄比亚:阿贝加土著冲突解决体系&基于社区的和解
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.4
Benyam Lake Yimer
Reconciliation is inevitable for restoring harmony among a society and making peaceful interaction between those who are at variance. The main objective of this study is to investigate the Abegar indigenous conflict resolution system based on community reconciliation in Haberu Woreda, North Wollo. This study employs a qualitative research design and descriptive nature. The study collected primary data from different informants by employing such qualitative data collection techniques as the interview, focus group discussions and observation. The finding of the study revealed that Abegars indigenous conflict resolution system aims at the restoration of order and harmony of the community. The types of conflicts presented and resolved in the community are inter-personal, homicide, inter-group in nature which stemmed from abduction of girls and women, violation of social values, theft, conflict over claims of a girl, competition over ownership of land, and drunkenness. The findings further show that family reconciliation, blood reconciliation (demmaderk) and compensation performance are the major community reconciliation procedures (methods) of conflict management used by the studied community depending on the nature and types of conflicts. Moreover, the ritual ceremony has symbolic and practical significance to established trust between conflicting parties that their relationship is restored. Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Indigenous, Reconciliation, Community
和解对于恢复社会和谐和在不同群体之间进行和平互动是不可避免的。本研究的主要目的是调查北沃洛Haberu Woreda基于社区和解的Abegar土著冲突解决系统。本研究采用定性研究设计和描述性研究。该研究采用访谈、焦点小组讨论和观察等定性数据收集技术,从不同的信息提供者那里收集了初步数据。研究结果表明,Abegars的土著冲突解决系统旨在恢复社区的秩序和和谐。社区中出现和解决的冲突类型包括人与人之间的冲突、杀人冲突、因绑架女孩和妇女而产生的群体间冲突、违反社会价值观的冲突、盗窃冲突、争夺土地所有权的冲突以及醉酒。研究结果进一步表明,根据冲突的性质和类型,家庭和解、血液和解和补偿绩效是被研究社区使用的冲突管理的主要社区和解程序(方法)。此外,仪式对于在冲突各方之间建立信任,恢复他们的关系具有象征意义和现实意义。关键词:冲突解决、土著人、和解、社区
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引用次数: 3
NIGERIA: FACE ACTS IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION TELEVISION PROGRAM. THE CASE OF IGBIMO IPETU 尼日利亚:在替代性争端解决电视节目中面对行为。IGBIMO IPETU案例
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.24193/csq.36.1
T. Ajayi, O. Ajayi, Rahidat Temitope Fashina
The concept of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has largely been under explored from the linguistic lens, particularly in the Nigerian context. This study thus provides a scholarly intervention in this regard. Drawing insights from Brown and Levinson’s face theory, four randomly sampled recordings of Ìgbìmo Ìpètù, an alternative dispute resolution television programme on the Ekiti State Television (EKTV) in southwestern Nigeria was analysed in this study. Focus was placed on the face acts as well as their pragmatic functions in the programme. Findings revealed that bald on-record face-threatening acts (FTA), bald off-record FTA and positive face acts characterized the discursive interaction of participants on the programme. While bald onrecord and off-record FTAs were deployed by the panel to criticize and condemn actions considered unsavory on the part of complainants and the accused, complainants and accused persons deployed on-record FTAs to protest/redress the panel’s decisions found unacceptable. The panel used positive face acts as a general principle in the interaction, particularly with cooperative accused persons, while accused persons deployed positive face acts to negotiate the discursive interaction and for face-damage repair. Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution, dispute and media, face acts.
替代性争议解决(ADR)的概念在很大程度上从语言学的角度进行了探索,特别是在尼日利亚的背景下。因此,本研究在这方面提供了一个学术干预。借鉴Brown和Levinson的面部理论,本研究分析了尼日利亚西南部Ekiti国家电视台(EKTV)的替代性争议解决电视节目Ìgbìmo Ìpètù的四个随机抽样录音。重点放在面部动作及其在节目中的实用功能上。研究发现,参与者的话语互动主要表现为公开威胁脸行为、公开威胁脸行为和正面威胁脸行为。虽然专家组使用公开和非公开自由贸易协定来批评和谴责投诉人和被告认为令人不快的行为,但投诉人和被告使用公开自由贸易协定来抗议/纠正专家组认为不可接受的决定。小组使用正面面对行为作为互动中的一般原则,特别是与合作的被告,而被告则使用正面面对行为来协商话语互动和修复面部损伤。关键词:替代性纠纷解决、纠纷与媒介、面子行为
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引用次数: 0
PALESTINE: RECONCILIATION AND PEACEBUILDING. PERSPECTIVES FROM THE CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS 巴勒斯坦:和解与建设和平。民间社会组织视角
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.24193/csq.35.6
A. Yousef, S. Özçelik
This research paper aims to shed light on the theoretical perspectives and operational approaches adopted by the Palestinian civil society organization in connection with the peacebuilding and reconciliation process in the Palestinian context. The research question is what are the different moves, debates, and initiatives taken by the Palestinian civil society organizations to put an end to the conflict? Why could not they succeed or produce tangible results in fulfilling this goal? The first part of the paper considers debates, contexts, and developments of civil society organizations, in general, and Palestine, in particular, as well as their roles on political, national, cultural, and developmental levels. Civil society deepens its peaceful intervention in many developed and developing countries to build domestic peace and achieve reconciliation, along with other tasks and duties. Palestine’s case is not an exception but a unique case since the independent sovereign state of Palestine does not exist on the ground. The second part aims to deeply analyze the roles of civil society in the reconciliation process and to assess why this process failed to produce fruitful results until now. To use narrative methodologies, the paper collects primary data through structured interviews and the focus group. Interviews were conducted with the cadres and activists in the Palestinian civil society and other professionals and experts in this field. The last part concludes that civil society, especially among the youth, is necessary for reconciliation not only between Israeli and Palestinians but also within the Palestinians as well. Keywords: Civil Society, Peacebuilding, Israel, Palestine, conflict.
本研究文件旨在阐明巴勒斯坦民间社会组织在巴勒斯坦背景下建设和平与和解进程中所采取的理论观点和行动方法。研究问题是,巴勒斯坦民间社会组织为结束冲突采取了哪些不同的行动、辩论和倡议?为什么他们不能在实现这一目标方面取得成功或产生实际成果?论文的第一部分考虑了民间社会组织,特别是巴勒斯坦的辩论、背景和发展,以及它们在政治、国家、文化和发展层面上的作用。民间社会深化对许多发达国家和发展中国家的和平干预,以建设国内和平并实现和解,同时承担其他任务和职责。巴勒斯坦的情况并非例外,而是一个独特的情况,因为当地并不存在独立的主权巴勒斯坦国。第二部分旨在深入分析民间社会在和解进程中的作用,并评估这一进程迄今未能取得丰硕成果的原因。为了使用叙述方法,本文通过结构化访谈和焦点小组收集了主要数据。采访了巴勒斯坦民间社会的干部和积极分子以及该领域的其他专业人员和专家。最后一部分的结论是,民间社会,特别是青年社会,不仅对以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的和解,而且对巴勒斯坦人内部的和解都是必要的。关键词:民间社会、建设和平、以色列、巴勒斯坦、冲突。
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引用次数: 0
NIGERIA: RESOURCE CONFLICTS AND RURALITY. IMPLICATIONS ON HERITAGE ASSETS 尼日利亚:资源冲突和农村。对文物的影响
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.24193/csq.35.4
E. Nwankwo, Halilu Aishat
Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has been ravaged by various categories of resource conflicts with consequential effects on rurality. These conflicts have caused untold hardship on rural communities in Nigeria to the extent that some of the communities have been deserted for safety elsewhere. These rural communities have valued heritage assets where they had leveraged on for meaningful socioeconomic recovery. This study was aimed at identifying these resource conflicts and their impacts on heritage assets in rural Nigeria. However, resource conflicts like Boko Haram, militancy, herdsmen, banditry, and communal conflicts were identified. Evidences show that these conflicts obliterate tangible and intangible heritage assets of rural communities in Nigeria, with correspondence effect on heritage transfer through memory loss. Effective international support among others was recommended as a possible option. This study has implications for the understanding of further effects of resource conflicts on rurality in Nigeria. Keywords: Resource conflicts; heritage assets; heritage preservation; rural communities; conflict theory
自1960年独立以来,尼日利亚一直受到各种资源冲突的蹂躏,对农村产生了相应的影响。这些冲突给尼日利亚农村社区造成了难以形容的困难,以至于一些社区被遗弃到其他地方寻求安全。这些农村社区重视遗产资产,他们利用这些遗产实现了有意义的社会经济复苏。本研究旨在确定这些资源冲突及其对尼日利亚农村遗产资产的影响。然而,资源冲突,如博科圣地、武装、牧民、土匪和社区冲突被确定。有证据表明,这些冲突摧毁了尼日利亚农村社区的有形和无形遗产资产,并通过记忆丧失对遗产转移产生相应影响。除其他外,建议将有效的国际支助作为一种可能的选择。本研究对理解资源冲突对尼日利亚农村的进一步影响具有启示意义。关键词:资源冲突;遗产资产;遗产保护;农村社区;冲突理论
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引用次数: 0
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Conflict Studies Quarterly
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