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Government bureaucrats and ethical conduct in Nigeria’s fourth republic: Implications for good governance 尼日利亚第四共和国的政府官僚和道德行为:对善治的启示
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i42022.396-406
S. Oni, C. O. Abasili, Moyosoluwa Dele-Dada, C. Osarumwense
The recognition that ethical conduct is fundamental to accountability, transparency, fairness, equity, and quality service delivery which are the cornerstones of good governance is the reason for rules and regulations in the Nigerian government’s bureaucracy. This governmental administrative machinery, however, continues to face a crucial challenge of inefficiency and unethical practices. This study interrogates how ethical conducts in Nigerian Civil Service have impacted the country’s quest for good governance. The study anchors on the Weberian bureaucratic theory and engaged secondary data from fifty-one (51) articles gathered and analyzed using systematic review (SR) conducted between August 2021 and February, 2022. Findings reveal the misdemeanor and objectionable manifestations among civil servants despite legal instruments, efforts and reforms by the various successive governments aimed at repositioning it for effective and efficient service delivery. The consequence is the continuous weakening of public institutions, collapse of infrastructures, public distrust of government agencies and a sense of despair by the public. The study argues that building a vibrant civil society through public enlightenment and active and independent media is necessary to perform the crucial oversight role on civil servants in the country. This is pivotal to achieving the much needed good governance in the country.
认识到道德行为是问责制、透明度、公平、公平和优质服务提供的基础,而这些是良好治理的基石,这就是尼日利亚政府官僚机构制定规章制度的原因。然而,这一政府行政机构继续面临效率低下和不道德做法的重大挑战。本研究探讨了尼日利亚公务员的道德行为如何影响了该国对善治的追求。该研究以韦伯官僚主义理论为基础,并采用了从2021年8月至2022年2月期间进行的系统回顾(SR)收集和分析的51篇文章中的二手数据。调查结果显示,尽管有法律文书,历届政府努力和改革,旨在重新定位公务员,以便有效和高效地提供服务,但公务员中仍有轻罪和令人反感的表现。其后果是公共机构的不断削弱、基础设施的崩溃、公众对政府机构的不信任以及公众的绝望感。该研究认为,通过公众启蒙和积极独立的媒体建立一个充满活力的公民社会,是对该国公务员发挥关键监督作用的必要条件。这对于在该国实现急需的善治至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Non-governmental organizations coalition in influencing global agenda 影响全球议程的非政府组织联盟
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i42022.422-432
Anthony Eniayejuni, Shona Olalere, Eugene Obiora Eugene
This study aims to show how a coalition of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can influence the human rights agenda. This study relies on the advocacy coalition Framework (ACF) assumption that multiple varieties of actors involved in the policy process may combine to form coalitions. This study examines how Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch (HRW), and the International Crisis Group (ICG) formed a coalition to advocate for measures to address humanitarian crises in Sri Lanka and Darfur. This study employed qualitative research methods and relied on secondary sources related to the topic. The findings show that a coalition formed by human rights organizations can influence policies adopted by the international community and can also influence actions taken by national communities. This study concludes that just as states need to form a coalition with other states or work as “allies” to promote human rights on a national and global level, NGOs also function in a similar manner.
本研究旨在展示非政府组织联盟如何影响人权议程。这项研究依赖于倡导联盟框架(ACF)的假设,即参与政策过程的多种行为者可能会联合起来形成联盟。这项研究考察了大赦国际、人权观察和国际危机组织如何组成联盟,倡导采取措施解决斯里兰卡和达尔富尔的人道主义危机。本研究采用了定性研究方法,并依赖于与该主题相关的次要来源。研究结果表明,人权组织组成的联盟可以影响国际社会采取的政策,也可以影响国家社区采取的行动。这项研究得出的结论是,正如各国需要与其他国家结成联盟或作为“盟友”在国家和全球层面促进人权一样,非政府组织也以类似的方式发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants influencing performance of employees in public organizations: The case of Ho Chi Minh City 影响公共组织员工绩效的决定因素:以胡志明市为例
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i42022.407-421
N. Son, Pham Thao Vy
Ho Chi Minh City is a socioeconomic center in Vietnam with more than 122,111 public employees estimated in 2020. With the purpose of increasing performance of public servants, the research concentrates on public employees' perception of factors affecting their performance in the public sector in this city. From April 1st to April 30th, 331 survey forms were delivered to the low and middle public employees by two ways including 251 online and 80 offline surveys. Only 256 questionnaires were considered appropriate for analysis. The research used a quantitative approach and utilized descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, EFA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression via SPSS version 20. This study show that there is a statistically significant (0.05) relationship between the factors of recruitment and selection process, leadership, organizational culture, and reward management have a statistically significant impact on employee performance while there was no evidence to depict any association between working environment, training and development, and employee performance (p > 0.05). This study concludes that more attention and readjustment to reward management factors, organizational culture, recruitment and selection processes, and leadership are able to improve employee performance in public organizations.
胡志明市是越南的社会经济中心,2020年估计有超过122111名公职人员。为了提高公务员的绩效,本研究集中于公务员对影响其在本市公共部门绩效的因素的感知。从4月1日到4月30日,共通过两种方式向中低收入公务员发放了331份调查表,其中251份是在线调查,80份是线下调查。只有256份问卷被认为适合进行分析。该研究采用定量方法,并通过SPSS版本20使用描述性统计、可靠性分析、EFA、Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归。本研究表明,招聘和选拔过程、领导力、组织文化和奖励管理等因素对员工绩效的影响具有统计学意义(0.05),而没有证据表明工作环境、培训和发展之间存在任何关联,以及员工绩效(p>0.05)。本研究得出结论,更多地关注和调整奖励管理因素、组织文化、招聘和选拔流程以及领导力能够提高公共组织中的员工绩效。
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引用次数: 0
Digital educative public message: Health protocol awareness at pandemic COVID-19 periods (Instagram feeds @humasprovjatim) 数字教育公共信息:COVID-19大流行期间的卫生协议意识(Instagram动态@humasprovjatim)
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.380-395
Jokhanan Kristiyono, Delmarrich Bilga Ayu Permatasari, Julyanto Ekantoro, F. Roosinda
Dissemination of information related to the issues of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Instagram account @humasprovjatim is interesting to study because of understanding the meaning and motives behind educational messages conveyed through the Instagram account @humasprovjatim. It can form awareness regarding health protocols during the pandemic and post-COVID-19 pandemic to realize changes in attitudes, behavior, and healthy lifestyles that reduce the spread of COVID-19. This study aims to analyze educational messages aware of health protocols on the Instagram account of Public Relations (PR) of East Java Province (@humasprovjatim). This study used content analysis methods with Pentad’s Dramatic Analysis. The object studied was educational messages from the PR Instagram feed in March-December 2020. Result of this research is the dramatic rhetoric in the content of the Instagram feed by the PR of the province of East Java. The Instagram media is a rhetorical stage in conveying the message of community life in dealing with COVID-19. Conclusion of this research is that there is an important role for packaging content on their Instagram. The results of this study explain that the PR Instagram account is a stage where a "show" occurs which is considered capable of bridging the government to build educational messages regarding the health protocols presented in such a way to the public.
在Instagram账号@humasprovjatim上传播与新冠肺炎疫情相关的信息是一项有趣的研究,因为它了解了通过Instagram账号@mumaasprovjaTim传递的教育信息背后的含义和动机。它可以在大流行期间和新冠肺炎大流行后形成对健康协议的认识,以实现态度、行为和健康生活方式的改变,从而减少新冠肺炎的传播。本研究旨在分析东爪哇省公共关系(PR)Instagram账户(@humasprovjatim)上关于健康协议的教育信息。本研究采用内容分析法和Pentad的戏剧分析法。研究对象是2020年3月至12月来自公关Instagram的教育信息。这项研究的结果是东爪哇省公共关系部在Instagram推送内容中的戏剧性修辞。Instagram媒体是传达应对新冠肺炎社区生活信息的修辞舞台。这项研究的结论是,在他们的Instagram上包装内容具有重要作用。这项研究的结果解释说,公关Instagram账户是一个“表演”的阶段,它被认为能够连接政府,以这种方式向公众传播有关健康协议的教育信息。
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引用次数: 0
Securitization: Terrorism prevention policy in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi 证券化:中苏拉威西Poso Regency的恐怖主义预防政策
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.364-379
G. Kambo
The existence of terrorism in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi is triggered by a communal conflict among religions since 2000. A series of acts of terrorism have disrupted the regulation of government and public order and security, so that the regional government carried out special handling of this case. The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of terrorism prevention carried out by the regional government in Poso Regency. This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach to conduct an in-depth descriptive study regarding the pattern of strengthening the terrorism prevention policy and its follow-up. In analyzing this case, this study used the concept of securitization developed by Buzan (1991) through the principles of social, economic, and political security. The results of the study showed that the regional government has made efforts to prevent acts of terrorism by (1) Strengthening the Early Detection of Terrorism Tendency Program, (2) Strengthening the Religious Harmony Program, (3) Strengthening the Community Social Life Program, (4) Strengthening the Entrepreneurship Program that covers various activities, including; establishing Village of Harmony and Early Awareness Forum, carrying out counseling on Pancasila values, providing social assistance and entrepreneurship training for the poor and families of ex-terrorism convicts. This study concludes that the regional government has made systematic efforts with a securitization approach in a strict security pattern with community involvement.
在苏拉威西岛中部的波索摄政,恐怖主义的存在是由2000年以来宗教之间的社区冲突引发的。一系列的恐怖主义行为扰乱了政府的监管和公共秩序和安全,因此地区政府对此案进行了特别处理。本研究的目的是分析Poso摄政地区政府开展的恐怖主义预防模式。本研究采用定性方法结合案例研究的方法,对加强恐怖主义防范政策的模式及其后续行动进行了深入的描述性研究。在分析这一案例时,本研究使用了Buzan(1991)通过社会、经济和政治安全原则提出的证券化概念。研究结果表明,自治区政府为防止恐怖主义行为采取了以下措施:(1)加强早期发现恐怖主义倾向计划;(2)加强宗教和谐计划;(3)加强社区社会生活计划;(4)加强涵盖各种活动的创业计划,包括;建立和谐村和早期意识论坛,开展潘卡西拉价值观咨询,为贫困人口和前恐怖主义罪犯家属提供社会援助和创业培训。本研究认为,区域政府在严格的安全模式下,在社区参与下,采取了系统的证券化措施。
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引用次数: 1
The role of principal transformational leadership based on Lonto Leok culture Manggarai community for strengthening student character 基于Lonto Leok文化的校长转型领导在培养学生品格中的作用
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.321-338
Piet A. Sahertian, Yulius Rustan Effendi
The role of the principal is crucial to optimize the implementation of the student character strengthening program. Unfortunately, the role of the principal is experiencing obstacles because he has not found the appropriate form of role and approach to make the student character strengthening program effective. This study examines the principal's transformational leadership role based on a local cultural system. A qualitative approach is used in this study, the case study design with the subjects studied were school principals. Participants in this study include three principals, three senior teachers, one parent, and one cultural figure. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies to achieve the research objectives. Data analysis employed a modified analytical analysis method. Meanwhile, the validity of the data was based on the level of credibility, transferability, dependence, and confirmability. The study results prove that the principal's transformational leadership role with a local cultural approach has a positive impact on the optimization of character strengthening programs and positive changes in students' moral behavior. The study concludes that the transformational leadership role of local culture-based principals impacts optimizing student character strengthening programs.
校长的角色对于优化学生品格强化计划的实施至关重要。不幸的是,校长的角色遇到了障碍,因为他没有找到合适的角色形式和方法来使学生的性格强化项目有效。本研究考察了基于地方文化体系的校长变革型领导角色。本研究采用质性研究方法,个案研究设计以学校校长为研究对象。本研究的参与者包括三位校长、三位资深教师、一位家长和一位文化人物。通过深度访谈、参与观察、文献研究等方式收集数据,达到研究目的。数据分析采用改进的分析分析方法。同时,数据的有效性基于可信度、可转移性、依赖性和可确认性的水平。研究结果证明,校长的变革型领导角色与地方文化方式对人格强化项目的优化和学生道德行为的积极变化具有积极的影响。本研究发现,地方文化校长的变革型领导角色对优化学生性格强化计划有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the leadership behaviors of millennial community leaders during the pandemic: The Case of the Science City of Muñoz in the Philippines 探讨千禧一代社区领袖在疫情期间的领导行为:以菲律宾穆尼奥斯科学城为例
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.265-281
Olive Chester M. Cuya-Antonio, Arneil G. Gabriel, Corinthian M. Obispo, Feliciana P. Jacoba, Sanjay P. Claudio
Millennials are those born between the late 1980s and late 1990s. They are individuals who are comfortable in the use of technology giving them competitive advantage in the global workforce. Surprisingly, despite their significant number in the workforce, there is a dearth of study on millennial leadership styles. This study examines the millennial community leaders in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It employed exploratory descriptive-qualitative research method. Sixteen millennial community leaders in the Science City of Muñoz in the Philippines and twelve citizens and subordinates participated in the study. The basis of analysis is the Responsible Leadership for Performance framework. The findings showed that responsibility and accountability to their tasks and functions are common traits of millennial community leaders during pandemic. They are perceived to possess attributes such as: people-centered, honest, reliable, just, approachable, responsible, affirmative, pure-hearted, and hardworking during pandemic. The study confirmed that millennials’ technological inclination, their ideals and aspirations are shaped by their socio-historical background. Though lacking of experience and resources, they compensate it with strong mind and heart to lead the community in its response to pandemic emergencies.
千禧一代是指上世纪80年代末至90年代末出生的人。他们是在使用技术方面感到舒适的人,这使他们在全球劳动力中具有竞争优势。令人惊讶的是,尽管千禧一代的人数众多,但对他们领导风格的研究却很少。本研究调查了2019冠状病毒病大流行期间菲律宾的千禧一代社区领导人。本研究采用探索性描述-质性研究方法。菲律宾科学城Muñoz的16位千禧一代社区领袖和12位市民及其下属参与了本研究。分析的基础是负责任的绩效领导框架。调查结果表明,对其任务和职能负责和问责是千禧一代社区领导人在大流行期间的共同特征。在大流行期间,他们被认为具有以人为本、诚实、可靠、公正、平易近人、负责、积极、真诚、勤奋等特点。该研究证实,千禧一代的技术倾向、理想和抱负是由他们的社会历史背景塑造的。虽然缺乏经验和资源,但他们以领导社区应对大流行紧急情况的坚强意志来弥补这一点。
{"title":"Exploring the leadership behaviors of millennial community leaders during the pandemic: The Case of the Science City of Muñoz in the Philippines","authors":"Olive Chester M. Cuya-Antonio, Arneil G. Gabriel, Corinthian M. Obispo, Feliciana P. Jacoba, Sanjay P. Claudio","doi":"10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.265-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.265-281","url":null,"abstract":"Millennials are those born between the late 1980s and late 1990s. They are individuals who are comfortable in the use of technology giving them competitive advantage in the global workforce. Surprisingly, despite their significant number in the workforce, there is a dearth of study on millennial leadership styles. This study examines the millennial community leaders in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It employed exploratory descriptive-qualitative research method. Sixteen millennial community leaders in the Science City of Muñoz in the Philippines and twelve citizens and subordinates participated in the study. The basis of analysis is the Responsible Leadership for Performance framework. The findings showed that responsibility and accountability to their tasks and functions are common traits of millennial community leaders during pandemic. They are perceived to possess attributes such as: people-centered, honest, reliable, just, approachable, responsible, affirmative, pure-hearted, and hardworking during pandemic. The study confirmed that millennials’ technological inclination, their ideals and aspirations are shaped by their socio-historical background. Though lacking of experience and resources, they compensate it with strong mind and heart to lead the community in its response to pandemic emergencies.","PeriodicalId":55930,"journal":{"name":"Masyarakat Kebudayaan dan Politik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47142844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Commodification of high heels against women's bodies on dancer Jathil Obyog in the Reog Ponorogo art show Reog Ponorogo艺术展上舞者Jathil Obyog的高跟鞋与女性身体的商品化
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.339-350
B. Suseno, Putri Prabu Utami
The performing art of Reog Ponorogo is a cultural heritage of the people of East Java which continues to experience development and several changes and progress. This study aims to identify the practice of commodifying high heels to complement the clothing of female dancer Jathil Obyog in the Reog Ponorogo art show. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The results of this study explain that the high heels of Jathil Obyog dancers have value in supporting the appearance so that the legs look level, as well as forming a sturdy and proportional body posture in protecting the feet of female dancers in outdoor performances. The high heel exchange rate on Jathil Obyog's dancer's clothing is to raise the social status to an economic aesthetic value, while the symbolic value of high heels is a marker of sexuality for the female dancer Jathil Obyog to convey aggressiveness and eroticism to the audience, especially men. The conclusion of this study shows that high-heeled shoes can increase the sexual attractiveness (female body) of Jathil Obyog dancers by using a combination of semi-transparent or see-through tops, as well as the use of short pants that will make the thighs and buttocks look slimmer.
Reog Ponorogo的表演艺术是东爪哇人民的文化遗产,它继续经历发展和几次变化和进步。本研究旨在找出Reog Ponorogo艺术展览中女舞者Jathil Obyog服装的商品化做法。本研究采用现象学方法的定性方法。本研究的结果说明了Jathil Obyog舞者的高跟鞋在支撑外观,使腿部看起来水平,以及在室外表演中形成坚固和比例的身体姿势保护女性舞者的脚方面具有价值。Jathil Obyog舞者服装上的高跟鞋汇率是为了将社会地位提升到一种经济审美价值,而高跟鞋的象征价值则是女舞者Jathil Obyog向观众尤其是男性传达攻击性和情欲的一种性标志。这项研究的结论表明,高跟鞋可以增加Jathil Obyog舞者的性吸引力(女性身体),通过使用半透明或透明上衣的组合,以及使用短裤,使大腿和臀部看起来更修长。
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引用次数: 0
The liquid identity of adolescents with disabilities: Changes in the identity of adolescents with disabilities in social media 残疾青少年的流动身份:社交媒体中残疾青少年身份的变化
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.310-320
Merlia Indah Prastiwi, Bagong Suyanto, Yuyun Wahyu Izzati
Studies on liquid identity have been done by many previous researchers. However, this article sees it differently where liquid identity is experienced by adolescents with disabilities who basically have many difficulties, obstacles in interacting with society in general. This study aimed to look at the process, intention, and purpose of the liquid identity experienced by adolescents with disabilities on social media. This study used a virtual ethnographic method with informants who are members of the Facebook community named “Indonesian Association of People with Disabilities.” The number of informants is 23 adolescents with disabilities who are users of social media. The findings of this study showed that adolescents with disabilities take various ways to get recognition and acceptance by a wide audience according to their type and characteristics. This is done by using social media called liquid identity. To get recognition and acceptance on social media, the practice of liquid identity of adolescents with disabilities was shown by hiding their real identity, having multiple accounts, and sharing positive things on social media. This study concluded that support from various parties is needed, either from the community, parents, friends, schools, and the environment. The role of these parties is important to provide motivation, enthusiasm, and encouragement so that adolescents with disabilities can show value on social media with their identity that is recognized by the public as a positive identity.
许多以前的研究人员已经对液体特性进行了研究。然而,这篇文章对残疾青少年的流动身份有不同的看法,他们在与社会互动时基本上有很多困难和障碍。本研究旨在观察残疾青少年在社交媒体上体验流动身份的过程、意图和目的。这项研究使用了一种虚拟人种学方法,线人是名为“印尼残疾人协会”的脸书社区的成员。线人人数为23名社交媒体用户残疾青少年。研究结果表明,残疾青少年根据其类型和特点,采取多种方式获得广泛受众的认可和接受。这是通过使用被称为流动身份的社交媒体来实现的。为了在社交媒体上获得认可和接受,残疾青少年的流动身份做法表现为隐藏他们的真实身份、拥有多个账户以及在社交媒体中分享积极的东西。这项研究得出的结论是,需要来自社区、家长、朋友、学校和环境的各方支持。这些政党的作用是提供动力、热情和鼓励,使残疾青少年能够在社交媒体上以其被公众认可为积极身份的身份展现价值。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of outdoor play on children’s well-being: A scoping review 户外游戏对儿童幸福感的影响:范围界定综述
IF 0.3 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.20473/mkp.v35i32022.282-296
Khairul Firdaus Ne’matullah, Nabilah Abd Talib, Rita Wong Mee Mee, Lim Seong Pek, Saturia Amiruddin, Md Rosli Ismail
Outdoor play is a broad term that refers to a wide range of activities in a natural setting. However, modern technological advancements and gadgets such as television, computer and online games have resulted in children spending an increasing amount of time each day engaged in sedentary indoor activities rather than spending time outdoors. Many children’s social and physical health has deteriorated because of the reduction in outdoor access, which has been increasingly prevalent in recent years and may have long-term consequences. This scoping review aimed to determine what information was currently available on the impact of outdoor play on children’s wellbeing. This scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) criteria. As many as 165 citations were discovered across six databases for this scoping review, and 13 articles were eligible for inclusion. The majority of the findings showed that outdoor play positively impacts children’s social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development.
户外游戏是一个广义的术语,指的是在自然环境中进行的各种活动。然而,现代技术进步和电视、电脑和网络游戏等小工具导致儿童每天花越来越多的时间从事久坐不动的室内活动,而不是花在户外。由于户外活动的减少,许多儿童的社会和身体健康状况恶化。近年来,户外活动越来越普遍,可能会产生长期后果。这项范围界定审查旨在确定目前有哪些关于户外游戏对儿童健康影响的信息。该范围界定审查是根据系统评价的首选报告项目和范围界定审查的荟萃分析扩展(PRISMA ScR)标准进行的。本次范围界定审查在六个数据库中发现了多达165篇引文,有13篇文章符合入选条件。大多数研究结果表明,户外游戏对儿童的社交、情感、身体和认知发展有积极影响。
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引用次数: 3
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