Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101083
Linlin Che, Wei Dong, Ya Liu, Hongwei Guo
Background
Shenling Baizhu powder (SLBZP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is increasingly employed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its efficacy and mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated.
Objective
This study combines meta-analysis and network pharmacology to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of SLBZP in T2DM and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to July 2025. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan, while network pharmacology identified active components, targets, and pathways. Molecular docking validated interactions between key compounds and targets.
Results
Twenty-two randomised controlled trials (1900 patients) were included. Meta-analysis showed that SLBZP combined with western medicine significantly improved glucolipid metabolism and insulin resistance vs western medicine alone. Network pharmacology revealed Quercetin, Kaempferol, Licochalcone B, Medicarpin, and Isorhamnetin as key bioactive compounds acting on targets including PIK3CA, TP53, PIK3R1, STAT3, EGFR, PIK3CD, AKT1, CTNNB1, PRKACA, and MAPK1. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment indicated involvement of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis pathways.
Conclusion
SLBZP exerts its clinical benefits in T2DM through pleiotropic mechanisms involving multiple components, targets, and pathways, likely mediated by a therapeutic synergy with Western medicine, which warrants further validation.
{"title":"Integrated meta-analysis and network pharmacology of Shenling Baizhu powder for type 2 diabetes","authors":"Linlin Che, Wei Dong, Ya Liu, Hongwei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Shenling Baizhu</em> powder (SLBZP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is increasingly employed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its efficacy and mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study combines meta-analysis and network pharmacology to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of SLBZP in T2DM and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to July 2025. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan, while network pharmacology identified active components, targets, and pathways. Molecular docking validated interactions between key compounds and targets.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-two randomised controlled trials (1900 patients) were included. Meta-analysis showed that SLBZP combined with western medicine significantly improved glucolipid metabolism and insulin resistance vs western medicine alone. Network pharmacology revealed Quercetin, Kaempferol, Licochalcone B, Medicarpin, and Isorhamnetin as key bioactive compounds acting on targets including PIK3CA, TP53, PIK3R1, STAT3, EGFR, PIK3CD, AKT1, CTNNB1, PRKACA, and MAPK1. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment indicated involvement of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SLBZP exerts its clinical benefits in T2DM through pleiotropic mechanisms involving multiple components, targets, and pathways, likely mediated by a therapeutic synergy with Western medicine, which warrants further validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101082
Ali Shahabi , Zahra Yari , Vahideh Behrouz , Danial Fotros , Parisa Esmaeili
Introduction
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased susceptibility to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) has demonstrated potential cardiometabolic benefits, its efficacy on cardiovascular risk parameters, specifically in patients with NAFLD, requires comprehensive evaluation. This study systematically assessed the impact of purslane supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with NAFLD through a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until November 1, 2024. Six RCTs (n = 386) met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes included lipid profiles, blood pressure, glycemic indices, liver enzymes, and anthropometric measures. Data were synthesised using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was quantified with I² statistics.
Results
Purslane significantly decreased triglyceride (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −15.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: −25.26 to −5.82, P = 0.002), total cholesterol (WMD: −13.68 mg/dL, 95% CI: −22.81 to −4.56, P = 0.003], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (WMD: −5.86 mg/dL, 95% CI: −11.24 to −0.48, P = 0.033], fasting blood glucose (WMD: −6.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: −8.41 to −4.14, P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: −0.83, 95% CI: −1.56 to −0.09, P = 0.027), and alanine aminotransferase (WMD: −6.35 IU/L, 95% CI: −9.72 to −2.98, P < 0.001). However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the impact on HOMA-IR and LDL-c became nonsignificant after excluding two studies. No significant improvements were observed on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, or anthropometric indices (all P ≥ 0.05).
Conclusion
Purslane supplementation may offer potential improvements in some cardiovascular risk factors (eg, triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and alanine aminotransferase) in patients with NAFLD. However, the findings for LDL-c and HOMA-IR were not robust in sensitivity analyses. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of studies and small sample size. Further large-scale, long-term RCTs are warranted to validate these findings and establish clinical recommendations.
{"title":"Effects of supplementation with purslane (Portulaca oleracea) on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","authors":"Ali Shahabi , Zahra Yari , Vahideh Behrouz , Danial Fotros , Parisa Esmaeili","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased susceptibility to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While <em>Portulaca oleracea</em> L. (purslane) has demonstrated potential cardiometabolic benefits, its efficacy on cardiovascular risk parameters, specifically in patients with NAFLD, requires comprehensive evaluation. This study systematically assessed the impact of purslane supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with NAFLD through a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until November 1, 2024. Six RCTs (n = 386) met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes included lipid profiles, blood pressure, glycemic indices, liver enzymes, and anthropometric measures. Data were synthesised using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was quantified with I² statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Purslane significantly decreased triglyceride (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −15.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: −25.26 to −5.82, <em>P</em> = 0.002), total cholesterol (WMD: −13.68 mg/dL, 95% CI: −22.81 to −4.56, <em>P</em> = 0.003], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (WMD: −5.86 mg/dL, 95% CI: −11.24 to −0.48, <em>P</em> = 0.033], fasting blood glucose (WMD: −6.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: −8.41 to −4.14, <em>P</em> < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: −0.83, 95% CI: −1.56 to −0.09, <em>P</em> = 0.027), and alanine aminotransferase (WMD: −6.35 IU/L, 95% CI: −9.72 to −2.98, <em>P</em> < 0.001). However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the impact on HOMA-IR and LDL-c became nonsignificant after excluding two studies. No significant improvements were observed on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, or anthropometric indices (all <em>P</em> ≥ 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Purslane supplementation may offer potential improvements in some cardiovascular risk factors (eg, triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and alanine aminotransferase) in patients with NAFLD. However, the findings for LDL-c and HOMA-IR were not robust in sensitivity analyses. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of studies and small sample size. Further large-scale, long-term RCTs are warranted to validate these findings and establish clinical recommendations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diarrhoea remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among children under five. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, traditional medicine is widely used to treat diarrhoeal diseases. Although several plants are used in the province to treat diarrhoea, no comprehensive review synthesising the available literature has been published to date. Therefore, this study aimed to undertake a systematic review of the ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants used traditionally to manage diarrhoea in the KwaZulu-Natal Province.
Methods
The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. Relevant English-language studies published up to January 2023 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Theses and dissertations were accessed from the University of Johannesburg repository.
Results
From 65 eligible studies, 67 medicinal plants from 33 families were recorded. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most represented families (13.43% each). Trees dominated growth forms (42.11%), while leaves (24.78%) and bark (23.89%) were the most used plant parts. Decoctions (76.12%) and infusions (20.89%) were the primary preparation methods, with oral and enema routes as the main administration modes.
Conclusions
This review provides the first province-specific ethnobotanical synthesis of antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal. The findings offer a foundation for pharmacological validation, inform conservation efforts, and support the integration of traditional knowledge into evidence-based healthcare strategies.
腹泻仍然是撒哈拉以南非洲的一项重大公共卫生挑战，特别是在五岁以下儿童中。在南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省，传统医学被广泛用于治疗腹泻病。虽然该省有几种植物用于治疗腹泻，但迄今为止尚未发表综合现有文献的综合评论。因此，本研究旨在对夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省传统上用于治疗腹泻的药用植物的民族植物学知识进行系统审查。方法采用系统评价和meta分析指南的首选报告项目。截至2023年1月发表的相关英文研究检索自PubMed、ScienceDirect、Web of Science、Scopus和谷歌Scholar。论文和学位论文可从约翰内斯堡大学的知识库访问。结果从符合条件的65项研究中，共记录到33科67种药用植物。以菊科和豆科最具代表性，各占13.43%。以乔木为主（42.11%），以叶（24.78%）和树皮（23.89%）为主。以煎煮（76.12%）和输液（20.89%）为主，口服和灌肠为主要给药方式。结论本综述首次在夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省提供了具有省特异性的抗腹泻药用植物的民族植物学合成。这些发现为药理学验证提供了基础，为保护工作提供了信息，并支持将传统知识整合到循证医疗保健策略中。
{"title":"Ethnobotanical review of antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants used in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa","authors":"Siyanda Mhlongo , Annah Moteetee , Fidele Tugizimana , Saheed Sabiu","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Diarrhoea remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among children under five. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, traditional medicine is widely used to treat diarrhoeal diseases. Although several plants are used in the province to treat diarrhoea, no comprehensive review synthesising the available literature has been published to date. Therefore, this study aimed to undertake a systematic review of the ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants used traditionally to manage diarrhoea in the KwaZulu-Natal Province.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. Relevant English-language studies published up to January 2023 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Theses and dissertations were accessed from the University of Johannesburg repository.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 65 eligible studies, 67 medicinal plants from 33 families were recorded. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most represented families (13.43% each). Trees dominated growth forms (42.11%), while leaves (24.78%) and bark (23.89%) were the most used plant parts. Decoctions (76.12%) and infusions (20.89%) were the primary preparation methods, with oral and enema routes as the main administration modes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This review provides the first province-specific ethnobotanical synthesis of antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal. The findings offer a foundation for pharmacological validation, inform conservation efforts, and support the integration of traditional knowledge into evidence-based healthcare strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101080
Bimal K. Chetri , Mohan S. Rana , Phuntsho Wangdi , Dorji Penjor , Sudip Mitra , Latha Rangan
Background
Bhutan, located in the Eastern Himalayas and known for its biological richness, has a longstanding tradition of medicinal practices. Despite >600 known medicinal species (∼10% flora), documentation of local knowledge is incomplete, especially in the under-explored southern/southeastern foothills.
Objectives
To systematically document medicinal plants and ethnobotanical knowledge in southern/southeastern Bhutan, analyse usage patterns (parts, preparation, administration, ailments), and compare with the literature.
Methods
Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in five districts using semistructured interviews with seven key informants, group discussions, and specimen collection. The Utility Value Index was applied to evaluate the relative importance of species based on reported uses.
Results
A total of 278 medicinal plant species across 90 families were recorded, with over 80% confirmed through field observations. Dominant families included Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae. Herbs (47.1%) were the most common growth form, with leaves and whole plants being the most frequently used parts. Decoctions (23.4%) and poultices (20.5%) were the primary preparation methods, administered orally, externally, or in combination. These remedies addressed common ailments such as fever, pain, diarrhoea, and wounds. Quantitative analysis showed high utility values for key species and distinct plant–ailment associations. Meta-analysis supported traditional uses with phytochemical evidence for selected genera.
Conclusion
This research reveals significant, under-documented ethnobotanical diversity and local knowledge in southern/southeastern Bhutan, while acknowledging limitations requiring broader future sampling. It highlights deep local knowledge. Integrating this knowledge with scientific validation and conservation is essential for sustainable resource utilisation.
不丹位于喜马拉雅山东部，以其丰富的生物资源而闻名，具有悠久的医学传统。尽管有600种已知的药用物种（约10%的植物群），但对当地知识的记录是不完整的，特别是在未开发的南部/东南部山麓。目的系统地记录不丹南部/东南部的药用植物和民族植物学知识，分析使用模式（部位、制备、管理、疾病），并与文献进行比较。方法采用半结构化访谈、小组讨论、标本采集等方法，在全国5个地区开展民族植物学调查。利用效用价值指数（Utility Value Index）对各物种的相对重要性进行评价。结果共记录到药用植物90科278种，其中80%以上通过野外观察确认。优势科包括菊科、紫堇科和豆科。草本植物（47.1%）是最常见的生长形式，叶子和整株植物是最常用的部分。主要制备方法为煎煮（23.4%）和药膏（20.5%），分别为口服、外用和联合使用。这些治疗方法针对发烧、疼痛、腹泻和伤口等常见疾病。定量分析表明，对关键物种和独特的植物病害关联具有很高的利用价值。荟萃分析支持选定属的植物化学证据的传统用途。本研究揭示了不丹南部/东南部重要的、未被充分记录的民族植物学多样性和当地知识，同时承认未来需要更广泛采样的局限性。它突出了深厚的本地知识。将这些知识与科学验证和保护结合起来，对于可持续地利用资源至关重要。
{"title":"Ethnobotanical documentation and usage pattern of medicinal plants in the southern and southeastern foothills of Bhutan","authors":"Bimal K. Chetri , Mohan S. Rana , Phuntsho Wangdi , Dorji Penjor , Sudip Mitra , Latha Rangan","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bhutan, located in the Eastern Himalayas and known for its biological richness, has a longstanding tradition of medicinal practices<strong>.</strong> Despite >600 known medicinal species (∼10% flora), documentation of local knowledge is incomplete, especially in the under-explored southern/southeastern foothills.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To systematically document medicinal plants and ethnobotanical knowledge in southern/southeastern Bhutan, analyse usage patterns (parts, preparation, administration, ailments), and compare with the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in five districts using semistructured interviews with seven key informants, group discussions, and specimen collection. The Utility Value Index was applied to evaluate the relative importance of species based on reported uses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 278 medicinal plant species across 90 families were recorded, with over 80% confirmed through field observations. Dominant families included Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae. Herbs (47.1%) were the most common growth form, with leaves and whole plants being the most frequently used parts. Decoctions (23.4%) and poultices (20.5%) were the primary preparation methods, administered orally, externally, or in combination. These remedies addressed common ailments such as fever, pain, diarrhoea, and wounds. Quantitative analysis showed high utility values for key species and distinct plant–ailment associations. Meta-analysis supported traditional uses with phytochemical evidence for selected genera.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This research reveals significant, under-documented ethnobotanical diversity and local knowledge in southern/southeastern Bhutan, while acknowledging limitations requiring broader future sampling. It highlights deep local knowledge. Integrating this knowledge with scientific validation and conservation is essential for sustainable resource utilisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101081
R. Meena , A. Bharathi , Mansour K. Gatasheh , N. Anis Ahmed , D. Natarajan , B. Ravindran , S. Murugesan
Introduction
Endostemon viscosus (Roth) M. R. Ashby, an endemic member of the Lamiaceae family, is known for its abundance of terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.
Methods
This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and biological potential of its ethanolic leaf extract. Phytochemical constituents were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, and compounds were characterised using Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Antibacterial, antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), and anti-inflammatory (human red blood cell and albumin denaturation) activities were assessed. Cytotoxicity was tested on A431 (skin cancer) and HEK293 (noncancerous) cell lines using the MTT assay, with apoptosis confirmed by Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) genes was analysed by RT-qPCR using the 2⁻ΔΔCT method.
Results
The extract contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, with total phenolic (4.59 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g), tannin (5.96 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid (21.56 ± 0.43 mg RE/g) content. GC-MS revealed 17 compounds, while FTIR identified alcohols, alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, nitro, methyl, and ester/ether functional groups. The extract showed strong activity against S. aureus (13.33 ± 0.33 mm) and E. faecalis (12.66 ± 0.33 mm), potent antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ = 60 µg/mL DPPH; 25.5 µg/mL ABTS), and anti-inflammatory activity (61.2% and 73.5% inhibition at 750 µg/mL for HRBC and Albumin denaturation assay respectively). Cytotoxicity was selective toward A431 cells (IC₅₀ = 64.36 µg/mL) with 95% HEK293 cell viability. Upregulation of Bax, Bcl-2, and EGFR genes suggested activation of apoptotic and survival pathways.
Conclusion
These results highlight E. viscosus as a promising source of bioactive compounds with anti-skin cancer potential.
粘胶内生植物（endostemon viscosus, Roth） M. R. Ashby是一种Lamiaceae家族的特有植物，以其丰富的萜类、苷类、黄酮类和酚类化合物而闻名。方法评价其叶乙醇提取物的植物化学性质和生物潜力。对植物化学成分进行了定性和定量分析，并用气相色谱-质谱法和傅里叶变换红外光谱法对化合物进行了表征。测定抗菌、抗氧化（DPPH和ABTS）和抗炎（人红细胞和白蛋白变性）活性。采用MTT法检测A431（皮肤癌）和HEK293（非癌）细胞株的细胞毒性，并通过吖啶橙/溴化乙啶染色和DAPI（4′，6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚）染色证实细胞凋亡。使用2 - ΔΔCT方法，通过RT-qPCR分析Bax、Bcl-2和表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因的表达。ResultsThe提取含有酚类、类黄酮、生物碱和单宁、总酚(4.59 ±0.11 mg GAE / g),丹宁(5.96 ±0.85 mg GAE / g),和总类黄酮(21.56 ±0.43 mg RE / g)的内容。GC-MS鉴定出17种化合物，FTIR鉴定出醇、烷烃、芳烃、烯烃、硝基、甲基和酯/醚官能团。提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌表现出强烈的活动(13.33 ±0.33 毫米)和大肠粪(12.66 ±0.33 毫米),强大的抗氧化能力(IC₅₀ = 60 µg / mL DPPH; 25.5 µg / mL abt),和抗炎活动抑制(61.2%和73.5%在750 µg / mL HRBC和白蛋白变性分别测定)。细胞毒性对A431细胞（IC₅₀ = 64.36 µg/mL）具有选择性，HEK293细胞存活率为95%。Bax、Bcl-2和EGFR基因的上调提示凋亡和存活途径的激活。结论粘胶杆菌是一种具有抗皮肤癌潜力的生物活性物质。
{"title":"In vitro anticancer and pharmaceutical potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Endostemon viscosus","authors":"R. Meena , A. Bharathi , Mansour K. Gatasheh , N. Anis Ahmed , D. Natarajan , B. Ravindran , S. Murugesan","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Endostemon viscosus</em> (Roth) M. R. Ashby, an endemic member of the Lamiaceae family, is known for its abundance of terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and biological potential of its ethanolic leaf extract. Phytochemical constituents were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, and compounds were characterised using Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Antibacterial, antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), and anti-inflammatory (human red blood cell and albumin denaturation) activities were assessed. Cytotoxicity was tested on A431 (skin cancer) and HEK293 (noncancerous) cell lines using the MTT assay, with apoptosis confirmed by Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. Expression of <em>Bax, Bcl-2,</em> and <em>EGFR</em> (epidermal growth factor receptor) genes was analysed by RT-qPCR using the 2⁻ΔΔCT method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The extract contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, with total phenolic (4.59 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g), tannin (5.96 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid (21.56 ± 0.43 mg RE/g) content. GC-MS revealed 17 compounds, while FTIR identified alcohols, alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, nitro, methyl, and ester/ether functional groups. The extract showed strong activity against <em>S. aureus</em> (13.33 ± 0.33 mm) and <em>E. faecalis</em> (12.66 ± 0.33 mm), potent antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ = 60 µg/mL DPPH; 25.5 µg/mL ABTS), and anti-inflammatory activity (61.2% and 73.5% inhibition at 750 µg/mL for HRBC and Albumin denaturation assay respectively). Cytotoxicity was selective toward A431 cells (IC₅₀ = 64.36 µg/mL) with 95% HEK293 cell viability. Upregulation of <em>Bax, Bcl-2,</em> and <em>EGFR</em> genes suggested activation of apoptotic and survival pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results highlight <em>E. viscosus</em> as a promising source of bioactive compounds with anti-skin cancer potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101079
Ajay Vijayakumar , BaiCheng Chen , Md Jahangir Alam , Jun Hong Park , Chul Park , Seung-Yeol Nah , Jong-Hoon Kim
Introduction
Therapeutic potential of natural extracts and phytochemicals in anticancer treatment has encouraged extensive research in recent years. In this study, gintonin, a lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand derived from Panax ginseng, was examined for its cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on HT-29 human colon cancer cells, with emphasis on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway
Methods
HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of gintonin. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and apoptosis was evaluated through DNA fragmentation analysis. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were employed to investigate the expression of apoptotic markers, and the role of AMPK signalling was further validated using compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor.
Results
MTT and DNA fragmentation assays demonstrate that gintonin effectively reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis concentration-dependently, with maximum apoptosis observed above 100 µg/mL. Expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9) was significantly upregulated, while the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 was markedly downregulated. Additionally, phosphorylation of AMPK, specifically AMPKα, and its downstream substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was significantly enhanced following gintonin treatment. Pretreatment with compound C suppressed the phosphorylation of AMPK markers and reversed the apoptotic effects, which confirms that the gintonin-induced apoptosis occurs through the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry staining indicated that gintonin effectively promotes apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased fluorescence intensity corresponding to gintonin concentration.
Conclusions
Gintonin promotes AMPK-mediated apoptosis in HT-29 cells, suggesting its anticancer potential. However, further studies using additional cell lines and physiologically relevant concentrations are required to confirm its therapeutic applicability.
{"title":"Gintonin from Panax ginseng induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells via AMPK signalling pathway","authors":"Ajay Vijayakumar , BaiCheng Chen , Md Jahangir Alam , Jun Hong Park , Chul Park , Seung-Yeol Nah , Jong-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Therapeutic potential of natural extracts and phytochemicals in anticancer treatment has encouraged extensive research in recent years. In this study, gintonin, a lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand derived from <em>Panax ginseng</em>, was examined for its cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on HT-29 human colon cancer cells, with emphasis on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of gintonin. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and apoptosis was evaluated through DNA fragmentation analysis. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were employed to investigate the expression of apoptotic markers, and the role of AMPK signalling was further validated using compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MTT and DNA fragmentation assays demonstrate that gintonin effectively reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis concentration-dependently, with maximum apoptosis observed above 100 µg/mL. Expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9) was significantly upregulated, while the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 was markedly downregulated. Additionally, phosphorylation of AMPK, specifically AMPKα, and its downstream substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was significantly enhanced following gintonin treatment. Pretreatment with compound C suppressed the phosphorylation of AMPK markers and reversed the apoptotic effects, which confirms that the gintonin-induced apoptosis occurs through the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry staining indicated that gintonin effectively promotes apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased fluorescence intensity corresponding to gintonin concentration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Gintonin promotes AMPK-mediated apoptosis in HT-29 cells, suggesting its anticancer potential. However, further studies using additional cell lines and physiologically relevant concentrations are required to confirm its therapeutic applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 15-day course of PiloKit on symptom severity and symptom-related quality of life in patients with haemorrhoids, fissures, and perineal wounds, compared with placebo and the current standard of care.
Methods
This prospective, open-label, single-centre clinical study included 87 patients with haemorrhoids, fissures, or perineal wounds. Participants were assigned to three groups: placebo (diet + Isabgol + exercise, n = 30), regular treatment (anorectal cream + Daflon + Isabgol, n = 27), and PiloKit (n = 30; PiloSpray 2–3 times daily, PiloTab 1 tablet twice daily, ConstiTab 2 tablets after dinner). Symptom-related quality of life was assessed using patient-reported pain, discomfort, and defecation difficulty on a 1 to 10 Visual Analogue Scale, along with clinical signs including prolapse, oedema, and erythema.
Results
All 87 patients completed the study, and no adverse events were reported. The regular treatment group showed slight improvement, with a significant reduction in sagging/prolapse after 6 and 8 weeks. The PiloKit group demonstrated significant improvement in all symptoms from baseline, including pain, itching, bleeding, constipation, erythema, and oedema (P < 0.05), while the placebo group showed no significant change. PiloKit was well tolerated, and most patients demonstrated clear clinical improvement.
Conclusion
PiloKit significantly improved symptom severity and symptom-related quality-of-life measures without adverse effects. This formulation appears to be a safe, nonsurgical, and effective option for improving comfort and well-being in patients with anorectal disorders.
{"title":"PiloKit: a prospective, open-label clinical study for the management of haemorrhoids, anal fissures, and perineal wounds","authors":"Ashwin Porwal , Paresh Gandhi , Deepak Kulkarni , Gajanan Bhagwat , Pravin Kamble","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 15-day course of PiloKit on symptom severity and symptom-related quality of life in patients with haemorrhoids, fissures, and perineal wounds, compared with placebo and the current standard of care.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective, open-label, single-centre clinical study included 87 patients with haemorrhoids, fissures, or perineal wounds. Participants were assigned to three groups: placebo (diet + Isabgol + exercise, n = 30), regular treatment (anorectal cream + Daflon + Isabgol, n = 27), and PiloKit (n = 30; PiloSpray 2–3 times daily, PiloTab 1 tablet twice daily, ConstiTab 2 tablets after dinner). Symptom-related quality of life was assessed using patient-reported pain, discomfort, and defecation difficulty on a 1 to 10 Visual Analogue Scale, along with clinical signs including prolapse, oedema, and erythema.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All 87 patients completed the study, and no adverse events were reported. The regular treatment group showed slight improvement, with a significant reduction in sagging/prolapse after 6 and 8 weeks. The PiloKit group demonstrated significant improvement in all symptoms from baseline, including pain, itching, bleeding, constipation, erythema, and oedema (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while the placebo group showed no significant change. PiloKit was well tolerated, and most patients demonstrated clear clinical improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PiloKit significantly improved symptom severity and symptom-related quality-of-life measures without adverse effects. This formulation appears to be a safe, nonsurgical, and effective option for improving comfort and well-being in patients with anorectal disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101077
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani , Nurul Azmi Aprianti , Nadya Fauzia Kusteja , Ela Nurfitriyani , Muhammad Alamsyah Aziz , Bibek Giri , Victor Abiola Adepoju
Background
Herbal medicine is widely used postpartum to aid recovery and lactation. Despite perceived benefits, safety and interaction concerns persist. Stronger evidence is needed to support its safe, culturally sensitive use.
Objective
To synthesise qualitative evidence on why and how postpartum women use herbal medicines and to identify reported benefits, risks, and implementation challenges.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Six databases (CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Health Source/Nursing Academic, Sage Complete) were searched for studies published to June 2025. Eligible studies explored herbal-medicine use among postpartum women and employed qualitative methods. Fifteen studies from 14 countries met the criteria.
Results
Herbal use in the first six weeks after birth is common but highly variable (reported prevalence 48%–97%) and deeply rooted in local traditions. Women most often cited perceived relief of pain, enhanced wound healing, and increased breastmilk production; frequently mentioned plants included ginger, turmeric, katuk, moringa, raspberry leaf, and chamomile. Decisions were shaped by elder advice, cost, and availability. Safety concerns centred on uncertain dosage, contamination, and potential interactions with prescribed uterotonics or antibiotics. Few studies reported guidance from trained health professionals, and regulatory oversight was minimal. Confidence in these findings ranged from high (motives and perceived benefits) to low (exact prevalence rates).
Conclusion
Postpartum women perceive clear advantages from herbal remedies, but qualitative evidence on clinical effectiveness and safety remains limited. Culturally sensitive counselling, routine enquiry about herb use, and pharmacovigilance systems are needed while more rigorous research clarifies benefits and risks.
{"title":"Herbal medicine in the first six months postpartum: a qualitative evidence synthesis of benefits, risks, and implementation challenges","authors":"Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani , Nurul Azmi Aprianti , Nadya Fauzia Kusteja , Ela Nurfitriyani , Muhammad Alamsyah Aziz , Bibek Giri , Victor Abiola Adepoju","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Herbal medicine is widely used postpartum to aid recovery and lactation. Despite perceived benefits, safety and interaction concerns persist. Stronger evidence is needed to support its safe, culturally sensitive use.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To synthesise qualitative evidence on why and how postpartum women use herbal medicines and to identify reported benefits, risks, and implementation challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Six databases (CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Health Source/Nursing Academic, Sage Complete) were searched for studies published to June 2025. Eligible studies explored herbal-medicine use among postpartum women and employed qualitative methods. Fifteen studies from 14 countries met the criteria.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Herbal use in the first six weeks after birth is common but highly variable (reported prevalence 48%–97%) and deeply rooted in local traditions. Women most often cited perceived relief of pain, enhanced wound healing, and increased breastmilk production; frequently mentioned plants included ginger, turmeric, katuk, moringa, raspberry leaf, and chamomile. Decisions were shaped by elder advice, cost, and availability. Safety concerns centred on uncertain dosage, contamination, and potential interactions with prescribed uterotonics or antibiotics. Few studies reported guidance from trained health professionals, and regulatory oversight was minimal. Confidence in these findings ranged from high (motives and perceived benefits) to low (exact prevalence rates).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Postpartum women perceive clear advantages from herbal remedies, but qualitative evidence on clinical effectiveness and safety remains limited. Culturally sensitive counselling, routine enquiry about herb use, and pharmacovigilance systems are needed while more rigorous research clarifies benefits and risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101075
Aleksandar M. Jovanović , Jelena M. Kukić-Marković , Jelena D. Stefanović-Vojinović , Milica M. Drobac
Introduction
Medicinal plants have long been used to treat diseases, and their use in herbal products is increasingly popular, especially for self-medication. This paper aims to assess the prevalence of herbal product use among pharmacy users in Serbia, as well as the motives and awareness regarding their use.
Methods
A quantitative, nonexperimental survey research was conducted in community pharmacies across Serbia, involving 2208 respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) and inferential techniques (Chi-square test and binary logistic regression).
Results
Nearly all pharmacy users (97.5%) use various herbal products. They most often use them as needed (39.7%), while 22.8% use them frequently, and a similar proportion use them infrequently (17.9%) or daily (17.1%). The most common motive for their use is to improve health (76.0%). Over half of the respondents (58.4%) reported purchasing herbal products from pharmacies. Additionally, 73.1% of respondents consistently received advice on the use of herbal products from pharmacists. The primary sources of information about herbal products were pharmacists (44.6%) and then the media (22.8%). Most respondents (58.6%) believe herbal products are safe but have some side effects, whereas 30.0% believe herbal products are completely free of side effects. Almost half of the respondents believe herbal products are as effective or more effective than synthetic medicines.
Conclusion
Strengthening pharmacists’ role in counselling, developing pharmacy-based strategies, enforcing regulations, promoting pharmacy-based access, and providing pharmacist-led education, together with collaboration among healthcare professionals, regulators, and the media, is essential to ensure safe and informed use of herbal products.
{"title":"An insight into pharmacy users’ habits of using herbal products in Serbia: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Aleksandar M. Jovanović , Jelena M. Kukić-Marković , Jelena D. Stefanović-Vojinović , Milica M. Drobac","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Medicinal plants have long been used to treat diseases, and their use in herbal products is increasingly popular, especially for self-medication. This paper aims to assess the prevalence of herbal product use among pharmacy users in Serbia, as well as the motives and awareness regarding their use.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A quantitative, nonexperimental survey research was conducted in community pharmacies across Serbia, involving 2208 respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) and inferential techniques (Chi-square test and binary logistic regression).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nearly all pharmacy users (97.5%) use various herbal products. They most often use them as needed (39.7%), while 22.8% use them frequently, and a similar proportion use them infrequently (17.9%) or daily (17.1%). The most common motive for their use is to improve health (76.0%). Over half of the respondents (58.4%) reported purchasing herbal products from pharmacies. Additionally, 73.1% of respondents consistently received advice on the use of herbal products from pharmacists. The primary sources of information about herbal products were pharmacists (44.6%) and then the media (22.8%). Most respondents (58.6%) believe herbal products are safe but have some side effects, whereas 30.0% believe herbal products are completely free of side effects. Almost half of the respondents believe herbal products are as effective or more effective than synthetic medicines.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Strengthening pharmacists’ role in counselling, developing pharmacy-based strategies, enforcing regulations, promoting pharmacy-based access, and providing pharmacist-led education, together with collaboration among healthcare professionals, regulators, and the media, is essential to ensure safe and informed use of herbal products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101074
Aniya Afaq Khan , Ismath Shameem , Hamiduddin
Background
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age group. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Gulnār (Punica granatum Linn) with metronidazole in BV.
Methods
A prospective, two-arm, double-blind, allocation-concealed randomised (1:1) controlled study was conducted at the National Institute of Unani Medicine Hospital, Bengaluru. Diagnosed cases of BV (n = 58) of age 18 to 45 years were randomly allocated to either the test or control group. The participants in the test group received a Gulnār (3 g) suppository per vaginally at bedtime and an oral placebo tablet thrice daily, while participants in the control group received oral metronidazole 400 mg tablet thrice daily with a placebo suppository per vaginum at bedtime for seven days. Patients were followed on day 14 to assess improvement in Amsel and Nugent scores.
Results
Improvement in Nugent score was achieved in 62.1% and 72.4% of participants in the test and control groups, respectively. Whereas, improvement in the Amsel score was achieved in 65.5% and 82.8% of participants in the test and control groups, respectively. Though there was no significant difference between the two groups on inter-group comparison in Nugent (P = 0.58) and Amsel score (P = 0.23), the result was significant on intra-group comparison.
Conclusion
Present findings suggest that the Gulnār suppository showed comparable trends to oral metronidazole in improving Amsel and Nugent scores in BV. Therefore, Gulnār is a safe alternative to metronidazole for those seeking herbal treatment for BV.
{"title":"An approach to treat bacterial vaginosis using Gulnār (Punica granatum L) vaginal suppository: a randomised, double-blind, standard-controlled trial","authors":"Aniya Afaq Khan , Ismath Shameem , Hamiduddin","doi":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age group. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of <em>Gulnār</em> (<em>Punica granatum</em> Linn) with metronidazole in BV.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective, two-arm, double-blind, allocation-concealed randomised (1:1) controlled study was conducted at the National Institute of Unani Medicine Hospital, Bengaluru. Diagnosed cases of BV (n = 58) of age 18 to 45 years were randomly allocated to either the test or control group. The participants in the test group received a <em>Gulnār</em> (3 g) suppository per vaginally at bedtime and an oral placebo tablet thrice daily, while participants in the control group received oral metronidazole 400 mg tablet thrice daily with a placebo suppository per vaginum at bedtime for seven days. Patients were followed on day 14 to assess improvement in Amsel and Nugent scores.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Improvement in Nugent score was achieved in 62.1% and 72.4% of participants in the test and control groups, respectively. Whereas, improvement in the Amsel score was achieved in 65.5% and 82.8% of participants in the test and control groups, respectively. Though there was no significant difference between the two groups on inter-group comparison in Nugent (<em>P</em> = 0.58) and Amsel score (<em>P</em> = 0.23), the result was significant on intra-group comparison.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Present findings suggest that the Gulnār suppository showed comparable trends to oral metronidazole in improving Amsel and Nugent scores in BV. Therefore, <em>Gulnār</em> is a safe alternative to metronidazole for those seeking herbal treatment for BV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56077,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herbal Medicine","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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