Arne Richardsen, E. Grimm, M. Knoche, Alexander Lang
* Corresponding author Summary The freshwater alga, Chara corallina, is often used as a model system in studies of cell-wall mechanics. Chara has a unique and very simple architecture, in which a number of node cells form the interface between two giant internode cells. Given this architecture, when investigating a specimen comprising a single internode cell, a tensile test stresses just its cell walls. However, when investigating a specimen comprising two internode cells and their intervening node, the stress is imposed on both the cellulosic cell wall components but also on the (in-series) pectin middle lamellae between the cells comprising the node. This setup should allow comparative study of the properties of the cellulose of the cell walls in the absence of middle lamellae and also of the pectin layers of the middle lamellae in the node. Such information would be of particular interest in the case of fruit skins that in tension typically fail along the middle lamellae causing separation of adjacent cells. The objectives were to establish whether the mechanical properties of the pectin middle lamellae between the Chara node cells may be inferred by comparing tensile properties of an internode cell and of a node. Chara cell walls are composed of cellulose and de-esterified pectins as indexed by staining with calcofluorwhite and LM19. Staining with 2F4 indicates the presence of homogalacturonans crosslinked by Ca. Compared with internodes, nodes had lower stiffness, lower maximum force at failure and lower maximum strain. For the internode+node+internode samples, failure in the internode was more frequent than failure in the node. Lowering the medium pH had no effect on stiffness, maximum force at fracture or maximum strain of either internodes or nodes but it did increase the frequency of node vs. internode failure. Incubation in EGTA extracted Ca and decreased stiffness, maximum force at fracture and maximum strain of both internode and node samples. There was little effect of EGTA on the frequency of node vs. internode failure. Incubating internodes and nodes in pectinase decreased stiffness, maximum force at failure and maximum strain. The pectin components of Chara cells are almost identical to those of fruit skin cells. The tensile properties of both internodes and nodes are affected by pectins. This makes it difficult to infer those of the interfacing middle lamellae.
{"title":"Is Chara corallina a suitable model plant for studying cell-failure mechanisms in fruit skins?","authors":"Arne Richardsen, E. Grimm, M. Knoche, Alexander Lang","doi":"10.15488/11186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15488/11186","url":null,"abstract":"* Corresponding author Summary The freshwater alga, Chara corallina, is often used as a model system in studies of cell-wall mechanics. Chara has a unique and very simple architecture, in which a number of node cells form the interface between two giant internode cells. Given this architecture, when investigating a specimen comprising a single internode cell, a tensile test stresses just its cell walls. However, when investigating a specimen comprising two internode cells and their intervening node, the stress is imposed on both the cellulosic cell wall components but also on the (in-series) pectin middle lamellae between the cells comprising the node. This setup should allow comparative study of the properties of the cellulose of the cell walls in the absence of middle lamellae and also of the pectin layers of the middle lamellae in the node. Such information would be of particular interest in the case of fruit skins that in tension typically fail along the middle lamellae causing separation of adjacent cells. The objectives were to establish whether the mechanical properties of the pectin middle lamellae between the Chara node cells may be inferred by comparing tensile properties of an internode cell and of a node. Chara cell walls are composed of cellulose and de-esterified pectins as indexed by staining with calcofluorwhite and LM19. Staining with 2F4 indicates the presence of homogalacturonans crosslinked by Ca. Compared with internodes, nodes had lower stiffness, lower maximum force at failure and lower maximum strain. For the internode+node+internode samples, failure in the internode was more frequent than failure in the node. Lowering the medium pH had no effect on stiffness, maximum force at fracture or maximum strain of either internodes or nodes but it did increase the frequency of node vs. internode failure. Incubation in EGTA extracted Ca and decreased stiffness, maximum force at fracture and maximum strain of both internode and node samples. There was little effect of EGTA on the frequency of node vs. internode failure. Incubating internodes and nodes in pectinase decreased stiffness, maximum force at failure and maximum strain. The pectin components of Chara cells are almost identical to those of fruit skin cells. The tensile properties of both internodes and nodes are affected by pectins. This makes it difficult to infer those of the interfacing middle lamellae.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67148793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.033
Elsa Hegmann, W. Niether, C. Rohsius, W. Phillips, R. Lieberei
{"title":"Besides variety, also season and ripening stage have a major influence on fruit pulp aroma of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)","authors":"Elsa Hegmann, W. Niether, C. Rohsius, W. Phillips, R. Lieberei","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46614072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.006
Ireen Drebenstedt, I. Schmid, C. Poll, S. Marhan, R. Kahle, E. Kandeler, P. Högy
Crop productivity and plant physiology are affected by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns due to climate change. We studied the impacts of an increase in soil temperature of 2.5 °C, a decrease in summer precipitation amount of 25%, a reduction in summer precipitation frequency of 50%, and their interactions on photosynthesis, biomass production, and yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. RGT Planet) in a temperate agricultural ecosystem near Stuttgart (Germany). Leaf gas exchange of barley appeared to be affected mainly by drought in the form of reduced precipitation frequency or by a combination of changes in soil temperature and precipitation patterns. In contrast, biomass production and yield parameters were more affected under soil warming alone. In addition, biomass of roots increased under soil warming at stem elongation. Stable grain yield was observed under reduced precipitation amount and also under increased evaporation through soil warming. These findings provide additional evidence that barley is relatively drought tolerant, which should be taken into consideration in the context of appropriate crop selection under climate change.
{"title":"Effects of soil warming and altered precipitation patterns on photosynthesis, biomass production and yield of barley","authors":"Ireen Drebenstedt, I. Schmid, C. Poll, S. Marhan, R. Kahle, E. Kandeler, P. Högy","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.006","url":null,"abstract":"Crop productivity and plant physiology are affected by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns due to climate change. We studied the impacts of an increase in soil temperature of 2.5 °C, a decrease in summer precipitation amount of 25%, a reduction in summer precipitation frequency of 50%, and their interactions on photosynthesis, biomass production, and yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. RGT Planet) in a temperate agricultural ecosystem near Stuttgart (Germany). Leaf gas exchange of barley appeared to be affected mainly by drought in the form of reduced precipitation frequency or by a combination of changes in soil temperature and precipitation patterns. In contrast, biomass production and yield parameters were more affected under soil warming alone. In addition, biomass of roots increased under soil warming at stem elongation. Stable grain yield was observed under reduced precipitation amount and also under increased evaporation through soil warming. These findings provide additional evidence that barley is relatively drought tolerant, which should be taken into consideration in the context of appropriate crop selection under climate change.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.035
F. Feldmann, C. Schneider
Since the mutualistic nature of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) had been discovered, an enormous amount of experiments elucidated the huge potential of mycorrhizal technology. Nevertheless, the predict-ability of mycorrhizal effectiveness (i.e. the quantitative measure of a pronounced effect) in agro-ecosystems and plant production systems remained low. On this background, Directed Inoculum Production (DIP) had been developed based on quantitative genetics. During the inoculum production process the ecological niche of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) is considered, the effective ecological niche widened and population engineering included in large-scale inoculum production. This is done in order to place effective mycor-rhiza products on the market. This article reviews briefly the histori-cal development and the idea of DIP and its performance in the last 25 years. Recent and current scientific explanations for the variabili-ty of mycorrhizal effectiveness and future demands of research are outlined.
{"title":"Directed Inoculum Production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi – the state of the art","authors":"F. Feldmann, C. Schneider","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.035","url":null,"abstract":"Since the mutualistic nature of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) had been discovered, an enormous amount of experiments elucidated the huge potential of mycorrhizal technology. Nevertheless, the predict-ability of mycorrhizal effectiveness (i.e. the quantitative measure of a pronounced effect) in agro-ecosystems and plant production systems remained low. On this background, Directed Inoculum Production (DIP) had been developed based on quantitative genetics. During the inoculum production process the ecological niche of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) is considered, the effective ecological niche widened and population engineering included in large-scale inoculum production. This is done in order to place effective mycor-rhiza products on the market. This article reviews briefly the histori-cal development and the idea of DIP and its performance in the last 25 years. Recent and current scientific explanations for the variabili-ty of mycorrhizal effectiveness and future demands of research are outlined.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85906971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.023
Siavash Mohammadi, L. Tabrizi, M. Shokrpour, J. Hadian, H. Schulz, D. Riewe
Thymus spp. is one of the most important medicinal plants widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this research, different ecotypes of three Thymus species including T. daenensis, T. kotschyanus and T. lancifolius native to Iran were compared to two commercial cultivars of T. vulgaris (i.e. 'Varico 3' and 'Deutscher Winter') under identical conditions. Based on the results, there was a remarkable diversity among different ecotypes of Thymus species. The highest plant dry weight was found in T. daenensis (Malayer 2), T. kotschyanus (Azerbaijan gharbi), and T. lancifolius (Fars). The highest thymol percentage (>75%) was obtained by T. daenensis. The ecotype of Ilam belonging to T. daenensis gained highest essential oil percentage (7.83%). In all ecotypes of T. daenensis, thymol was the major constituent in their essential oil. Five chemotypes of citral, carvacrol-thymol, thymol-carvacrol, p-cymene-carvacrol, and geranyl acetate-citral were found in T. kotschyanus ecotypes, while four chemotypes of thymol, α-terpineol-linalool, carvacrol-thymol and thymol- geraniol were identified for T. lancifolius. In addition, in terms of growth, yield, and phytochemical traits, the elite genotypes within ecotypes were selected. Elite ecotypes and genotypes detected during this research could be used in Thymus breeding programs.
{"title":"Morphological and phytochemical screening of some Thymus ecotypes (Thymus spp.) native to Iran in order to select elite genotypes","authors":"Siavash Mohammadi, L. Tabrizi, M. Shokrpour, J. Hadian, H. Schulz, D. Riewe","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.023","url":null,"abstract":"Thymus spp. is one of the most important medicinal plants widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this research, different ecotypes of three Thymus species including T. daenensis, T. kotschyanus and T. lancifolius native to Iran were compared to two commercial cultivars of T. vulgaris (i.e. 'Varico 3' and 'Deutscher Winter') under identical conditions. Based on the results, there was a remarkable diversity among different ecotypes of Thymus species. The highest plant dry weight was found in T. daenensis (Malayer 2), T. kotschyanus (Azerbaijan gharbi), and T. lancifolius (Fars). The highest thymol percentage (>75%) was obtained by T. daenensis. The ecotype of Ilam belonging to T. daenensis gained highest essential oil percentage (7.83%). In all ecotypes of T. daenensis, thymol was the major constituent in their essential oil. Five chemotypes of citral, carvacrol-thymol, thymol-carvacrol, p-cymene-carvacrol, and geranyl acetate-citral were found in T. kotschyanus ecotypes, while four chemotypes of thymol, α-terpineol-linalool, carvacrol-thymol and thymol- geraniol were identified for T. lancifolius. In addition, in terms of growth, yield, and phytochemical traits, the elite genotypes within ecotypes were selected. Elite ecotypes and genotypes detected during this research could be used in Thymus breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73984362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.026
L. Castel, P. Irisarri, A. Pina, P. Errea
{"title":"Sugar content and organic acid profiles of local apple cultivars recovered from mountain zones","authors":"L. Castel, P. Irisarri, A. Pina, P. Errea","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70802262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.041
Y. Voynikov, R. Gevrenova, V. Balabanova, I. Doytchinova, P. Nedialkov, D. Zheleva-Dimitrova
Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a well-known edible and ethnomedicinal plant and it has been called “vegetable for long life” in the Chinese herbal medicine. The plant is recognized for the high content of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids.In this study, hydromethanolic purslane extracts from Bulgarian and Greek locations were screened for polyphenolic content. Based on polyphenols, saponins and DPPH antioxidant activity, an orthogonaldesign L9(34) was performed in order to improve the ultrasound assisted extraction procedure of dry and fresh plant material. An UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS method in parallel-reaction monitoring mode was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of 14 compounds comprising hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic and caffeoylquinic acids, as well as 2 flavonol glycosides. The quantitative analysis was validated for curve fit, range, instrumental detection limit (IDL), instrumental quantification limit (IQL), LOD, LOQ, precision, recovery and accuracy. The UHPLC-MS quantification method revealed good linearity (r2 > 0.9950), LOD < 925.85 ng/g dw and LOQ < 3055.31 ng/g dw. Moreover, 11 cylco-dopa amides (Oleraceins A-D, N-Q, S, U and W) were tentatively identified through UHPLC-MS and their MS2 mass fragmentation was described.
{"title":"LC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds and oleraceins in aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea L.","authors":"Y. Voynikov, R. Gevrenova, V. Balabanova, I. Doytchinova, P. Nedialkov, D. Zheleva-Dimitrova","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.041","url":null,"abstract":"Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a well-known edible and ethnomedicinal plant and it has been called “vegetable for long life” in the Chinese herbal medicine. The plant is recognized for the high content of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids.In this study, hydromethanolic purslane extracts from Bulgarian and Greek locations were screened for polyphenolic content. Based on polyphenols, saponins and DPPH antioxidant activity, an orthogonaldesign L9(34) was performed in order to improve the ultrasound assisted extraction procedure of dry and fresh plant material. An UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS method in parallel-reaction monitoring mode was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of 14 compounds comprising hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic and caffeoylquinic acids, as well as 2 flavonol glycosides. The quantitative analysis was validated for curve fit, range, instrumental detection limit (IDL), instrumental quantification limit (IQL), LOD, LOQ, precision, recovery and accuracy. The UHPLC-MS quantification method revealed good linearity (r2 > 0.9950), LOD < 925.85 ng/g dw and LOQ < 3055.31 ng/g dw. Moreover, 11 cylco-dopa amides (Oleraceins A-D, N-Q, S, U and W) were tentatively identified through UHPLC-MS and their MS2 mass fragmentation was described.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43762261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-18DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.040
J. A. Yuri, A. Neira, Mauricio Fuentes, B. Sáez, I. Razmilic
The effect of mild sunburn damage on three apple cultivars: Brookfield®, Granny Smith and Fuji from conventional and organic orchards in the 6th Region of Chile were evaluated in 2012/2013. Total and specific phenols, antioxidant capacity and ripeness of the fruit were assessed at harvest and different time of conventional cold storage: after one, two and four months. According to the results, the peel of all the cultivars have their own property and the response to sunburn damage is independent of the type of management. Phenolic compounds content in the peel of sun-damaged apples at harvest was twice as high in comparison with the peel of healthy fruit. After four months, the apples with mild damage under this conditionhad higher phenolic compounds and antioxidant content than healthy fruit at harvest. Considering these successful results, a new category of “sunny – apple”, we propose that has a higher content of antioxidantcompounds.
{"title":"A new sunburned apple category browning under conventional and organic management: phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in cold storage","authors":"J. A. Yuri, A. Neira, Mauricio Fuentes, B. Sáez, I. Razmilic","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.040","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of mild sunburn damage on three apple cultivars: Brookfield®, Granny Smith and Fuji from conventional and organic orchards in the 6th Region of Chile were evaluated in 2012/2013. Total and specific phenols, antioxidant capacity and ripeness of the fruit were assessed at harvest and different time of conventional cold storage: after one, two and four months. According to the results, the peel of all the cultivars have their own property and the response to sunburn damage is independent of the type of management. Phenolic compounds content in the peel of sun-damaged apples at harvest was twice as high in comparison with the peel of healthy fruit. After four months, the apples with mild damage under this conditionhad higher phenolic compounds and antioxidant content than healthy fruit at harvest. Considering these successful results, a new category of “sunny – apple”, we propose that has a higher content of antioxidantcompounds.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48399731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.036
Amr A. Elkelish, Taghreed S. Alnusaire, M. Soliman, S. Gowayed, H. Senousy, S. Fahad
Salinity is considered as one of the devastating abiotic stress factors and global climate change has further worsened the situation. Present experiments were aimed to evaluate the role of calcium (Ca) availability on growth and salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean. Seedlings were grown with (2 mM Ca) and without Ca supplementation and modulation in key physiological and biochemical parameters were studied. Salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress resulted in growth reduction in terms of height and biomass accumulation, which was more pronounced in Ca-deficient plants. Relative to control (Ca deficient) and NaCl stressed plants, Ca supplemented seedlings exhibited higher relative water content, pigment synthesis and the photosynthetic efficiency. Ca availability affected the synthesis of proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars under normal and saline growth conditions. Optimal Ca supplementation up-regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes assayed and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and tocopherol) thereby reflecting in amelioration of NaCl induced oxidative damage. Moreover, increased accumulation of phenols due to Ca supplementation and the amelioration of NaCl mediated decline if nitrate reductase activity was observed. More importantly, Ca availability reduced the accumulation of Na under control and NaCl stressed conditions restricting the damging effects on metabolism. Availability of optimal Ca potentially regulates the salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean by maintaining osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism.
盐度被认为是破坏性的非生物胁迫因素之一，全球气候变化进一步加剧了这种情况。本试验旨在探讨钙(Ca)有效性在大豆生长和耐盐机制中的作用。在(2 mM Ca)和不添加Ca的情况下，对幼苗生长进行了研究，并对关键生理生化参数进行了调节。盐度(100 mM NaCl)胁迫导致植株生长降低，且在缺钙植株中表现得更为明显。与对照(缺钙)和NaCl胁迫植株相比，补钙植株表现出更高的相对含水量、色素合成和光合效率。在正常和盐水条件下，钙的有效性影响了脯氨酸、甘氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性糖的合成。优化的钙添加量上调了抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化剂(抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和生育酚)的含量，从而反映了NaCl诱导的氧化损伤的改善。此外，如果观察到硝酸盐还原酶活性，则由于补充钙增加了酚类物质的积累，并改善了NaCl介导的下降。更重要的是，在控制和NaCl胁迫条件下，Ca有效性降低了Na的积累，限制了对代谢的损害作用。最佳钙的获取可能通过维持渗透调节和抗氧化代谢来调节大豆的耐盐机制。
{"title":"Calcium availability regulates antioxidant system, physio-biochemical activities and alleviates salinity stress mediated oxidative damage in soybean seedlings","authors":"Amr A. Elkelish, Taghreed S. Alnusaire, M. Soliman, S. Gowayed, H. Senousy, S. Fahad","doi":"10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.036","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is considered as one of the devastating abiotic stress factors and global climate change has further worsened the situation. Present experiments were aimed to evaluate the role of calcium (Ca) availability on growth and salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean. Seedlings were grown with (2 mM Ca) and without Ca supplementation and modulation in key physiological and biochemical parameters were studied. Salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress resulted in growth reduction in terms of height and biomass accumulation, which was more pronounced in Ca-deficient plants. Relative to control (Ca deficient) and NaCl stressed plants, Ca supplemented seedlings exhibited higher relative water content, pigment synthesis and the photosynthetic efficiency. Ca availability affected the synthesis of proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars under normal and saline growth conditions. Optimal Ca supplementation up-regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes assayed and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and tocopherol) thereby reflecting in amelioration of NaCl induced oxidative damage. Moreover, increased accumulation of phenols due to Ca supplementation and the amelioration of NaCl mediated decline if nitrate reductase activity was observed. More importantly, Ca availability reduced the accumulation of Na under control and NaCl stressed conditions restricting the damging effects on metabolism. Availability of optimal Ca potentially regulates the salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean by maintaining osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism.","PeriodicalId":56276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43715644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Schuchardt, A. Hahn, T. Greupner, Paulina Wasserfurth, M. Rosales-López, Johann Hornbacher, J. Papenbrock
Watercress, Nasturtium officinale R. Br., is a native water or semiaquatic plant that has a high nutrient density. Physiologically relevant are the various glucosinolates, which possess positive health effects in form of their thio- and isothiocyanates. In an interdisciplinary project, we aim to develop a hydroponic, and finally an aquaponic, circulatory cultivation system and to study the health effects of watercress. In humans, there is a lack of data-based knowledge on potential beneficial health effects of watercress. Growth of watercresswas followed during one season in an open-door hydroponic system. Watercress was also cultivated in the greenhouse in different substrates with different concentrations of nutrients and salt. The biomass production is strongly dependent on the temperature. The glucosinolate contents differ significantly during the growing season, especially during flowering. Watercress naturally grows in nutrient rich fresh waters, however, when cultivated at NaCl concentrations of up to 120 mM the gain in biomass is still high. In a human proof of-concept study, indications for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of fresh watercress were observed already after a single dose intake of fresh watercress (85 g). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are planned to study health beneficial effects of watercress and its metabolic activity.
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