Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1007/s11708-023-0912-6
Xiao Guo, Yanbo Che, Zhihao Zheng, Jiulong Sun
With the promotion of “dual carbon” strategy, data center (DC) access to high-penetration renewable energy sources (RESs) has become a trend in the industry. However, the uncertainty of RES poses challenges to the safe and stable operation of DCs and power grids. In this paper, a multi-timescale optimal scheduling model is established for interconnected data centers (IDCs) based on model predictive control (MPC), including day-ahead optimization, intraday rolling optimization, and intraday real-time correction. The day-ahead optimization stage aims at the lowest operating cost, the rolling optimization stage aims at the lowest intraday economic cost, and the real-time correction aims at the lowest power fluctuation, eliminating the impact of prediction errors through coordinated multi-timescale optimization. The simulation results show that the economic loss is reduced by 19.6%, and the power fluctuation is decreased by 15.23%.
随着 "双碳 "战略的推进,数据中心(DC)接入高渗透率的可再生能源(RES)已成为行业趋势。然而,可再生能源的不确定性给 DC 和电网的安全稳定运行带来了挑战。本文基于模型预测控制(MPC)建立了互联数据中心(IDC)的多时段优化调度模型,包括日前优化、日内滚动优化和日内实时修正。日前优化阶段以最低运行成本为目标,滚动优化阶段以最低日内经济成本为目标,实时校正以最低功率波动为目标,通过多时间尺度协调优化消除预测误差的影响。仿真结果表明,经济损失降低了 19.6%,功率波动降低了 15.23%。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1007/s11708-023-0913-5
Can Fang, Xiangmei Tang, Jiaoyan Wang, Qingfeng Yi
Highly efficient and stable iron electrodes are of great significant to the development of iron-air battery (IAB). In this paper, iron nanoparticle-encapsulated C–N composite (NanoFe@CN) was synthesized by pyrolysis using polyaniline as the C–N source. Electrochemical performance of the NanoFe@CN in different electrolytes (alkaline, neutral, and quasi-neutral) was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The IAB was assembled with NanoFe@CN as the anode and IrO2 + Pt/C as the cathode. The effects of different discharging/charging current densities and electrolytes on the battery performance were also studied. Neutral K2SO4 electrolyte can effectively suppress the passivation of iron electrode, and the battery showed a good cycling stability during 180 charging/discharging cycles. Compared to the pure nano-iron (NanoFe) battery, the NanoFe@CN battery has a more stable cycling stability either in KOH or NH4Cl + KCl electrolyte.
{"title":"Performance of iron-air battery with iron nanoparticle-encapsulated C–N composite electrode","authors":"Can Fang, Xiangmei Tang, Jiaoyan Wang, Qingfeng Yi","doi":"10.1007/s11708-023-0913-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-023-0913-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Highly efficient and stable iron electrodes are of great significant to the development of iron-air battery (IAB). In this paper, iron nanoparticle-encapsulated C–N composite (NanoFe@CN) was synthesized by pyrolysis using polyaniline as the C–N source. Electrochemical performance of the NanoFe@CN in different electrolytes (alkaline, neutral, and quasi-neutral) was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The IAB was assembled with NanoFe@CN as the anode and IrO<sub>2</sub> + Pt/C as the cathode. The effects of different discharging/charging current densities and electrolytes on the battery performance were also studied. Neutral K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte can effectively suppress the passivation of iron electrode, and the battery showed a good cycling stability during 180 charging/discharging cycles. Compared to the pure nano-iron (NanoFe) battery, the NanoFe@CN battery has a more stable cycling stability either in KOH or NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + KCl electrolyte.</p>","PeriodicalId":570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138572320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyimide (PI) has emerged as a promising organic photocatalyst owing to its distinct advantages of high visible-light response, facile synthesis, molecularly tunable donor-acceptor structure, and excellent physicochemical stability. However, the synthesis of high-quality PI photoelectrode remains a challenge, and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for PI has been less studied. Herein, the synthesis of uniform PI photoelectrode films via a simple spin-coating method was reported, and their PEC properties were investigated using melamine as donor and various anhydrides as acceptors. The influence of the conjugate size of aromatic unit (phenyl, biphenyl, naphthalene, perylene) of electron acceptor on PEC performance were studied, where naphthalene-based PI photoelectrode exhibited the highest photocurrent response. This is resulted from the unification of wide-range light absorption, efficient charge separation and transport, and strong photooxidation capacity. This paper expands the material library of polymer films for PEC applications and contributes to the rational design of efficient polymer photoelectrodes.
{"title":"Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting with a donor-acceptor polyimide","authors":"Hongyu Qu, Xiaoyu Xu, Longfei Hong, Xintie Wang, Yifei Zan, Huiyan Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Sheng Chu","doi":"10.1007/s11708-023-0910-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-023-0910-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polyimide (PI) has emerged as a promising organic photocatalyst owing to its distinct advantages of high visible-light response, facile synthesis, molecularly tunable donor-acceptor structure, and excellent physicochemical stability. However, the synthesis of high-quality PI photoelectrode remains a challenge, and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for PI has been less studied. Herein, the synthesis of uniform PI photoelectrode films via a simple spin-coating method was reported, and their PEC properties were investigated using melamine as donor and various anhydrides as acceptors. The influence of the conjugate size of aromatic unit (phenyl, biphenyl, naphthalene, perylene) of electron acceptor on PEC performance were studied, where naphthalene-based PI photoelectrode exhibited the highest photocurrent response. This is resulted from the unification of wide-range light absorption, efficient charge separation and transport, and strong photooxidation capacity. This paper expands the material library of polymer films for PEC applications and contributes to the rational design of efficient polymer photoelectrodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138526575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1007/s11708-023-0909-1
Ziyuan Teng, Chao Tan, Peiyuan Liu, Minfang Han
The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality. This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys, including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants, transport by tube trailers, storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), and application for use in two different cities. It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost. However, a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system. The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1% in City A and 43.8% in City B. It only takes 11.0%–20.1% of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8% of the ICEV emission. The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1% in City A. Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and “greener” hydrogen production pathway.
为实现碳减排和碳中和,氢燃料电池汽车在中国迅速发展。本文通过大量的实地调查,包括氯碱厂的氢气生产和包装、管式拖车运输、加氢站(HRS)的储存和加氢,以及在两个不同城市的应用,评估了氢能源的生命周期成本和碳排放。研究还对电池电动汽车(BEV)和内燃机汽车(ICEV)进行了比较研究。结果表明,氢燃料电池汽车(FCV)的环保性能最好,但能源成本最高。然而,充足的氢供应可以大大降低当前系统的碳强度和 FCV 能源成本。FCV 应用的碳排放在城市 A 有可能减少 73.1%,在城市 B 有可能减少 43.8%,只占 BEV 排放的 11.0%-20.1%,ICEV 排放的 8.2%-9.8%。在城市 A,FCV 的驾驶成本可降低 39.1%。如果采用更经济、更 "绿色 "的氢气生产途径,还可以进一步提高成本效益。
{"title":"Analysis on carbon emission reduction intensity of fuel cell vehicles from a life-cycle perspective","authors":"Ziyuan Teng, Chao Tan, Peiyuan Liu, Minfang Han","doi":"10.1007/s11708-023-0909-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-023-0909-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality. This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys, including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants, transport by tube trailers, storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), and application for use in two different cities. It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost. However, a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system. The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1% in City A and 43.8% in City B. It only takes 11.0%–20.1% of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8% of the ICEV emission. The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1% in City A. Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and “greener” hydrogen production pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":570,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138572109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s11708-023-0908-2
Junwen Cao, Yikun Hu, Yun Zheng, Wenqiang Zhang, Bo Yu
The Haber-Bosch process is the most widely used synthetic ammonia technology at present. Since its invention, it has provided an important guarantee for global food security. However, the traditional Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process consumes a lot of energy and causes serious environmental pollution. Under the serious pressure of energy and environment, a green, clean, and sustainable ammonia synthesis route is urgently needed. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a green and mild new method for preparing ammonia, which can directly convert nitrogen or nitrate into ammonia using electricity driven by solar, wind, or water energy, without greenhouse gas and toxic gas emissions. Herein, the basic mechanism of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia and nitrate reduction reaction (NO