The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the text came from other published papers. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the Health treats all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No. 3,102-110 pages, 2013, has been removed from this site.
{"title":"Socioeconomic Factors of Full Immunisation Coverage in India","authors":"S. Sharma","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.33015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.33015","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints \u0000received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the \u0000text came from other published papers. The scientific community takes a very \u0000strong view on this matter, and the Health treats all unethical behavior such \u0000as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No. 3,102-110 pages, 2013, has been removed from this site.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaccines are an integral part of veterinary disease prevention. However there are still a significant number of veterinary diseases for which vaccines do not currently exist or where currently available vaccines do not provide adequate immunity. Adenoviruses have transitioned from tools for gene replacement therapy to bona fide vaccine delivery vehicles because of their ability to elicit potent cell-mediated and humoral responses making them ideal for use against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. Adenoviral vector based vaccines are likely to play a significant role in overcoming these problems in the future. However, this vector is under utilized in veterinary vaccine development at this time. This review focuses on adenoviral vector based vaccines developed to date and explores the potential for veterinary vaccine development based upon this platform: advantages and potential disadvantages of this technology are discussed as well as the potential for developing efficacious commercial veterinary adenoviral vector based vaccines.
{"title":"Adenoviral Vectors in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Potential for Further Development","authors":"O. Ndi, M. Barton, T. Vanniasinkam","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.33016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.33016","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines are an integral part of veterinary disease prevention. However there are still a significant number of veterinary diseases for which vaccines do not currently exist or where currently available vaccines do not provide adequate immunity. Adenoviruses have transitioned from tools for gene replacement therapy to bona fide vaccine delivery vehicles because of their ability to elicit potent cell-mediated and humoral responses making them ideal for use against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. Adenoviral vector based vaccines are likely to play a significant role in overcoming these problems in the future. However, this vector is under utilized in veterinary vaccine development at this time. This review focuses on adenoviral vector based vaccines developed to date and explores the potential for veterinary vaccine development based upon this platform: advantages and potential disadvantages of this technology are discussed as well as the potential for developing efficacious commercial veterinary adenoviral vector based vaccines.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides are the main target of the protective immune response against bacterial meningitis. They are thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens that are poorly immunogenic and not protective in young children, and their administration may impair subsequent challenge with the same polysaccharide. These problems have been addressed using three different vaccines consisting of 1) polysaccharide alone, 2) polysaccharide covalently conjugated to a carrier protein, and 3) polysaccharide with Proteoliposome (PL) adsorbed onto Al(OH)3. VA-MENGOC-BC ® is one of the third types of vaccine. It contains PL (detergent-extracted external membrane proteins forming vesicles) and polysaccharide (Ps) from N. meningitidis serogroups B and C (PsC), respectively. Nevertheless, there is a concern that to overcome the TI-2 nature of Ps the covalently conjugation to a carrier is mandatory. Therefore, we evaluated the immune response induced by VA-MENGOC-BC ® in infants and toddlers in order to determine whether it stimulates the response against the PsC. High IgG anti PsC and anti PL responses were seen following the administration of two doses in infants and toddlers, after a 3 rd dose in pre-teenagers, and after confirmed carrier stages in young adults. The anti PL IgG response persisted longer than anti PsC IgG response and IgM response against both antigens was maintained. An IgG1 anti PL response predominated, as well as IgG4 > IgG3 > IgG1 anti PsC responses. These results suggest that non-covalent incorporation of PsC onto Al(OH)3 containing PL as adjuvant is immunogenic, primes for memory, and induces long-lasting specific antibody response. The improved PsC immunogenicity of this vaccine may be due to the preferential and potent Th1 response induced in mice and human by the PL as adjuvant.
{"title":"Proteoliposome and Polysaccharide-Based Meningococcal Vaccine Are Immunogenic in Infants and Toddlers and Primes for Memory against Serogroup C Polysaccharide","authors":"O. Pérez, B. Romeu, J. Campo, C. Zayas, M. Lastre","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32012","url":null,"abstract":"Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides are the main target of the protective immune response against bacterial meningitis. They are thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens that are poorly immunogenic and not protective in young children, and their administration may impair subsequent challenge with the same polysaccharide. These problems have been addressed using three different vaccines consisting of 1) polysaccharide alone, 2) polysaccharide covalently conjugated to a carrier protein, and 3) polysaccharide with Proteoliposome (PL) adsorbed onto Al(OH)3. VA-MENGOC-BC ® is one of the third types of vaccine. It contains PL (detergent-extracted external membrane proteins forming vesicles) and polysaccharide (Ps) from N. meningitidis serogroups B and C (PsC), respectively. Nevertheless, there is a concern that to overcome the TI-2 nature of Ps the covalently conjugation to a carrier is mandatory. Therefore, we evaluated the immune response induced by VA-MENGOC-BC ® in infants and toddlers in order to determine whether it stimulates the response against the PsC. High IgG anti PsC and anti PL responses were seen following the administration of two doses in infants and toddlers, after a 3 rd dose in pre-teenagers, and after confirmed carrier stages in young adults. The anti PL IgG response persisted longer than anti PsC IgG response and IgM response against both antigens was maintained. An IgG1 anti PL response predominated, as well as IgG4 > IgG3 > IgG1 anti PsC responses. These results suggest that non-covalent incorporation of PsC onto Al(OH)3 containing PL as adjuvant is immunogenic, primes for memory, and induces long-lasting specific antibody response. The improved PsC immunogenicity of this vaccine may be due to the preferential and potent Th1 response induced in mice and human by the PL as adjuvant.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual vaccination with trivalent inactivated vaccines has been proven as safe and efficacious in preventing influenza and its complications. It is recommended especially to the elderly (>65) and other people at high risk for influenza complications and death such as patients with chronic medical conditions. Healthcare workers, who are considered to transmit infection to patients, or reciprocally, can be infected during encounters with patients, are also strongly advised to regularly receive vaccines. In order to improve influenza vaccination rates in countries in Europe, health authorities set targets for vaccination coverage by 2010. Despite the substantial efforts done, coverage rates maintain low. It is considered that informed decisions, based on existing evidence, are likely to cope with improving vaccination rates. Intention of this manuscript is to address some important issues connected with influenza vaccination which, to be able to aid the evidence, need to be further clearified. To support the debate, the author presented some dubious facts from the own practice experiences. As a long-lasting solution to improve vaccination practice strategies, strengthening programed vaccination is suggested. This concept would include implementation of nationwide vaccination protocols and their harmonization by the common logistics, and standardized data collection based on installation of E-health records. This strategy would allow data comparison among different populations. As based on this debate, improving influenza vaccination rates is not likely to be easy to perform straightforward task, but a multifaceted, long term challenge.
{"title":"Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates— A Straightforward Task or a Multifaceted Challenge?","authors":"Ljiljana Trtica-Majnaric","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32010","url":null,"abstract":"Annual vaccination with trivalent inactivated \u0000vaccines has been proven as safe and efficacious in preventing influenza and \u0000its complications. It is recommended especially to the elderly (>65) and \u0000other people at high risk for influenza complications and death such as patients \u0000with chronic medical conditions. Healthcare workers, who are considered to \u0000transmit infection to patients, or reciprocally, can be infected during \u0000encounters with patients, are also strongly advised to regularly receive \u0000vaccines. In order to improve influenza vaccination rates in countries in \u0000Europe, health authorities set targets for vaccination coverage by 2010. \u0000Despite the substantial efforts done, coverage rates maintain low. It is \u0000considered that informed decisions, based on existing evidence, are likely to \u0000cope with improving vaccination rates. Intention \u0000of this manuscript is to address some important issues connected with influenza \u0000vaccination which, to be able to aid the evidence, need to be further \u0000clearified. To support the debate, the author presented some dubious facts from \u0000the own practice experiences. As a long-lasting solution to improve vaccination practice strategies, strengthening programed vaccination is \u0000suggested. This concept would include implementation of nationwide vaccination \u0000protocols and their harmonization by the common logistics, and standardized \u0000data collection based on installation of E-health records. This strategy \u0000would allow data comparison among different populations. As based on this \u0000debate, improving influenza vaccination rates is not likely to be easy to perform \u0000straightforward task, but a multifaceted, long term challenge.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalina Ulloa, A. Pereira, Carolina Soley, N. Porat, A. Abdelnour, R. Dagan, A. Arguedas
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the NP/OP S. pneumoniae serotype distribution and potential vaccine coverage in Costa Rican children with Otitis Media (OM) before the introduction of PCV-7 in the National Immunization Program (NIP). Methods: Between 2002 and 2006, NP and OP samples were obtained from 641 children from 6 to 79 months of age, at the time of OM diagnosis. S. pneumoniae serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results: 386 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. The most common S. pneumoniae serotypes (ST) were: ST 6B, ST 14, ST 19F. Penicillin non-susceptibility was observed among 57% of the isolates obtained from children Conclusions: S. pneumoniae was isolated from the NP and/or OP in the majority (59%) of studied children with OM. At a statistical significant level, only serotype 3 was more frequently isolated among children >24 months of age. Antibiotic non-susceptibility and MDR were significantly higher in children
{"title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae Upper Respiratory Carriage in Costa Rican Children with Otitis Media before the Introduction of the Heptavalent Conjugated Vaccine in the National Immunization Program","authors":"Catalina Ulloa, A. Pereira, Carolina Soley, N. Porat, A. Abdelnour, R. Dagan, A. Arguedas","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32007","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The \u0000aim of this study was to analyze the NP/OP S. \u0000pneumoniae serotype distribution and potential vaccine coverage in Costa \u0000Rican children with Otitis Media (OM) before the introduction of PCV-7 in the National Immunization Program \u0000(NIP). Methods: Between 2002 and \u00002006, NP and OP samples were obtained from 641 children from 6 to 79 months of \u0000age, at the time of OM diagnosis. S. \u0000pneumoniae serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results: 386 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. The most common S. pneumoniae serotypes (ST) were: ST \u00006B, ST 14, ST 19F. \u0000Penicillin non-susceptibility was observed among 57% of the isolates obtained \u0000from children Conclusions: S. pneumoniae was isolated from the NP \u0000and/or OP in the majority (59%) of studied children with OM. At a statistical \u0000significant level, only serotype 3 was more frequently isolated among children \u0000>24 months of age. Antibiotic non-susceptibility and MDR were significantly \u0000higher in children","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoorvir V. Singh, A. Singh, P. Singh, Saurabh Gupta, H. Singh, Brajesh K. Singh, O. R. V. Kumar, A. S. Rajendiran, N. Swain, J. Sohal
“Indigenous vaccine” developed from native “Indian Bison Type” strain (“S5”) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of “goat origin” was first time evaluated in a sheep flock of Bharat Merino breed located in Mannavanur town of Tamil Nadu in South India. Therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated for 3 years between 2008 and 2010, on the basis of improvements in productivity (body weights, reproductive efficiency and survivability), physical condition, clinical symptoms (weakness, diarrhea, wool quality), immune response (sero-conversion) and infection load in feces (shedding). After immunization of the flock in 2008, the successive progenies of 112 and 53 lambs born in 2009 and 2010, respectively were vaccinated. Whereas, 40 lambs born to control animals were kept as unvaccinated controls. Though gain in body weights in vaccinated versus controls were not significant in 2008, growth rates were distinctly superior in Ist and IInd generations of vaccinated lambs. Reproductive performance (tupping percent) and survivability of lambs and adult sheep improved significantly. There was overall reduction in yearly morbidity (diarrhea) and mortality rates of the flock in post vaccination years. Shedding of MAP in feces was reduced in vaccinated sheep by 6.2%, 14.3% and 27.3% in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively, whereas shedding increased in the control sheep. Seromonitoring of the animals by “indigenous ELISA kit” showed enhanced “flock immunity” in successive generations. “Indigenous vaccine” reduced clinical disease and shedding and improved immunity and productivity of Bharat Merino flock, endemic for Johne’s disease.
{"title":"Evaluation of “Indigenous Vaccine” Developed Using “Indian Bison Type” Genotype of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis Strain “S5” of Goat Origin in a Sheep Flock Endemic for Johne’s Disease: A Three Years Trial in India","authors":"Shoorvir V. Singh, A. Singh, P. Singh, Saurabh Gupta, H. Singh, Brajesh K. Singh, O. R. V. Kumar, A. S. Rajendiran, N. Swain, J. Sohal","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32009","url":null,"abstract":"“Indigenous vaccine” developed from native “Indian Bison Type” strain (“S5”) \u0000of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of “goat origin” was first time evaluated in a sheep \u0000flock of Bharat Merino breed located in Mannavanur town of Tamil Nadu in South \u0000India. Therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated for 3 years between \u00002008 and 2010, on the basis of improvements in productivity (body weights, \u0000reproductive efficiency and survivability), physical condition, clinical \u0000symptoms (weakness, diarrhea, wool quality), immune response (sero-conversion) \u0000and infection load in feces (shedding). After immunization of the flock in 2008, \u0000the successive progenies of 112 and 53 lambs born in 2009 and 2010, \u0000respectively were vaccinated. Whereas, 40 lambs born to control animals were \u0000kept as unvaccinated controls. Though gain in body weights in vaccinated versus \u0000controls were not significant in 2008, growth rates were distinctly superior in \u0000Ist and IInd generations of vaccinated lambs. \u0000Reproductive performance (tupping percent) and survivability of lambs and adult \u0000sheep improved significantly. There was \u0000overall reduction in yearly morbidity (diarrhea) and mortality rates of \u0000the flock in post vaccination years. Shedding of MAP in feces was reduced in \u0000vaccinated sheep by 6.2%, 14.3% and 27.3% in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively, whereas shedding increased in the \u0000control sheep. Seromonitoring \u0000of the animals by “indigenous \u0000ELISA kit” showed enhanced “flock immunity” in successive generations. “Indigenous vaccine” reduced clinical disease and shedding \u0000and improved immunity and productivity of Bharat Merino flock, endemic for \u0000Johne’s disease.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Although BCG is the most widely administered vaccine in the world, there have never been as many cases of TB as there are now. Globally, more than 8.8 million people developed active TB and 1.4 million—many of them—died in 2010. It is estimated that half of pulmonary TB cases arise from latent Mtb infection, making the study of latency and reactivation of utmost importance. Methods: Widely administered BCG vaccines and a gene modified recombinant BCG (rBCG) strain, AERAS-422, were used as models to investigate the growth promoting function of resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) in different bacilli culture phases. Different supernatant fractions were prepared by ultrafiltration, and the promoting function of each fraction containing secreted Rpf(s) was evaluated by growth curve monitoring and colony counting on 7H10 agar plates. Results: The promoting effect of culture supernatants was mainly associated with the high molecular weight fraction (>30 kDa), which stimulated bacterial growth, but did not extend the exponential phase of stimulated culture. Anti-RpfB antibody showed significant growth restriction of the tested cultures. When comparing rBCG cultures containing 7H9 medium, the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, or the >30 kDa fraction, only the >30 kDa fraction was displayed with down-regulation of the secretion of RpfC, D and E. In colony counting tests, the plates containing the >30 kDa fraction had total countable colony numbers 2 to 3 fold higher than the plates with the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, and colonies appeared one to two weeks earlier than on the regular plates. The potential applications of the prepared supernatant fractions containing RpfA and RpfB are discussed, which may include accelerating diagnosis of Mtb infection and future TB vaccine development.
{"title":"Identification of Growth Promoting Effect of rBCG/BCG Culture Supernatant and Its Potential Applications","authors":"T. Jin, Tianli Qu, A. Raina, E. Tsao","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32006","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although BCG is the most widely \u0000administered vaccine in the world, there have never been as many cases of TB as \u0000there are now. Globally, more than 8.8 million people developed active TB and \u00001.4 million—many \u0000of them—died in 2010. It \u0000is estimated that half of pulmonary TB cases arise from latent Mtb infection, making the study of \u0000latency and reactivation of utmost importance. Methods: Widely administered BCG vaccines and a gene modified recombinant BCG (rBCG) strain, AERAS-422, were used as models to investigate the \u0000growth promoting function of resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) in different bacilli culture phases. \u0000Different supernatant fractions were prepared by ultrafiltration, and the \u0000promoting function of each fraction containing secreted Rpf(s) was evaluated by \u0000growth curve monitoring and colony counting on 7H10 agar plates. Results: The promoting effect of \u0000culture supernatants was mainly associated with the high molecular weight \u0000fraction (>30 kDa), which stimulated bacterial growth, but did not extend the exponential \u0000phase of stimulated culture. Anti-RpfB antibody showed significant growth \u0000restriction of the tested cultures. When comparing rBCG cultures containing 7H9 medium, the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, or the >30 kDa \u0000fraction, only the >30 kDa fraction was displayed with down-regulation of \u0000the secretion of RpfC, D and E. In colony counting tests, the plates containing \u0000the >30 kDa fraction had total countable colony numbers 2 to 3 fold higher \u0000than the plates with the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, \u0000and colonies appeared one to two weeks earlier than on the regular plates. The \u0000potential applications of the prepared supernatant fractions containing RpfA \u0000and RpfB are discussed, which may include accelerating diagnosis of Mtb infection and future TB vaccine \u0000development.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. B. B. Fonseca, C. Farhat, R. Succi, A. Machado, J. Braga
To assess the prevalence, the antimicrobials resistance and to identify risk factors of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) using prophylactic penicillin and immunized with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. A total of 424 swabs were collected from the nasopharynx in 216 children with SCD and 109 samples from the control group, both from 2 to 60 months age range. Isolation and identification of pneumococci followed standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for penicillin was determined by the E-test method. Prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci in children with SCD was 17%, and 11% in the control group. The risk factors for increased colonization in children with SCD were the presence of more than five people at home, daycare/school attendance and low prophylaxis compliance. The prevalence of strains with penicillin resistance was 57.5% in patients with SCD and 25% in the control group. Conclusions: Prevalence of pneumococci nasopharyngeal colonization was similar among the study groups. Prophylactic use of penicillin may have increased the prevalence of resistant strains. The vaccine did not decrease the colonization with penicillin resistant strains.
{"title":"Penicillin Resistance in Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae among Children with Sickle Cell Disease Immunized with 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine","authors":"P. B. B. Fonseca, C. Farhat, R. Succi, A. Machado, J. Braga","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32005","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the prevalence, \u0000the antimicrobials resistance and to identify risk factors of nasopharyngeal \u0000colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in \u0000children with sickle cell disease (SCD) using prophylactic penicillin and \u0000immunized with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. A total of 424 swabs \u0000were collected from the nasopharynx in 216 children with SCD and 109 samples \u0000from the control group, both from 2 to 60 months age range. Isolation and \u0000identification of pneumococci followed standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory \u0000concentration (MIC) for penicillin was determined by the E-test method. \u0000Prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci in children with SCD \u0000was 17%, and 11% in the control group. The risk factors for increased \u0000colonization in children with SCD were the presence of more than five people at \u0000home, daycare/school attendance and low prophylaxis compliance. The prevalence \u0000of strains with penicillin resistance was 57.5% in patients with SCD and 25% in \u0000the control group. Conclusions: Prevalence \u0000of pneumococci nasopharyngeal colonization was similar among the study groups. \u0000Prophylactic use of penicillin may have increased the prevalence of resistant \u0000strains. The vaccine did not decrease the colonization with penicillin \u0000resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Engell-Noerregaard, P. Kvistborg, M. Zocca, A. Pedersen, M. Claesson, A. Mellemgaard
Background: We evaluated the clinical and immunological effects of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination of patients with NSCLC. Autologous DCs were pulsed with a MAGE containing allogeneic melanoma cell lysate (MelCancerVac?, Dandrit Biotech,Copenhagen,Denmark). Imiquimod cream, proleukin and celecoxib were used as adjuvants to the vaccines. The objective of the study was to evaluate specific T cell response in vitro by IFNg EliSpot. Secondary objectives were overall survival, response and quality of life (QoL). Results: Twenty-two patients initiated the vaccination program consisting of ten vaccinations. Seven patients remained in stable disease (SD) three months after the first vaccination. After ten vaccinations (six months), four patients still showed SD and continued vaccinations on a monthly basis. These four patients received a total of 12, 16, 26 and 35 vaccinations, respectively. Five patients showed an unexpectedly prolonged survival. The treatment was well tolerated and only minor adverse events were reported. Quality of life did not change during the study period. In four of the seven patients with SD, vaccine-specific T cells were detected by IFNγ EliSpot assays, whereas only one patient with progressive disease (PD) showed vaccine-specific responses. Conclusion: This DC-based vaccine trial has indicated a correlation between vaccine-specific immunity and sustained SD. Furthermore, we observed an unexpectedly prolonged survival in some patients, which may indicate delayed effect of DC vaccination after completion of the treatment. A prospective randomized phase-IIb or -III is needed to further evaluate the use of MelCancerVac? vaccine treatment in patients with progressive NSCLC.
{"title":"Clinical and Immunological Effects in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung-Cancer after Vaccination with Dendritic Cells Exposed to an Allogeneic Tumor Cell Lysate","authors":"L. Engell-Noerregaard, P. Kvistborg, M. Zocca, A. Pedersen, M. Claesson, A. Mellemgaard","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32011","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We evaluated the clinical and immunological effects of dendritic \u0000cell (DC) vaccination of patients with NSCLC. Autologous DCs were pulsed with a MAGE \u0000containing allogeneic melanoma cell lysate (MelCancerVac?, Dandrit \u0000Biotech,Copenhagen,Denmark). \u0000Imiquimod cream, proleukin and celecoxib were used as adjuvants to the \u0000vaccines. The objective of the study was to evaluate specific T cell response \u0000in vitro by IFNg EliSpot. Secondary objectives were overall survival, response and \u0000quality of life (QoL). Results: Twenty-two patients initiated the vaccination program consisting of ten \u0000vaccinations. Seven patients remained in stable disease (SD) three months after \u0000the first vaccination. After ten vaccinations (six months), four patients still \u0000showed SD and continued vaccinations on a monthly basis. These four patients \u0000received a total of 12, 16, 26 and 35 vaccinations, respectively. Five patients \u0000showed an unexpectedly prolonged survival. The treatment was well tolerated and \u0000only minor adverse events were reported. Quality of life did not change during \u0000the study period. In four of the seven patients with SD, vaccine-specific T \u0000cells were detected by IFNγ EliSpot \u0000assays, whereas only one patient with progressive disease (PD) showed vaccine-specific \u0000responses. Conclusion: This \u0000DC-based vaccine trial has indicated a correlation between vaccine-specific \u0000immunity and sustained SD. Furthermore, we observed an unexpectedly prolonged \u0000survival in some patients, which may indicate delayed effect of DC vaccination \u0000after completion of the treatment. A prospective randomized phase-IIb or -III \u0000is needed to further evaluate the use of MelCancerVac? vaccine \u0000treatment in patients with progressive NSCLC.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Lemiere, Jean-Claude Gauthier, A. Kodjo, Laure Vinit, A. Delvecchio, F. Prandini
Broiler breeder vaccination against IBD is usually based on the injection of at least one inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, typically included in a combined vaccine. Priming using one or several IBD vaccine (s) has been the most common way to immunize the breeders so far. In summary, protection against vvIBD challenge in chicks of one commercial genetic line vaccinated in ovo with the HVT-IBD vector vaccine was demonstrated. The parents’ IBD vaccination program, using the HVT-IBD vector vaccine alone, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine plus IBD inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBD vaccine alone, did not impair their progeny’s in ovo HVT-IBD vector vaccine take and subsequent protection against vvIBD virus challenge. An advantage in terms of immunization of the progeny against vvIBD was shown in the chicks born to breeders vaccinated with the HVT-IBD vaccine as a primer, as compared to breeders vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine alone. High level of IBD maternally-derived antibodies transmitted to the progeny by their parents induces together with an early onset of immunity by in ovo injection of a HVT-IBD vector vaccine clinical protection, as monitored on bursas, after vvIBD virus challenge.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Protection against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Challenge in Progeny Born to Parents Having Received a Vaccination Program Using a Herpesvirus of Turkey-Infectious Bursal Disease (HVT-IBD) Vector Vaccine","authors":"S. Lemiere, Jean-Claude Gauthier, A. Kodjo, Laure Vinit, A. Delvecchio, F. Prandini","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2013.32008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2013.32008","url":null,"abstract":"Broiler breeder \u0000vaccination against IBD is usually based on the injection of at least one \u0000inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, typically included in a combined vaccine. Priming using one or \u0000several IBD vaccine (s) \u0000has been the most common \u0000way to immunize the breeders so far. In summary, protection against vvIBD \u0000challenge in chicks of one commercial genetic line vaccinated in ovo with the HVT-IBD vector vaccine \u0000was demonstrated. The parents’ IBD vaccination program, using the HVT-IBD vector vaccine \u0000alone, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine plus IBD inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBD vaccine alone, did not \u0000impair their progeny’s in ovo HVT-IBD \u0000vector vaccine take and subsequent protection against vvIBD virus challenge. An \u0000advantage in terms of immunization of the progeny against vvIBD was shown in \u0000the chicks born to breeders vaccinated with the HVT-IBD vaccine as a primer, as \u0000compared to breeders vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine alone. High level \u0000of IBD maternally-derived antibodies transmitted to the progeny by their parents \u0000induces together with an early onset of immunity by in ovo injection of a HVT-IBD vector vaccine clinical protection, \u0000as monitored on bursas, after vvIBD virus challenge.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70893537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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