Domenic Quiquero,Reza Noroozi,Kaiting Wang,Rachael Conliffe,HaoTian Harvey Shi
Electronic skin (e-skin) is a rapidly developing technology at the intersection of humans and machines with tremendous applications in robotics, healthcare, sports performance, and other fields of wearable electronics. With the recent popularization of artificial intelligence (AI), data-driven approaches to materials design and geometric functional optimization have accelerated e-skin development, enabling optimized microstructures, novel functionalities, and improved usability. Recent progress in bioinspired materials design and functionality enhancements for e-skin is paving the way for future-facing machine learning-powered tools to further accelerate their development. In this review, we discuss the traditional properties of e-skins, their sensing mechanisms, and suitable applications. Then, we investigate and categorize bioinspired structures from material, structural, and functional perspectives. Next, we outline the fundamentals of AI for data-driven optimization and how it can be utilized toward bioinspired e-skin design. This blended e-skin design framework culminates in novel applications, from customizable layouts for personalized therapeutics to dynamic environment recognition for enhanced robotics. Finally, we will explore the challenges of e-skin human-machine interfaces, including their hardware limitations, sensitivity, and longevity issues, and offer insights into future-proof research.
{"title":"Evolving Beyond Nature: AI-Driven Rapid Advancements of Bio-Inspired Electronic Skin.","authors":"Domenic Quiquero,Reza Noroozi,Kaiting Wang,Rachael Conliffe,HaoTian Harvey Shi","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c24192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c24192","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic skin (e-skin) is a rapidly developing technology at the intersection of humans and machines with tremendous applications in robotics, healthcare, sports performance, and other fields of wearable electronics. With the recent popularization of artificial intelligence (AI), data-driven approaches to materials design and geometric functional optimization have accelerated e-skin development, enabling optimized microstructures, novel functionalities, and improved usability. Recent progress in bioinspired materials design and functionality enhancements for e-skin is paving the way for future-facing machine learning-powered tools to further accelerate their development. In this review, we discuss the traditional properties of e-skins, their sensing mechanisms, and suitable applications. Then, we investigate and categorize bioinspired structures from material, structural, and functional perspectives. Next, we outline the fundamentals of AI for data-driven optimization and how it can be utilized toward bioinspired e-skin design. This blended e-skin design framework culminates in novel applications, from customizable layouts for personalized therapeutics to dynamic environment recognition for enhanced robotics. Finally, we will explore the challenges of e-skin human-machine interfaces, including their hardware limitations, sensitivity, and longevity issues, and offer insights into future-proof research.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pt supported on carbon black (Pt/C) is generally used as an anode and cathode catalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Owing to the highly complex surface microstructure of Pt/C, electrochemical studies employing single-crystal Pt surfaces are powerful but insufficient alone for a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic properties and surface modification effects by organic compounds. This study investigated the dependence of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity of a polycrystalline Pt electrode surface on grain crystallographic orientation and the influence of surface modification by melamine. As a prerequisite, the 2D HOR activity map obtained by a scanning electrochemical microprobe was successfully correlated with the 2D grain crystallographic orientation map determined by electron backscatter diffraction by using indentation marks made by a nanoindenter on the electrode surface as a guide. Low-activity grain regions had orientations close to (100), whereas moderate- and high-activity grain regions exhibited orientations close to (110) and (111), respectively. Then, HOR deactivation was monitored in situ by conducting square-wave potential cycling in a 0.1 M NaClO4 + 0.01 M HClO4 mixed solution with or without melamine. Changes in the HOR activity map revealed that melamine effectively suppressed HOR deactivation, even under oxidation and reduction conditions of the Pt electrode surface, by stabilizing the microstructures of the (111)- and (110)-oriented surface grains. These findings demonstrate that grain-resolved 2D activity maps provide essential information about the relationship between grain properties and catalytic activity for the design of efficient catalyst surfaces.
碳黑负载Pt （Pt/C）是聚合物电解质燃料电池中常用的阳极和阴极催化剂。由于Pt/C高度复杂的表面微观结构，利用单晶Pt表面的电化学研究是强有力的，但不足以全面了解有机化合物的催化性能和表面改性效果。研究了多晶Pt电极表面的氢氧化反应（HOR）活性对晶粒取向的依赖性以及三聚氰胺表面改性的影响。在此前提下，利用纳米压痕器在电极表面形成的压痕作为导向，成功地将扫描电化学微探针获得的二维HOR活性图与电子背散射衍射确定的二维晶粒取向图相关联。低活性区取向接近（100），中高活性区取向分别接近（110）和（111）。然后，通过在含有或不含三聚氰胺的0.1 M nacl + 0.01 M HClO4混合溶液中进行方波电位循环，原位监测HOR失活。HOR活性图的变化表明，三聚氰胺通过稳定（111）和（110）取向表面晶粒的微观结构，有效地抑制了HOR失活，即使在Pt电极表面的氧化和还原条件下也是如此。这些发现表明，颗粒分辨的二维活性图为设计高效催化剂表面提供了颗粒性质和催化活性之间关系的基本信息。
{"title":"Visualizing Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Deactivation on a Polycrystalline Pt Electrode Surface Suppressed by Melamine: A Scanning Electrochemical Microprobe Study","authors":"Masaki Sampei,Daisuke Noda,Kenta Hayashi,Naoto Todoroki,Toshimasa Wadayama","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c00045","url":null,"abstract":"Pt supported on carbon black (Pt/C) is generally used as an anode and cathode catalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Owing to the highly complex surface microstructure of Pt/C, electrochemical studies employing single-crystal Pt surfaces are powerful but insufficient alone for a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic properties and surface modification effects by organic compounds. This study investigated the dependence of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity of a polycrystalline Pt electrode surface on grain crystallographic orientation and the influence of surface modification by melamine. As a prerequisite, the 2D HOR activity map obtained by a scanning electrochemical microprobe was successfully correlated with the 2D grain crystallographic orientation map determined by electron backscatter diffraction by using indentation marks made by a nanoindenter on the electrode surface as a guide. Low-activity grain regions had orientations close to (100), whereas moderate- and high-activity grain regions exhibited orientations close to (110) and (111), respectively. Then, HOR deactivation was monitored in situ by conducting square-wave potential cycling in a 0.1 M NaClO4 + 0.01 M HClO4 mixed solution with or without melamine. Changes in the HOR activity map revealed that melamine effectively suppressed HOR deactivation, even under oxidation and reduction conditions of the Pt electrode surface, by stabilizing the microstructures of the (111)- and (110)-oriented surface grains. These findings demonstrate that grain-resolved 2D activity maps provide essential information about the relationship between grain properties and catalytic activity for the design of efficient catalyst surfaces.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexoelectricity, the modification of electric polarization induced by strain gradients, is ubiquitous in all materials and is typically a minor effect in bulk materials represented as a linear function of curvature. However, in 2D materials, the curvature can be dramatically large due to their flexibility, which naturally raises an intriguing question of whether flexoelectricity extends beyond the linear form. Here, we reveal a type of nonlinear flexoelectricity that depends on both the curvature and its gradients through first-principles calculations. This nonlinear flexoelectric effect only presents in certain materials such as monolayer CrI3, which is a consequence of the simultaneous breaking of the in-plane and out-of-plane mirror symmetries perpendicular to the curvature direction. In contrast, materials like graphene, h-BN, and 2H-WTe2 monolayers with no such symmetry breaking do not present such a nonlinear flexoelectric effect. Furthermore, a method to detect the nonlinear felexoelectricity is also proposed. Our research thus enriches the spectrum of flexophysics and has potential applications in flexoelectrics.
{"title":"Prediction of Nonlinear Flexoelectricity in Monolayer CrI3.","authors":"Huiying Gao,Xinlong Yang,Wenjing Li,Menglei Li,Fawei Zheng,Wenhui Duan","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c26274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c26274","url":null,"abstract":"Flexoelectricity, the modification of electric polarization induced by strain gradients, is ubiquitous in all materials and is typically a minor effect in bulk materials represented as a linear function of curvature. However, in 2D materials, the curvature can be dramatically large due to their flexibility, which naturally raises an intriguing question of whether flexoelectricity extends beyond the linear form. Here, we reveal a type of nonlinear flexoelectricity that depends on both the curvature and its gradients through first-principles calculations. This nonlinear flexoelectric effect only presents in certain materials such as monolayer CrI3, which is a consequence of the simultaneous breaking of the in-plane and out-of-plane mirror symmetries perpendicular to the curvature direction. In contrast, materials like graphene, h-BN, and 2H-WTe2 monolayers with no such symmetry breaking do not present such a nonlinear flexoelectric effect. Furthermore, a method to detect the nonlinear felexoelectricity is also proposed. Our research thus enriches the spectrum of flexophysics and has potential applications in flexoelectrics.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muyaxin Wang,Wenliang Xue,Jinyu Liu,Yuhao Jiang,Jianhong Luo,Shasha Shi,Xudong Yin,Xinsong Li
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication of diabetes, characterized by impaired healing due to chronic inflammation, poor blood vessel growth, and compromised cell function. To improve DFU healing, we create a FGF2 mRNA loaded liposome/exosome hybrid (FGF2-LEH) with dual functions of tissue regrowth and inflammation regulation. The FGF2-LEH was fabricated by incubating FGF2 mRNA with liposomes to form the FGF2-Lipo complex, followed by hybridization with platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-Exos) through freeze–thaw cycle and extrusion. Characterizations demonstrated that the FGF2-LEH had suitable particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and biosafety. In vitro experiments revealed that FGF2-LEH enhanced the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, highlighting its pro-angiogenic potential. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models, a single dose of FGF2-LEH greatly accelerated wound healing. After 15 days, the healing rate of the FGF2-LEH group exceeded 96% with improved granulation tissue growth, which was superior to that of control. Histopathological analysis further confirmed that FGF2-LEH promoted CD31+ angiogenesis, increased collagen deposition, and induced macrophages toward M2 polarization, thereby improving anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, FGF2-LEH combining the advantages of PRP-Exos and FGF2 mRNA provides an approach for DFU treatment with translational potential for clinical application.
{"title":"Liposome/Exosome Hybrid Loaded with FGF2 mRNA for Diabetic Wound Healing","authors":"Muyaxin Wang,Wenliang Xue,Jinyu Liu,Yuhao Jiang,Jianhong Luo,Shasha Shi,Xudong Yin,Xinsong Li","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c25924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c25924","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication of diabetes, characterized by impaired healing due to chronic inflammation, poor blood vessel growth, and compromised cell function. To improve DFU healing, we create a FGF2 mRNA loaded liposome/exosome hybrid (FGF2-LEH) with dual functions of tissue regrowth and inflammation regulation. The FGF2-LEH was fabricated by incubating FGF2 mRNA with liposomes to form the FGF2-Lipo complex, followed by hybridization with platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-Exos) through freeze–thaw cycle and extrusion. Characterizations demonstrated that the FGF2-LEH had suitable particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and biosafety. In vitro experiments revealed that FGF2-LEH enhanced the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, highlighting its pro-angiogenic potential. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models, a single dose of FGF2-LEH greatly accelerated wound healing. After 15 days, the healing rate of the FGF2-LEH group exceeded 96% with improved granulation tissue growth, which was superior to that of control. Histopathological analysis further confirmed that FGF2-LEH promoted CD31+ angiogenesis, increased collagen deposition, and induced macrophages toward M2 polarization, thereby improving anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, FGF2-LEH combining the advantages of PRP-Exos and FGF2 mRNA provides an approach for DFU treatment with translational potential for clinical application.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben Chang,Qing-Nan Wang,Chuchu Cheng,Xuefei Zhao,Shengqi Chen,Xiaolei Qu,Shihua Ye,Nianbo Jiang,Zhendong Feng,Can Li
The efficient and selective electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds is highly desired for producing chemicals and fuels from biomass. Although protons are known to play a critical role in C-O activation, the effect of catalyst supports on proton transfer remains insufficiently understood. Herein, using the Eu2+/Eu3+ redox mediator and Pd/TiO2 as the catalyst, we achieved >99% conversion and selectivity in the hydrogenolysis of benzyl phenyl ether, exhibiting 7-fold activity of Pd/C under a dilute acidic environment. We demonstrate that, compared to carbon supports, TiO2 facilitates proton transfer to Pd active sites, creating a localized high proton concentration. More importantly, protonation of the ether linkage (C-O-C) reduces the electron transfer energy barrier for hydrogenolysis, thereby enhancing the Faradaic efficiency. These findings offer valuable insights for designing electrocatalysts for efficient C-O bond cleavage and establish a practical platform for electrocatalytic biomass valorization.
{"title":"Enhancing Ether Hydrogenolysis via Support Surface Proton Adsorption and Transfer Using Off-Field Electrocatalysis.","authors":"Ben Chang,Qing-Nan Wang,Chuchu Cheng,Xuefei Zhao,Shengqi Chen,Xiaolei Qu,Shihua Ye,Nianbo Jiang,Zhendong Feng,Can Li","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c01255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c01255","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient and selective electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds is highly desired for producing chemicals and fuels from biomass. Although protons are known to play a critical role in C-O activation, the effect of catalyst supports on proton transfer remains insufficiently understood. Herein, using the Eu2+/Eu3+ redox mediator and Pd/TiO2 as the catalyst, we achieved >99% conversion and selectivity in the hydrogenolysis of benzyl phenyl ether, exhibiting 7-fold activity of Pd/C under a dilute acidic environment. We demonstrate that, compared to carbon supports, TiO2 facilitates proton transfer to Pd active sites, creating a localized high proton concentration. More importantly, protonation of the ether linkage (C-O-C) reduces the electron transfer energy barrier for hydrogenolysis, thereby enhancing the Faradaic efficiency. These findings offer valuable insights for designing electrocatalysts for efficient C-O bond cleavage and establish a practical platform for electrocatalytic biomass valorization.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Zhang,Minghao Sun,Xu Zhu,Yuting Lu,Zhixiang Lan,Bo Yu,Xiaodan Wu,Yingxue Jin
The core obstacle to tumor metastasis and recurrence lies in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment, and a single therapeutic modality cannot achieve synergistic intervention. In this study, a multimodal theranostic nanoplatform (MDCC) integrating copper-doped carbon dots (CuCDs), MnO2 nanosheets, and doxorubicin was constructed, which realized the organic integration of multimodal synergistic therapy, in situ oxygen self-supply, immunogenic cell death (ICD) induction, and tumor immune microenvironment remodeling. MDCC exhibited a photothermal conversion efficiency of 53% under an 808 nm laser irradiation. It could reverse tumor hypoxia through two pathways, including oxygen release via MnO2 response to the acidic environment and oxygen production via a CuCD-mediated Fenton-like reaction, thus significantly downregulating the expressions of HIF-1α and PD-L1. Meanwhile, MDCC could generate singlet oxygen (1O2) under 660 nm laser irradiation and achieve quadruple killing effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and chemotherapy (CT) by combining hydroxyl radical (•OH) production from Fenton-like reaction and the chemotherapeutic effect of doxorubicin. In vitro experiments confirmed that MDCC could efficiently induce ICD in 4T1 cells, upregulate markers such as calreticulin (CRT), and promote dendritic cell maturation and macrophage M1 polarization. In vivo experiments based on the Balb/c mouse bilateral tumor model showed that MDCC combined with dual lasers and αPD-L1 could completely eliminate primary tumors and reduce the volume of distant tumors by 68.7% via the abscopal effect without obvious organ damage. This platform realizes tumor immune microenvironment remodeling through the synergy of multiple mechanisms, providing a novel strategy for the precise treatment of malignant tumors.
{"title":"Smart MnO2 Nanosheet-Copper Carbon Dot Nanoplatform Enabling Multimodal Therapy to Reverse Hypoxia and Reprogram the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.","authors":"Hui Zhang,Minghao Sun,Xu Zhu,Yuting Lu,Zhixiang Lan,Bo Yu,Xiaodan Wu,Yingxue Jin","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c24938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c24938","url":null,"abstract":"The core obstacle to tumor metastasis and recurrence lies in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment, and a single therapeutic modality cannot achieve synergistic intervention. In this study, a multimodal theranostic nanoplatform (MDCC) integrating copper-doped carbon dots (CuCDs), MnO2 nanosheets, and doxorubicin was constructed, which realized the organic integration of multimodal synergistic therapy, in situ oxygen self-supply, immunogenic cell death (ICD) induction, and tumor immune microenvironment remodeling. MDCC exhibited a photothermal conversion efficiency of 53% under an 808 nm laser irradiation. It could reverse tumor hypoxia through two pathways, including oxygen release via MnO2 response to the acidic environment and oxygen production via a CuCD-mediated Fenton-like reaction, thus significantly downregulating the expressions of HIF-1α and PD-L1. Meanwhile, MDCC could generate singlet oxygen (1O2) under 660 nm laser irradiation and achieve quadruple killing effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and chemotherapy (CT) by combining hydroxyl radical (•OH) production from Fenton-like reaction and the chemotherapeutic effect of doxorubicin. In vitro experiments confirmed that MDCC could efficiently induce ICD in 4T1 cells, upregulate markers such as calreticulin (CRT), and promote dendritic cell maturation and macrophage M1 polarization. In vivo experiments based on the Balb/c mouse bilateral tumor model showed that MDCC combined with dual lasers and αPD-L1 could completely eliminate primary tumors and reduce the volume of distant tumors by 68.7% via the abscopal effect without obvious organ damage. This platform realizes tumor immune microenvironment remodeling through the synergy of multiple mechanisms, providing a novel strategy for the precise treatment of malignant tumors.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of wearable strain sensors increasingly focuses on multifunctional materials that integrate mechanical robustness, self-repairing capacity, temperature-resilient conductivity, and biocompatibility. Herein, we developed a physically cross-linked biopolymer-based organohydrogel by incorporating gelatin (Gel) and β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan (CDCS), designated as Gel/CDCS, reinforced through hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and host–guest complexation. The optimized Gel/CDCS1 organohydrogel with 1% of CDCS exhibited outstanding stretchability, with a tensile strain at break of 410.9% and a tensile strength of 92.2 kPa, while maintaining 85% of its mechanical properties after self-healing at 40 °C. The introduction of kosmotropic salts (Na3Cit and NaCl) and a glycerol–water binary solvent system conferred remarkable environmental adaptability, allowing stable performance from −20 to 37 °C. Notably, it achieved a high ionic conductivity of 0.946 S m–1 at room temperature, alongside 0.606 S m–1 at −20 °C and 0.330 S m–1 at 37 °C, ensuring operation under extreme conditions. The strain sensor displayed high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) increasing from 1.06 to 1.34 over a broad strain range and maintained a stable electrical response over 600 consecutive stretching cycles. Additionally, it enabled reliable detection of diverse human motions, including facial expressions, joint bending, and breathing, demonstrating excellent conformability and signal stability during on-body monitoring. Additionally, Gel/CDCS1 exhibited excellent biodegradability, degrading by over 80% in soil within 4 days, and showed high biocompatibility with fibroblast viability of around 80%. These attributes establish Gel/CDCS1 as a promising eco-friendly candidate for next-generation flexible electronics, wearable strain sensors, and biomedical applications.
可穿戴应变传感器的发展越来越关注于集机械稳健性、自修复能力、温度弹性电导率和生物相容性为一体的多功能材料。在此，我们通过明胶（Gel）和β-环糊精接枝的壳聚糖（CDCS）开发了一种物理交联的生物聚合物基有机水凝胶，命名为凝胶/CDCS，通过氢键、离子相互作用和主客体络合增强。经优化的含1% CDCS的凝胶/CDCS1有机水凝胶具有优异的拉伸性能，断裂时拉伸应变为410.9%，拉伸强度为92.2 kPa，在40℃下自愈后仍保持85%的力学性能。引入适温盐（Na3Cit和NaCl）和甘油-水二元溶剂体系赋予了卓越的环境适应性，在- 20至37°C范围内具有稳定的性能。值得注意的是，它在室温下实现了0.946 S m-1的高离子电导率，在- 20 °C时为0.606 S m-1，在37 °C时为0.330 S m-1，确保了在极端条件下的运行。该应变传感器具有很高的灵敏度，在较宽的应变范围内，测量因子（GF）从1.06增加到1.34，并且在600个连续拉伸周期内保持稳定的电响应。此外，它还能够可靠地检测各种人体运动，包括面部表情、关节弯曲和呼吸，在身体监测过程中表现出出色的一致性和信号稳定性。此外，凝胶/CDCS1具有良好的生物可降解性，在土壤中4天降解率超过80%，具有较高的生物相容性，成纤维细胞存活率约为80%。这些特性使凝胶/CDCS1成为下一代柔性电子、可穿戴应变传感器和生物医学应用的有前途的环保候选材料。
{"title":"Physically Cross-Linked Biopolymer-Based Strong and Stretchable Organohydrogel with Self-Healing and Biocompatibility for Environmentally Tolerant Strain Sensors","authors":"Wenhao Cai,Lingyun Chen","doi":"10.1021/acsami.6c01936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c01936","url":null,"abstract":"The development of wearable strain sensors increasingly focuses on multifunctional materials that integrate mechanical robustness, self-repairing capacity, temperature-resilient conductivity, and biocompatibility. Herein, we developed a physically cross-linked biopolymer-based organohydrogel by incorporating gelatin (Gel) and β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan (CDCS), designated as Gel/CDCS, reinforced through hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and host–guest complexation. The optimized Gel/CDCS1 organohydrogel with 1% of CDCS exhibited outstanding stretchability, with a tensile strain at break of 410.9% and a tensile strength of 92.2 kPa, while maintaining 85% of its mechanical properties after self-healing at 40 °C. The introduction of kosmotropic salts (Na3Cit and NaCl) and a glycerol–water binary solvent system conferred remarkable environmental adaptability, allowing stable performance from −20 to 37 °C. Notably, it achieved a high ionic conductivity of 0.946 S m–1 at room temperature, alongside 0.606 S m–1 at −20 °C and 0.330 S m–1 at 37 °C, ensuring operation under extreme conditions. The strain sensor displayed high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) increasing from 1.06 to 1.34 over a broad strain range and maintained a stable electrical response over 600 consecutive stretching cycles. Additionally, it enabled reliable detection of diverse human motions, including facial expressions, joint bending, and breathing, demonstrating excellent conformability and signal stability during on-body monitoring. Additionally, Gel/CDCS1 exhibited excellent biodegradability, degrading by over 80% in soil within 4 days, and showed high biocompatibility with fibroblast viability of around 80%. These attributes establish Gel/CDCS1 as a promising eco-friendly candidate for next-generation flexible electronics, wearable strain sensors, and biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation presents a promising route for converting CO2 into valuable products, contributing to the mitigation of net CO2 emissions. Supported Ru catalysts have recently gained considerable attention due to their tunability for 100% CO selectivity via the reverse water-gas shift pathway, effectively suppressing the competing methanation route. However, despite achieving full CO selectivity, the overall CO yield remains limited by low CO2 conversion, necessitating further improvement. In this work, CeO2 was introduced to modify a Ru/MgO single-atom catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The resulting Ru-CeO2/MgO catalyst, featuring abundant Ru-CeO2 interfacial sites, exhibited a favorable balance of CO2 conversion and CO selectivity, delivering the highest CO yield (32.5% at 500 °C), which is 9.0 and 1.8 times higher than that on Ru/MgO (3.6%) and Ru/CeO2 (18.4%), respectively. Although the CO selectivity was slightly compromised due to enhanced CO binding at Ru-CeO2 interfacial sites, H2 was more efficiently activated at these interfaces and readily reacted with CO2 adsorbed on CeO2-MgO surfaces, thereby boosting the CO2 hydrogenation activity and CO yield. This study underscores the critical role of Ru-metal oxide interface engineering in improving CO yield and advancing the rational design of highly efficient Ru catalysts for CO production from CO2 hydrogenation.
{"title":"Enhancing Value-Added CO Production from CO2 Hydrogenation by Tailoring the Ru-CeO2 Interface on MgO.","authors":"Kailong Ye,Shaohua Xie,Lu Ma,Dali Yang,Fudong Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c25106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c25106","url":null,"abstract":"Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation presents a promising route for converting CO2 into valuable products, contributing to the mitigation of net CO2 emissions. Supported Ru catalysts have recently gained considerable attention due to their tunability for 100% CO selectivity via the reverse water-gas shift pathway, effectively suppressing the competing methanation route. However, despite achieving full CO selectivity, the overall CO yield remains limited by low CO2 conversion, necessitating further improvement. In this work, CeO2 was introduced to modify a Ru/MgO single-atom catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The resulting Ru-CeO2/MgO catalyst, featuring abundant Ru-CeO2 interfacial sites, exhibited a favorable balance of CO2 conversion and CO selectivity, delivering the highest CO yield (32.5% at 500 °C), which is 9.0 and 1.8 times higher than that on Ru/MgO (3.6%) and Ru/CeO2 (18.4%), respectively. Although the CO selectivity was slightly compromised due to enhanced CO binding at Ru-CeO2 interfacial sites, H2 was more efficiently activated at these interfaces and readily reacted with CO2 adsorbed on CeO2-MgO surfaces, thereby boosting the CO2 hydrogenation activity and CO yield. This study underscores the critical role of Ru-metal oxide interface engineering in improving CO yield and advancing the rational design of highly efficient Ru catalysts for CO production from CO2 hydrogenation.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fan Wu,Xingwen Chen,Chuang Zhou,Jian Zhou,Ziyuan Li,Jiaqi Wang
For the purpose of resource utilization and disaster prevention, ocean energy harvesting and information sensing have been in high demand in recent years. However, at the current stage, ocean energy and information systems are not well integrated, as the ocean power generator and sensor work separately. This work presents an electromagnetic–triboelectric hybrid generator system capable of achieving energy harvesting and information sensing simultaneously, which can be deployed in diverse marine environments such as nearshore zones, reefs, and buoy platforms. The hybrid generator was driven by a rope connected to a buoy, which not only withstands strong wave conditions but also converts vertical wave motion into rotational motion. The harvested ocean energy can be mechanically stored, attributed to the combination of overrunning clutch, flywheel, and coil spring, resulting in elongated one-way operation time. Assisted by a one-way flywheel, a tailored disc-type permanent magnet generator (DPMG) was developed to power electrical appliances, achieving continuous electrical power generation after the environmental motion terminates, owing to the inertial energy storage and release principles. Two symmetrically arranged triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with different properties are developed to monitor ocean wave conditions, where wave motion can be well distinguished by the operational TENG, and the severe wave condition can be alarmed when the pulse number of the TENG exceeds the threshold. The power densities of the DPMG and TENG reached 240.63 W/m3 and 89.52 mW/m3, respectively. The flume and ocean field experiments demonstrate this work as an innovative approach to improve the energy harvesting efficiency and integrate the energy harvesting and information sensing functions into one system, while maintaining high survival capability.
{"title":"A Rope-Driven Hybrid Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Generator for Ocean Energy Harvesting and Information Sensing","authors":"Fan Wu,Xingwen Chen,Chuang Zhou,Jian Zhou,Ziyuan Li,Jiaqi Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c26229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c26229","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of resource utilization and disaster prevention, ocean energy harvesting and information sensing have been in high demand in recent years. However, at the current stage, ocean energy and information systems are not well integrated, as the ocean power generator and sensor work separately. This work presents an electromagnetic–triboelectric hybrid generator system capable of achieving energy harvesting and information sensing simultaneously, which can be deployed in diverse marine environments such as nearshore zones, reefs, and buoy platforms. The hybrid generator was driven by a rope connected to a buoy, which not only withstands strong wave conditions but also converts vertical wave motion into rotational motion. The harvested ocean energy can be mechanically stored, attributed to the combination of overrunning clutch, flywheel, and coil spring, resulting in elongated one-way operation time. Assisted by a one-way flywheel, a tailored disc-type permanent magnet generator (DPMG) was developed to power electrical appliances, achieving continuous electrical power generation after the environmental motion terminates, owing to the inertial energy storage and release principles. Two symmetrically arranged triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with different properties are developed to monitor ocean wave conditions, where wave motion can be well distinguished by the operational TENG, and the severe wave condition can be alarmed when the pulse number of the TENG exceeds the threshold. The power densities of the DPMG and TENG reached 240.63 W/m3 and 89.52 mW/m3, respectively. The flume and ocean field experiments demonstrate this work as an innovative approach to improve the energy harvesting efficiency and integrate the energy harvesting and information sensing functions into one system, while maintaining high survival capability.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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