Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01373-y
Guoqian Yang, Mengmeng Liu, Yingfeng Su, Chi Yu
Amidst the relentless innovation in materials science and bone tissue engineering, the quest for next-generation bone graft materials with bespoke functionalities has emerged as a pivotal research domain. This study produced and characterized a novel bone healing material. First, we explained how three-armed polylactic acid (3s-PLA) was created in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) and utilized as a matrix material. Following that, we described how the solution blending approach was employed to create three-armed polylactic acid/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (3s-PLA/CS/nHA) composites. The composites were then drug-loaded with prednisone acetate as a model drug utilizing the supercritical impregnation technique. Ultimately, the Ritger-Peppas model was substantially followed by the drug release of the drug-loaded composites when the in vitro drug-release kinetics of the drug-loaded materials were investigated. The porous structure of 3s-PLA was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen spectroscopy. Morphologic studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the homogeneous distribution of drug in the matrix of the mixtures as well as the porous structure of 3s-PLA and 3s-PLA/CS/nHA. The hydrophilicity of 3s-PLA/CS/nHA was examined by the use of water contact angle (WCA), revealing that the material in question has a hydrophilic water contact angle of 45.69°. Furthermore, research was conducted using one-way tests and investigations to characterize in vitro drug-release carrier materials under various drug conditions and temperatures. The carrier material consistently released up to 84.8% of prednisone acetate over the course of 72 h, demonstrating good control over prolonged release, according to the results.
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of 3s-PLA/CS/nHA drug-loaded composites by supercritical carbon dioxide technology","authors":"Guoqian Yang, Mengmeng Liu, Yingfeng Su, Chi Yu","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01373-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01373-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amidst the relentless innovation in materials science and bone tissue engineering, the quest for next-generation bone graft materials with bespoke functionalities has emerged as a pivotal research domain. This study produced and characterized a novel bone healing material. First, we explained how three-armed polylactic acid (3s-PLA) was created in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO<sub>2</sub>) and utilized as a matrix material. Following that, we described how the solution blending approach was employed to create three-armed polylactic acid/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (3s-PLA/CS/nHA) composites. The composites were then drug-loaded with prednisone acetate as a model drug utilizing the supercritical impregnation technique. Ultimately, the Ritger-Peppas model was substantially followed by the drug release of the drug-loaded composites when the in vitro drug-release kinetics of the drug-loaded materials were investigated. The porous structure of 3s-PLA was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen spectroscopy. Morphologic studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the homogeneous distribution of drug in the matrix of the mixtures as well as the porous structure of 3s-PLA and 3s-PLA/CS/nHA. The hydrophilicity of 3s-PLA/CS/nHA was examined by the use of water contact angle (WCA), revealing that the material in question has a hydrophilic water contact angle of 45.69°. Furthermore, research was conducted using one-way tests and investigations to characterize in vitro drug-release carrier materials under various drug conditions and temperatures. The carrier material consistently released up to 84.8% of prednisone acetate over the course of 72 h, demonstrating good control over prolonged release, according to the results.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, due to the rapid development of electromagnetic devices, it is necessary to prepare materials absorbing electromagnetic waves to reduce the harmful effects of these radiations on the environment and human health. Another application of these coatings is in the military, defense and aerospace industries. In this work, new microwave absorbing coatings with good adhesion were prepared by in situ polymerization of polyurethane in the presence of synthesized polyaniline and/or poly(aniline-co-melamine). The prepared materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM analyses. SEM images showed that the formation of nanotube particles in the copolymer was obtained in a molar ratio of 1 to 4 of melamine to aniline in a copolymerization feed. Polyurethane/poly(aniline-co-melamine) nanocomposite showed a better performance in microwave absorption ability than polyaniline/polyurethane, and the highest reflection loss in AM41 sample was −12.28 and −10.78 dB that appeared in the frequencies of 11.42 and 10.52 GHz, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of polyurethane/poly(aniline-co-melamine) nanocomposite was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the results showed similar capacitive behavior for AM41 and AM10 nanocomposites, which proved that the change in morphology of AM41 caused better performance in absorbing microwaves.
{"title":"Poly(aniline-co-melamine)/polyurethane coating as a novel microwave absorbing material for potential stealth application","authors":"Hassan Ahmadi, Peyman Najafi Moghadam, Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare, Javad Norinia","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01372-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01372-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, due to the rapid development of electromagnetic devices, it is necessary to prepare materials absorbing electromagnetic waves to reduce the harmful effects of these radiations on the environment and human health. Another application of these coatings is in the military, defense and aerospace industries. In this work, new microwave absorbing coatings with good adhesion were prepared by in situ polymerization of polyurethane in the presence of synthesized polyaniline and/or poly(aniline-<i>co</i>-melamine). The prepared materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM analyses. SEM images showed that the formation of nanotube particles in the copolymer was obtained in a molar ratio of 1 to 4 of melamine to aniline in a copolymerization feed. Polyurethane/poly(aniline-<i>co</i>-melamine) nanocomposite showed a better performance in microwave absorption ability than polyaniline/polyurethane, and the highest reflection loss in AM41 sample was −12.28 and −10.78 dB that appeared in the frequencies of 11.42 and 10.52 GHz, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of polyurethane/poly(aniline-<i>co</i>-melamine) nanocomposite was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the results showed similar capacitive behavior for AM41 and AM10 nanocomposites, which proved that the change in morphology of AM41 caused better performance in absorbing microwaves.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01370-1
Seyed Ahmad Koohrou, Abbas Kebritchi
In a novel approach, the effect of twin-roll mixer temperature as well as fiber-matrix interaction on the ablation behavior and carbonized char structure was studied. Different ablative insulators based on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) were fabricated using a laboratory twin-roll mixer at cold (25 °C) and hot (60 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the effects of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphane (SI-69) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as coupling agents at 2 and 3 phr levels were assessed. Curing rheometery, physical and mechanical testing, micro and macro-morphology images of insulator and char, thermal assesment and oxyacetylene torch test (Tflame = 3000 °C) were expolited. FE-SEM analysis of charred layers showed that PEG (2) EPDM-Hot, SI-69 (2) EPDM-Hot, and HTPB (3) EPDM-Cold samples (Table 1) formed a loose carbonized layer, which cannot resist under the oxyacetylene flame, resulting in low ablative resistance. The micro-morphology of hot processed samples displayed more compatible interplanar layers. The HTPB Hot (3)-EPDM sample (Table 1) showed a higher Tg (− 49.63 °C), cross-linked density (6.83 10–4 mol/cm3), tensile strength (5.11 MPa), thermal stability (Tmax = 476.60 °C), char layer compression strength (about 600 N at 1.75 mm displacement) and better dispersion of filler in the matrix than the other samples. Remarkably, the use of a hot twin-roll mixer and an appropriate coupling agent simultaneously suggests a synergistic effect in increasing the ablation resistance (the lowest ablation rates of 0.07916 mm/s and 0.3758 g/s) in HTPB Hot (3)-EPDM sample through better distribution and interaction of the fillers with the rubber matrix.
{"title":"Effect of twin-roll temperature and interface adhesion on ablative performance and char structure of ethylene propylene diene monomer-based ablative insulator","authors":"Seyed Ahmad Koohrou, Abbas Kebritchi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01370-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01370-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a novel approach, the effect of twin-roll mixer temperature as well as fiber-matrix interaction on the ablation behavior and carbonized char structure was studied. Different ablative insulators based on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) were fabricated using a laboratory twin-roll mixer at cold (25 °C) and hot (60 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the effects of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphane (SI-69) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as coupling agents at 2 and 3 phr levels were assessed. Curing rheometery, physical and mechanical testing, micro and macro-morphology images of insulator and char, thermal assesment and oxyacetylene torch test (<i>T</i><sub>flame</sub> = 3000 °C) were expolited. FE-SEM analysis of charred layers showed that PEG (2) EPDM-Hot, SI-69 (2) EPDM-Hot, and HTPB (3) EPDM-Cold samples (Table 1) formed a loose carbonized layer, which cannot resist under the oxyacetylene flame, resulting in low ablative resistance. The micro-morphology of hot processed samples displayed more compatible interplanar layers. The HTPB Hot (3)-EPDM sample (Table 1) showed a higher <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> (− 49.63 °C), cross-linked density (6.83 10<sup>–4</sup> mol/cm<sup>3</sup>), tensile strength (5.11 MPa), thermal stability (<i>T</i><sub>max</sub> = 476.60 °C), char layer compression strength (about 600 N at 1.75 mm displacement) and better dispersion of filler in the matrix than the other samples. Remarkably, the use of a hot twin-roll mixer and an appropriate coupling agent simultaneously suggests a synergistic effect in increasing the ablation resistance (the lowest ablation rates of 0.07916 mm/s and 0.3758 g/s) in HTPB Hot (3)-EPDM sample through better distribution and interaction of the fillers with the rubber matrix.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01368-9
Hao Li, Yingbo Chen, Pengfei Li, Ke Zhao
The environmental crisis caused by the use of petroleum-based fibers and the massive depletion of petroleum resources threaten the sustainable development of mankind. Therefore, regenerated protein fibers have gained widespread attention for their green credentials, ingenuity and excellent compatibility. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/soy protein (SP)-carboxylated graphene oxide (GO–COOH) (PVA/SP–GO–COOH) composite fibers were prepared by wet spinning of aqueous solution containing PVA, SP, and GO-COOH. The composite fibers were analyzed for their morphology, structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the composite fibers have both the glossy properties of SP and excellent mechanical properties of PVA. This was attributed to the good dispersion and compatibility of SP and GO–COOH in the PVA matrix. When GO–COOH was added at 0.5% (by weight), the tensile strength of the composite fibers reached 3.29 cN/dtex and the Young’s modulus was 113.92 cN/dtex, which increased by 87% and 67%, respectively, as compared to that of the pure PVA fiber. The moisture regains of the composite fibers reached 8.27%. Furthermore, the maximum decomposition temperature reached 326.7 °C and the thermal stability of the composite fibers increased due to the shielding effect of GO–COOH and formation of hydrogen bonding with the polymer.
{"title":"Carboxylated graphene oxide-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/soy protein composite fibers: thermal and mechanical study","authors":"Hao Li, Yingbo Chen, Pengfei Li, Ke Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01368-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01368-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The environmental crisis caused by the use of petroleum-based fibers and the massive depletion of petroleum resources threaten the sustainable development of mankind. Therefore, regenerated protein fibers have gained widespread attention for their green credentials, ingenuity and excellent compatibility. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/soy protein (SP)-carboxylated graphene oxide (GO–COOH) (PVA/SP–GO–COOH) composite fibers were prepared by wet spinning of aqueous solution containing PVA, SP, and GO-COOH. The composite fibers were analyzed for their morphology, structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the composite fibers have both the glossy properties of SP and excellent mechanical properties of PVA. This was attributed to the good dispersion and compatibility of SP and GO–COOH in the PVA matrix. When GO–COOH was added at 0.5% (by weight), the tensile strength of the composite fibers reached 3.29 cN/dtex and the Young’s modulus was 113.92 cN/dtex, which increased by 87% and 67%, respectively, as compared to that of the pure PVA fiber. The moisture regains of the composite fibers reached 8.27%. Furthermore, the maximum decomposition temperature reached 326.7 °C and the thermal stability of the composite fibers increased due to the shielding effect of GO–COOH and formation of hydrogen bonding with the polymer.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aims to explore the cytotoxicity, physicomechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of Juglans regia leaf fiber (J) reinforced PHB-based films, with a focus on evaluating their suitability for biomedical applications. In this work, scaffolds are developed by incorporating varying concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of J into poly(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(vinylacetate) matrix by solvent casting. These are characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results indicated that the sample containing 1.0% (by weight) J (PJ1.0) results in maximum values of the tensile strength (25 MPa) and storage modulus (1.61 GPa) at – 20 °C. Moreover, this sample exhibited favorable thermal, water barrier, and wettability properties. The hydrolytic degradation behavior of the composites is also studied at pH 7.4 and 37 °C for 16 weeks. It is observed that PJ1.0 degrades by 45%, whereas PHB experiences 18% degradation. Furthermore, the cytotoxic nature of the scaffolds is also assessed using C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cell lines. The results confirmed that PJ1.0 does not show any cytotoxic effects when compared to pure PHB. Thus, findings of this study suggested the potential of Juglans regia fiber for the development of sustainable and mechanically robust materials for biomedical applications.
{"title":"Cell viability assessment and physicomechanical characterization of Juglans regia leaf fiber-reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate) films for biomedical uses","authors":"Simran Ahuja, Neha Bansal, Mahak Mittal, Kapil Gulati, Ashwani Mittal, Sanjiv Arora","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01367-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01367-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study aims to explore the cytotoxicity, physicomechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of <i>Juglans regia</i> leaf fiber (J) reinforced PHB-based films, with a focus on evaluating their suitability for biomedical applications. In this work, scaffolds are developed by incorporating varying concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) of J into poly(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(vinylacetate) matrix by solvent casting. These are characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results indicated that the sample containing 1.0% (by weight) J (PJ1.0) results in maximum values of the tensile strength (25 MPa) and storage modulus (1.61 GPa) at – 20 °C. Moreover, this sample exhibited favorable thermal, water barrier, and wettability properties. The hydrolytic degradation behavior of the composites is also studied at pH 7.4 and 37 °C for 16 weeks. It is observed that PJ1.0 degrades by 45%, whereas PHB experiences 18% degradation. Furthermore, the cytotoxic nature of the scaffolds is also assessed using C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cell lines. The results confirmed that PJ1.0 does not show any cytotoxic effects when compared to pure PHB. Thus, findings of this study suggested the potential of <i>Juglans regia</i> fiber for the development of sustainable and mechanically robust materials for biomedical applications.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, to improve the antifouling and separation performance of polycarbonate (PC) membranes in the petroleum refinery wastewater treatment, various amounts of magnesium–aluminum (Mg–Al)-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles (0–2 wt%) were incorporated into PC membrane, for the first time. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) characterizations confirmed the synthesis of Mg–Al LDH structure through the hydrothermal method, with different counter anions including nitrate (NO3−) and carbonate (CO32−) presented in the interlayer spaces. The characteristics of the fabricated membranes were investigated using water contact angle and porosity analyses, FESEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques and mechanical properties. All membranes modified with Mg–Al LDH hydrophilic nanoparticles showed a lower water contact angle and higher porosity as compared to the neat PC membrane. The FESEM micrographs of the cross section of the membrane indicated that the inclusion of CO3.Mg–Al LDH nanoparticles in the PC matrix led to the removal of the sponge-like layer of the membrane. The results of the petroleum refinery wastewater filtration experiment revealed that the irreversible fouling ratio (IFR) value decreased from 66.7% for the neat PC membrane to 10.5% and 19.1% for PC/CO3 Mg–Al LDH-1.5 and PC/NO3 Mg–Al LDH-1.5 nanocomposite membranes, respectively. The membrane separation performance, measured by the total organic carbon (TOC) indicated that filtrates from all nanocomposite membranes had lower TOC values compared to the neat PC membrane.
Graphical abstract
为了提高聚碳酸酯（PC）膜在石油精炼废水处理中的防污和分离性能，本研究首次在 PC 膜中加入了不同含量的镁铝（Mg-Al）-层状双氢氧化物（LDH）纳米颗粒（0-2 wt%）。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X 射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）表征证实，通过水热法合成了镁铝 LDH 结构，层间存在不同的反阴离子，包括硝酸盐（NO3-）和碳酸盐（CO32-）。利用水接触角和孔隙率分析、FESEM 和原子力显微镜（AFM）技术以及机械性能研究了所制备膜的特性。与纯 PC 膜相比，所有用 Mg-Al LDH 亲水纳米粒子修饰的膜都显示出较低的水接触角和较高的孔隙率。膜横截面的 FESEM 显微照片显示，在 PC 基质中加入 CO3.Mg-Al LDH 纳米粒子后，膜的海绵状层被去除。石油精炼废水过滤实验结果表明，不可逆污垢率（IFR）值从纯 PC 膜的 66.7% 下降到 PC/CO3 Mg-Al LDH-1.5 和 PC/NO3 Mg-Al LDH-1.5 纳米复合膜的 10.5% 和 19.1%。以总有机碳（TOC）衡量的膜分离性能表明，与纯 PC 膜相比，所有纳米复合膜滤液的 TOC 值都较低。
{"title":"Polycarbonate ultrafiltration membrane modified with Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater","authors":"Masoumeh Zaremanesh, Habib Etemadi, Erfan Shafaati, Ghader Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Yousefi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01364-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01364-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, to improve the antifouling and separation performance of polycarbonate (PC) membranes in the petroleum refinery wastewater treatment, various amounts of magnesium–aluminum (Mg–Al)-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles (0–2 wt%) were incorporated into PC membrane, for the first time. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) characterizations confirmed the synthesis of Mg–Al LDH structure through the hydrothermal method, with different counter anions including nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>) presented in the interlayer spaces. The characteristics of the fabricated membranes were investigated using water contact angle and porosity analyses, FESEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques and mechanical properties. All membranes modified with Mg–Al LDH hydrophilic nanoparticles showed a lower water contact angle and higher porosity as compared to the neat PC membrane. The FESEM micrographs of the cross section of the membrane indicated that the inclusion of CO<sub>3</sub>.Mg–Al LDH nanoparticles in the PC matrix led to the removal of the sponge-like layer of the membrane. The results of the petroleum refinery wastewater filtration experiment revealed that the irreversible fouling ratio (IFR) value decreased from 66.7% for the neat PC membrane to 10.5% and 19.1% for PC/CO<sub>3</sub> Mg–Al LDH-1.5 and PC/NO<sub>3</sub> Mg–Al LDH-1.5 nanocomposite membranes, respectively. The membrane separation performance, measured by the total organic carbon (TOC) indicated that filtrates from all nanocomposite membranes had lower TOC values compared to the neat PC membrane.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-04DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01358-x
Rezvene Nayeb Abbasi, Mehdi Rafizadeh
The introduction of long-chain branches can significantly increase the melt strength and processability of the polyesters. Hence, in the present study, a number of long-chain branched copolyesters were synthesized and the effect of branching agent on the properties of copolyesters was examined. Pentaerythritol (PER) and trimellitic anhydride (TMA) were used as branching agents for the synthesis of poly(butylene succinate-co-ethylene terephthalate) (PBSET). Microstructure and composition of the copolyesters were characterized by 1H. NMR and their successful synthesis were corroborated. DSC test proved the semi-crystalline nature of copolymers and corroborated the crystallinity decrement with branching. The crystallinity decreased by 30–47%, when long-chain branches were formed in PBEST. Interestingly, no secondary crystallization was observed using the Avrami model. Furthermore, the Avrami exponent was in the range of 2.5–4.5, signifying a 3D-crystal growth. According to the shear viscosity measurement, the branched copolymers revealed more shear thinning behavior compared to their linear counterparts, and according to the elongational viscosity measurement, the PER branched copolymer displayed a stronger strain hardening response compared to its linear and TMA branched counterparts. Moreover, the shear modulus was raised by two orders of magnitude with branching. Having higher entanglement and less mobility, the long-chain branched copolyesters displayed longer relaxation times compared to their linear counterpart. Despite the outstanding feature of the TMA, its inclusion more than 0.4% (per mol) was not possible due to its declining effect on copolymer extensibility.
{"title":"Long-chain branched copolyesters based on butylene succinate and ethylene terephthalate: synthesis, characterization, thermal and rheological properties","authors":"Rezvene Nayeb Abbasi, Mehdi Rafizadeh","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01358-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01358-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introduction of long-chain branches can significantly increase the melt strength and processability of the polyesters. Hence, in the present study, a number of long-chain branched copolyesters were synthesized and the effect of branching agent on the properties of copolyesters was examined. Pentaerythritol (PER) and trimellitic anhydride (TMA) were used as branching agents for the synthesis of poly(butylene succinate-<i>co</i>-ethylene terephthalate) (PBSET). Microstructure and composition of the copolyesters were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H. NMR and their successful synthesis were corroborated. DSC test proved the semi-crystalline nature of copolymers and corroborated the crystallinity decrement with branching. The crystallinity decreased by 30–47%, when long-chain branches were formed in PBEST. Interestingly, no secondary crystallization was observed using the Avrami model. Furthermore, the Avrami exponent was in the range of 2.5–4.5, signifying a 3D-crystal growth. According to the shear viscosity measurement, the branched copolymers revealed more shear thinning behavior compared to their linear counterparts, and according to the elongational viscosity measurement, the PER branched copolymer displayed a stronger strain hardening response compared to its linear and TMA branched counterparts. Moreover, the shear modulus was raised by two orders of magnitude with branching. Having higher entanglement and less mobility, the long-chain branched copolyesters displayed longer relaxation times compared to their linear counterpart. Despite the outstanding feature of the TMA, its inclusion more than 0.4% (per mol) was not possible due to its declining effect on copolymer extensibility.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01365-y
Maziyar Sabet
Biodegradable polymer composites (BPCs) emerge as a promising solution to the escalating plastics pollution crisis. This review comprehensively analyzes their multifaceted properties, including mechanical strength, gas barrier function, and biodegradation rates, emphasizing their potential for tailored applications in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical packaging. By delving into the optimization of BPC characteristics, we illustrate how these materials can enhance product integrity and extend shelf life, crucial for maintaining the quality and safety of packaged goods. Scalable and cost-effective manufacturing techniques are critically examined, aiming to bridge the gap toward commercial viability and widespread adoption of BPCs. Beyond biodegradability, the adherence to stringent environmental standards is emphasized, promoting a circular economy within packaging through material recovery and reintegration processes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are incorporated to provide a holistic environmental perspective, evaluating the overall impact of BPCs from production to disposal. Industry perspectives are integrated to assess the economic feasibility of BPC adoption across diverse sectors, analyzing potential cost benefits and challenges in integrating BPCs into existing production lines. Finally, the evolving regulatory landscape surrounding BPCs is addressed, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for their widespread adoption. This comprehensive analysis serves as a valuable resource for industry and academia, advocating for BPCs as a crucial step toward a sustainable future for packaging, combining environmental responsibility with practical application.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01360-3
J. G. Martínez-Colunga, V. J. Cruz-Delgado, S. Sánchez-Valdés, J. M. Mata-Padilla, L. F. Ramos-de Valle, A. B. Espinoza-Martínez, R. Benavides, E. Ramírez-Vargas, J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, J. F. Lara-Sanchez, T. Lozano-Ramirez
The effects of ultrasound on the chemical structure of polypropylene (PP) and its composites with different MWCNT content were investigated. The PP composites with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (by weight) MWCNT were extruded using a traditional single-screw extruder and immediately US irradiated in a static mixer. The chemical structure of PP was characterized by using FTIR, DSC, TGA, and GPC to determine any changes caused by the ultrasound, and the MWCNT structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PP/MWCNT composites were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and SEM, and tested for tensile properties, thermal stability, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The results showed that ultrasonic irradiation caused a slight oxidation in the PP structure and a 13% reduction in its molecular weight. An increase in PP crystallinity, attributed to the improved nucleating effect of the nanotubes, was also observed as a consequence of ultrasonic irradiation. The sonicated PP/MWCNT composites exhibited better dispersion of nanotubes within the PP matrix, resulting in a 30% increment in the elasticity modulus, 45 °C higher for thermal decomposition, an 11 orders of magnitude enhanced volume resistivity, and a 25% increment in thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the SEM results showed that the MWCNT structure was maintained during processing, thanks to the low shear stresses provided by the single-screw extruder, but keeping dispersion with the ultrasonic static mixer.
{"title":"Application of ultrasonic radiation for the development of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites and its effect on the PP chemical degradation","authors":"J. G. Martínez-Colunga, V. J. Cruz-Delgado, S. Sánchez-Valdés, J. M. Mata-Padilla, L. F. Ramos-de Valle, A. B. Espinoza-Martínez, R. Benavides, E. Ramírez-Vargas, J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, J. F. Lara-Sanchez, T. Lozano-Ramirez","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01360-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01360-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of ultrasound on the chemical structure of polypropylene (PP) and its composites with different MWCNT content were investigated. The PP composites with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (by weight) MWCNT were extruded using a traditional single-screw extruder and immediately US irradiated in a static mixer. The chemical structure of PP was characterized by using FTIR, DSC, TGA, and GPC to determine any changes caused by the ultrasound, and the MWCNT structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PP/MWCNT composites were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and SEM, and tested for tensile properties, thermal stability, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The results showed that ultrasonic irradiation caused a slight oxidation in the PP structure and a 13% reduction in its molecular weight. An increase in PP crystallinity, attributed to the improved nucleating effect of the nanotubes, was also observed as a consequence of ultrasonic irradiation. The sonicated PP/MWCNT composites exhibited better dispersion of nanotubes within the PP matrix, resulting in a 30% increment in the elasticity modulus, 45 °C higher for thermal decomposition, an 11 orders of magnitude enhanced volume resistivity, and a 25% increment in thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the SEM results showed that the MWCNT structure was maintained during processing, thanks to the low shear stresses provided by the single-screw extruder, but keeping dispersion with the ultrasonic static mixer.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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