Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献_第6页

Ultra-fast setting rate of a new bioactive binder for bone repair 用于骨修复的新型生物活性粘合剂的超快凝固率

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01354-1

Ning Gu, Qingxiao Liu, Qichao Liu, Ying Ren, Xiaodong Liu, Youyi Sun, Yang Cao

Polymer bone binder has attracted lots of attention due to its facile preparation, biodegradability, and so on. However, achieving strong adhesion, easy preparation, and fast setting rate for polymer bone binding is still a great challenge. So, here, a new polymer bone binder is developed and prepared to simultaneously improve setting rate and strength. The bone binder is composed of polyethyleneglycol, ethylhydroacrylate, chitosan, and SiO₂ nanoparticles. It exhibits good biocompatibility and large bonding strength (ca. 2.0 MPa). Furthermore, the bone binder shows an ultra-fast setting rate (ca. 100 s), which is far faster than that reported in previous works. The bone binder is further evaluated to bond chicken bone, which exhibits a high binding force of 2.0 kgf in a short setting time of only 5.0 min. The good biocompatibility and the large bonding strength of the present bone binder are attributed to the green and environmentally friendly composition (e.g., cyanoacrylate, chitosan, polyethyleneglycol and SiO₂ nanoparticles) and cross-linking network between chitosan and SiO₂ nanoparticles. The ultra-fast setting process is attributed to the rapid polymerization of cyanoacrylate and the physical interaction of SiO₂ nanoparticles with chitosan and polyethyleneglycol. The work provides a new method to design and prepare high-performance bone binders for use in bone fracture repair.

Graphical abstract

聚合物骨粘合剂因其制备简便、可生物降解等优点而备受关注。然而，如何实现聚合物骨粘合剂的强粘合性、易制备性和快速凝固率仍然是一个巨大的挑战。因此，本文开发并制备了一种新型聚合物骨粘合剂，以同时提高固化率和强度。该骨粘合剂由聚乙二醇、氢丙烯酸乙酯、壳聚糖和纳米二氧化硅组成。它具有良好的生物相容性和较大的粘合强度（约 2.0 兆帕）。此外，这种骨粘合剂还具有超快的凝固速度（约 100 秒），远远快于之前的研究成果。我们进一步评估了骨粘合剂粘合鸡骨的效果，其粘合力高达 2.0 kgf，而固化时间仅为 5.0 分钟。本骨粘合剂具有良好的生物相容性和较大的粘合力，这归功于其绿色环保的成分（如氰基丙烯酸酯、壳聚糖、聚乙二醇和二氧化硅纳米粒子）以及壳聚糖和二氧化硅纳米粒子之间的交联网络。超快固化过程归功于氰基丙烯酸酯的快速聚合以及二氧化硅纳米粒子与壳聚糖和聚乙二醇的物理相互作用。这项研究为设计和制备用于骨折修复的高性能骨粘合剂提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effect of graphene and carbon black on the mechanical and vibration damping characteristics of styrene-butadiene rubber 石墨烯和炭黑对丁苯橡胶机械和减振特性的协同效应

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01349-y

Sivakumar Chandramohan, Muralidharan Vaithiyanathan, Bikash Chandra Chakraborty, Murali Manohar Dharmaraj

This work experimentally introduces a novel approach to vibration damping materials in industrial applications, investigating the synergistic effect of graphene nanoplates (GNP) and carbon black (CB) within styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) to enhance both mechanical properties and vibration damping characteristics. The SBR hybrid nanocomposite containing a fixed amount of CB (20 phr) and a variable amount of GNP (2, 5, 7.5, and 10 phr) was prepared to compare with a neat SBR and 20 phr CB/SBR composite. The hybrid nanocomposites underwent assessment for morphology, tensile strength, tear strength, hardness, and vibration damping characteristics utilizing constrained layer damping (CLD). The results indicated that, in comparison to non-hybrid composites, the addition of GNP to the SBR matrix substantially improved the tensile strength by 64%, modulus by 28%, stiffness by 28%, and tear strength by 31.3%. Experimental modal analysis was used to determine the vibration characteristics. The system loss factor of the CLD exhibited a notable increase of 105% and 44% in the first and second modes, respectively, with the incorporation of 10 phr graphene in the hybridized composite, as compared to the composite containing only carbon black. The experimental damping loss factor was compared with theoretical model values proposed in one available mathematical model revealing a better agreement overall, though an exception was noted in the first mode. This paper can serve as a foundation for fabricating constrained layer damping (CLD) structures using hybrid fillers, resulting in high materials loss factors suitable for low-frequency applications.

Graphical abstract

本研究通过实验介绍了一种新型减振材料在工业应用中的应用，研究了石墨烯纳米板（GNP）和炭黑（CB）在丁苯橡胶（SBR）中的协同作用，以提高机械性能和减振特性。制备了含有固定量 CB（20 phr）和不同量 GNP（2、5、7.5 和 10 phr）的 SBR 混合纳米复合材料，并与纯 SBR 和 20 phr CB/SBR 复合材料进行了比较。对混合纳米复合材料的形态、拉伸强度、撕裂强度、硬度以及利用约束层阻尼（CLD）的减振特性进行了评估。结果表明，与非混合复合材料相比，在丁苯橡胶基体中添加 GNP 可大幅提高拉伸强度 64%、模量 28%、硬度 28%、撕裂强度 31.3%。实验模态分析用于确定振动特性。与仅含炭黑的复合材料相比，在杂化复合材料中加入 10 短片石墨烯后，CLD 的第一和第二模态系统损耗因子分别显著增加了 105% 和 44%。将实验阻尼损失因子与一个现有数学模型中提出的理论模型值进行比较后发现，虽然在第一种模式中存在例外情况，但总体上两者的一致性较好。本文可作为使用混合填料制造约束层阻尼（CLD）结构的基础，从而获得适合低频应用的高材料损耗因子。

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引用次数: 0

The degradation of poly(1-butene) extrudates subjected to artificial and natural aging 经人工老化和自然老化的聚（1-丁烯）挤出物的降解情况

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01348-z

Sona Zenzingerova, Michal Kudlacek, Lubomir Benicek, David Jaska, Jana Navratilova, Lenka Gajzlerova, Roman Cermak

In this work, we examined the degradation behavior of isotactic poly(1-butene) (PB-1) under artificial aging and natural weathering conditions. PB-1 samples underwent accelerated aging through UV irradiation and natural weathering. Chemical and structural changes in the degraded samples were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared–attenuated total reflectance (FTIR–ATR) spectroscopy, surface analysis, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The mechanical properties were evaluated via tensile testing. FTIR–ATR analysis revealed the presence of carbonyl groups in the degraded samples, indicating oxidative degradation. Surface observations employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of surface cracks in both samples, with differing crack initiation mechanisms. The two aging methods affected the mechanical properties of the samples: artificial aging induced a gradual reduction in both tensile modulus and strength, whereas natural weathering engendered a marginal increment in modulus alongside diminished strength. Additionally, elongation-at-break value witnessed a marked decrease in both sample sets during the preliminary stages of degradation. This work employed accelerated time equivalent, obtained by juxtaposition of the values of carbonyl index during both artificial aging and natural weathering and their interpolation to determine the degradation rate and adequately to correlate the final properties of the aged PB-1. It was observed that surface morphology and mechanical attributes of degraded samples were subject to additional influences such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation during natural weathering. This research work provided significant insights into PB-1 degradation mechanisms and effect of different aging conditions on its performance.

Graphical abstract

在这项工作中，我们研究了人工老化和自然风化条件下异方性聚 (1-butene) (PB-1) 的降解行为。通过紫外线照射和自然风化，PB-1 样品经历了加速老化。使用傅立叶变换红外-衰减全反射（FTIR-ATR）光谱、表面分析和广角 X 射线散射（WAXS）对降解样品的化学和结构变化进行了表征。机械性能通过拉伸测试进行评估。傅立叶变换红外-ATR 分析表明，降解样品中存在羰基，这表明样品发生了氧化降解。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行的表面观察显示，两种样品都形成了表面裂纹，裂纹的形成机制各不相同。两种老化方法都会影响样品的机械性能：人工老化会导致拉伸模量和强度逐渐降低，而自然风化则会导致模量略有增加，但强度降低。此外，在降解的初级阶段，两组样品的断裂伸长率值都明显下降。这项研究采用了加速时间当量，通过并列人工老化和自然风化过程中的羰基指数值及其内插法来确定降解速率，并充分关联老化 PB-1 的最终特性。据观察，降解样品的表面形态和机械属性受到自然风化过程中温度、湿度和降水等其他因素的影响。这项研究工作为了解 PB-1 降解机理和不同老化条件对其性能的影响提供了重要依据。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative study on the impact performance of water-exposed balsa-cored sandwich structures 露水轻木芯夹层结构冲击性能比较研究

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01346-1

Moslem Najafi, Jafar Eskandari Jam, Reza Ansari

This study aims to examine how moisture absorption affects the impact behavior of a recently developed sandwich structure designed for use as a water-resistant system in the marine industry. For this purpose, two types of balsa-cored sandwich systems were manufactured, one with conventional glass fiber-epoxy (GE) skins and the other with novel fiber metal laminates (FML) skins. Subsequently, the specimens were exposed to environmental aging through distilled water immersion for 100 days before impact testing. Low-velocity impact behavior was studied using Charpy tests, while high-velocity impact tests were conducted with a light gas gun. The experimental results showed that FML sandwich systems exhibited significantly better impact characteristics compared to GE systems. Before aging, the Charpy impact strength and high-velocity impact absorbed energy of FML systems were 187% and 49% higher than those of GE ones. Another main finding was the impact properties of the FML systems showed a lower decline due to moisture aging compared to the GE systems, for both low- and high-velocity impacts. The reduction of Charpy impact strength and high-velocity impact absorbed energy due to moisture aging in GE systems with sealed edges was about 15%, and 3%, respectively, and for sealed edges FML systems was less than 12% and 1%, respectively. The results also indicated that the high-velocity impact properties of both sandwich systems studied were not significantly affected by moisture aging. In general, the findings suggest that FML skins significantly enhance both the impact resistance and environmental durability in marine balsa-cored sandwich structures.

Graphical abstract

本研究旨在探讨吸湿性如何影响最近开发的夹层结构的冲击行为，该结构设计用作船舶工业的防水系统。为此，我们制造了两种轻木芯夹层系统，一种是传统的玻璃纤维-环氧树脂（GE）表皮，另一种是新型的纤维金属层压板（FML）表皮。随后，在进行冲击测试之前，将试样通过蒸馏水浸泡 100 天进行环境老化。低速冲击行为采用夏比试验进行研究，高速冲击试验则采用光气枪进行。实验结果表明，FML 夹层系统的冲击特性明显优于 GE 系统。老化前，FML 系统的夏比冲击强度和高速冲击吸收能量分别比 GE 系统高出 187% 和 49%。另一个主要发现是，与 GE 系统相比，FML 系统在低速和高速冲击中因受潮老化而导致的冲击特性下降幅度较小。带密封边缘的 GE 系统因湿气老化导致的夏比冲击强度和高速冲击吸收能量下降分别约为 15%和 3%，而带密封边缘的 FML 系统则分别低于 12%和 1%。研究结果还表明，所研究的两种夹层系统的高速冲击特性都没有受到湿气老化的显著影响。总之，研究结果表明，FML 蒙皮可显著增强船用轻木芯夹层结构的抗冲击性和环境耐久性。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effect between ammonium polyphosphate-functionalized poly(lactic acid) and phosphated avocado seed on the flame-retardant properties of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer composites 聚磷酸铵功能化聚（乳酸）和磷化鳄梨籽对聚（乳酸）/乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物复合材料阻燃性能的协同效应

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01345-2

José David Zuluaga-Parra, Luis Francisco Ramos-de Valle, Saúl Sánchez-Valdéz, Rachel Faverzani-Magnago, Adriano da Silva, Luciano da Silva

Composites of modified avocado seed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-functionalized poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in a PLA/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) matrix, were prepared in an internal mixer and characterized. The results of flame retardancy tests show that the joint use of APP and modified avocado seeds in the polymer mixture can provide flame-retardant characteristics. We observed a decrease in the heat release peak and in the total energy released, in addition to the generation of a residual intumescent layer after cone calorimeter tests. On the other hand, APP-functionalized PLA and avocado seed in concentrations of 10% and 30% (by weight), respectively, have a synergistic effect when incorporated into the polymer mixture; reducing the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) by 58% and the total energy released by 34%, resulting in an amount of waste of about 18%. In the same way, this synergistic effect allowed the material to be classified as V-0 in the UL-94 tests as well as achieving LOI values of 30%. The results show that this combination can be classified as a self-extinguishing material. Therefore, this research aims to promote the use of more sustainable and renewable feedstocks to produce flame retardants in polymeric materials.

Graphical Abstract

以聚磷酸铵（APP）功能化聚乳酸（PLA）为基料，在内混机中制备了聚磷酸铵功能化聚乳酸（PLA）改性牛油果籽复合材料，并对其进行了表征。阻燃试验结果表明，APP与改性牛油果籽在聚合物混合物中联合使用可提供阻燃特性。我们观察到，在锥形量热计测试后，除了产生残余膨胀层外，放热峰和释放的总能量也有所下降。另一方面，应用程序功能化PLA和鳄梨种子分别以10%和30%（重量）的浓度加入到聚合物混合物中，具有协同效应；将释热率峰值（pHRR）降低58%，总释放能量降低34%，导致浪费量约为18%。以同样的方式，这种协同效应使材料在UL-94测试中被归类为V-0，并达到30%的LOI值。结果表明，该组合可归类为自熄材料。因此，本研究旨在促进使用更可持续和可再生的原料来生产高分子材料中的阻燃剂。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Development of polysulfone membranes and their application for removing rare earth ions from aqueous solutions by polyvinyl alcohol-enhanced ultrafiltration 聚砜膜的开发及其在通过聚乙烯醇增强超滤去除水溶液中稀土离子中的应用

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01325-6

Nourhen Ben Kraiem, Asma Rhimi, Khira Zlaoui, Karima Horchani-Naifer, Amor Hafiane, Dorra Jellouli Ennigrou

A polymeric ultrafiltration membrane was synthesized from a homogeneous solution of polysulfone (16 and 18% by weights) using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as the solvent by employing a phase inversion technique. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The membranes were tested for ultrafiltration properties such as yttrium and lanthanum retention, bovine serum albumin rejection, and ultrapure water permeation measurement. To increase the hydrophilicity of the polysulfone membranes, this study investigates how the amount of polysulfone affects the functions and structure of the membranes produced. Moreover, the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone improves the pore size of the membrane to become larger, which can increase its permeability and flux. Based on the results of retention and flux permeation results, a polysulfone membrane (16% by weights) showed the best performance. These membranes were subjected to ultrafiltration tests and the results showed an increased retention of yttrium ions and bovine serum albumin of 99.11% and 18%, respectively. The aim of this study is to evaluate the removal efficiency of yttrium and lanthanum ions (98%) at pH 6 under 4 bar transmembrane pressure using the polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration process by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol as a polyelectrolyte chelating agent.

Graphical Abstract

采用相反转技术，以 N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮为溶剂，从聚砜（重量比分别为 16% 和 18%）的均匀溶液中合成了一种聚合物超滤膜。通过扫描电子显微镜、水接触角和傅立叶变换红外光谱对制备的膜进行了表征。膜的超滤性能测试包括钇和镧的截留、牛血清白蛋白的排斥以及超纯水的渗透测量。为了增加聚砜膜的亲水性，本研究探讨了聚砜的用量如何影响所制备膜的功能和结构。此外，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的加入可使膜的孔径变大，从而提高其渗透性和通量。根据截留和通量渗透的结果，聚砜膜（重量百分比为 16%）的性能最佳。对这些膜进行了超滤测试，结果显示钇离子和牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别提高了 99.11% 和 18%。本研究的目的是评估在 pH 值为 6、跨膜压力为 4 巴的条件下，使用聚乙烯醇作为聚电解质螯合剂的聚电解质增强超滤工艺去除钇离子和镧离子的效率（98%）。

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引用次数: 0

Green based composite polyurethane coatings for steel 用于钢材的绿色复合聚氨酯涂料

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01341-6

Dmitry S. Konovalov, Natalia N. Saprykina, Vjacheslav V. Zuev

The polyurethane composites based on vegetable source were prepared and their properties were investigated. Castor oil was used as polyol and diatomite and birch flour were used as fillers. The introduction of diatomite led to development of ordered quasi-lamellar morphology of polyurethane matrix. This effect in combination with loading of birch flour with fiber structure allowed to obtain polymer composites with improved tensile strength (up to 14 MPa, an increase on five times in comparison with the neat polyurethane). The glass-transition temperatures of polymer composites increased more than 40 °C relative to the neat polymer. Adhesion to steel increased more than in five times in comparison with the neat polyurethane for composite containing 20 wt% diatomite additives). The SEM and FTIR spectroscopy techniques were used to evaluate the microphase structure of the polyurethane composites. SEM micrographs showed that the diatomite particles served as nucleation centers for formation of lamellar-like structure of PU matrix. At the optimal loading (20 wt%) the almost uniform lamellar-like structure of PU matrix was formed, that provided the best mechanical performance of PU composites. However, as FTIR study showed, formation of lamellar-like structure of PU matrix did not induce its inner microphase transformation. The presence of wood fibers in composites, despite their better mechanical performance, led to the decrease of their adhesion to steel.

Graphical abstract

制备了基于植物来源的聚氨酯复合材料，并对其性能进行了研究。蓖麻油用作多元醇，硅藻土和桦树粉用作填料。硅藻土的引入使聚氨酯基质形成了有序的准胶束状形态。这种效应与纤维结构中的桦树粉负载相结合，使聚合物复合材料的拉伸强度得到提高（高达 14 兆帕，与纯聚氨酯相比提高了五倍）。与纯聚合物相比，聚合物复合材料的玻璃转化温度提高了 40 °C。与纯聚氨酯相比，含有 20 wt%硅藻土添加剂的复合材料对钢材的粘附力增加了五倍以上。）扫描电镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱技术用于评估聚氨酯复合材料的微相结构。扫描电镜显微照片显示，硅藻土颗粒是聚氨酯基质形成片状结构的成核中心。在最佳添加量（20 wt%）下，聚氨酯基体形成了几乎均匀的片状结构，从而使聚氨酯复合材料具有最佳的机械性能。然而，傅立叶变换红外光谱研究表明，聚氨酯基质片状结构的形成并没有引起其内部微相的转变。尽管复合材料具有更好的机械性能，但复合材料中木纤维的存在导致其与钢的粘附力下降。

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引用次数: 0

Morphology and surface properties of polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) films 聚苯乙烯-块状-聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）薄膜的形态和表面特性

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01332-7

Elham Sabzi Dizajyekan, Morteza Nasiri, Farhang Abbasi

The self-assembly of diblock copolymers in thin films offers a promising method for developing innovative products in biomedical and engineering applications. In this study, we utilized amphiphilic polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PS-b-PNIPAM) diblock copolymers to explore and analyze the distinctive properties exhibited by their thin films when formed on the substrate. PS-b-PNIPAM copolymers, with different molecular weights (MWs) and narrow MW distributions, were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. The subsequent fabrication of thin films, achieved through the spin coating method, revealed microphase separation phenomena. The interplay of MW and composition exerted a notable influence on the ordered structures, giving rise to a diverse array of morphologies within the thin films. This intricate relationship between molecular characteristics and the resulting material structures highlights the importance of tailoring both MW and composition for the precise control and manipulation of thin film properties in the context of PS-b-PNIPAM copolymers. We also examined the impact of conducting the direct immersion annealing (DIA) on surfaces created with the amphiphilic PS-b-PNIPAM copolymer. The thermo-responsivity of amphiphilic PS-b-PNIPAM copolymer and the effect of DIA on the surface properties were examined. Our results showed that the surface morphology could be controlled by the DIA process. Furthermore, it was observed that the MW of the diblock copolymers played a significant role in influencing the orientation of the separated microdomains, further emphasizing the multifaceted interplay of parameters in tailoring the properties of surfaces created with PS-b-PNIPAM copolymers.

Graphical Abstract

薄膜中二嵌段共聚物的自组装为开发生物医学和工程应用领域的创新产品提供了一种前景广阔的方法。在这项研究中，我们利用两亲性聚苯乙烯-嵌段-聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）（PS-b-PNIPAM）二嵌段共聚物来探索和分析它们在基底上形成薄膜时所表现出的独特性能。PS-b-PNIPAM 共聚物具有不同的分子量（MW）和较窄的分子量分布，是通过原子转移自由基聚合合成的。随后通过旋涂法制造薄膜，发现了微相分离现象。分子量和成分的相互作用对有序结构产生了显著的影响，从而在薄膜中形成了多种多样的形态。分子特性和由此产生的材料结构之间的这种错综复杂的关系突出表明，在 PS-b-PNIPAM 共聚物中，调整分子量和成分对于精确控制和操纵薄膜特性非常重要。我们还研究了直接浸渍退火（DIA）对两亲性 PS-b-PNIPAM 共聚物表面的影响。我们考察了两亲性 PS-b-PNIPAM 共聚物的热响应性以及 DIA 对表面特性的影响。结果表明，表面形态可由 DIA 工艺控制。此外，我们还观察到，二嵌段共聚物的分子量在影响分离微域的取向方面发挥了重要作用，这进一步强调了各种参数在定制 PS-b-PNIPAM 共聚物表面特性方面的多方面相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of sea sand reinforcement on the static and dynamic properties of functionally graded epoxy composites 海砂加固对功能分级环氧树脂复合材料静态和动态性能的影响

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01340-7

T. S. Mohan Kumar, Sharnappa Joladarashi, S. M. Kulkarni, Saleemsab Doddamani

This study aims to study the static and dynamic properties of the functionally graded epoxy composites with sea sand particles as reinforcement. In this study, functionally graded polymer composites (FGPC) were fabricated by dispersing sea sand throughout the epoxy, exhibiting a spatially varying composition profile within the material. Physio-mechanical properties and high strain rate compression responses were determined for the prepared FGPC by varying the composition of sea sand [0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (by weight)]. The gradience analysis was performed using the burn-out test and weight method, and the results significantly matched, as well as the variation in gradation could be identified. The density and void content are increased with increased sea sand composition. Tensile and specific strength for neat epoxy shows a 2.41 times increase compared to 30% sea sand-filled epoxy. When loaded from the composite side of FGPC, flexural strength increased by 27.93%, hardness increased by 12.47%, and impact strength increased by 2.35 times for 30% sea sand-filled epoxy compared to neat epoxy. Under dynamic compression loading, FGPC was subjected to split-Hopkinson pressure bar experiments for neat and filled epoxy. These samples were deformed at strain rates in the 10³ s⁻¹ while subjected to pressures of 2, 3, and 4 bar. Stress–strain curves and the strain rate were computed using the raw data. High strain rates improve compressive strength, which increases exponentially as the strain rates increase. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the fractured specimen are employed to analyze the fracture characteristics.

Graphical Abstract

本研究旨在研究以海砂颗粒为增强体的功能分级环氧树脂复合材料的静态和动态特性。在这项研究中，通过在环氧树脂中分散海砂，制造出了功能分级聚合物复合材料（FGPC），在材料内部呈现出空间变化的成分剖面。通过改变海砂成分[0%、10%、20%和 30%（重量比）]，测定了所制备 FGPC 的物理机械性能和高应变率压缩响应。采用烧损试验和重量法进行了级配分析，结果明显吻合，并且可以确定级配的变化。密度和空隙率随着海砂成分的增加而增加。与填充 30% 海砂的环氧树脂相比，纯环氧树脂的拉伸强度和比强度提高了 2.41 倍。从 FGPC 的复合侧加载时，与纯环氧相比，30% 海砂填充环氧的抗弯强度提高了 27.93%，硬度提高了 12.47%，冲击强度提高了 2.35 倍。在动态压缩加载条件下，对纯净环氧和填充环氧的 FGPC 进行了劈裂-霍普金森压杆实验。这些样品在 2、3 和 4 巴的压力下以 103 s-1 的应变速率变形。利用原始数据计算了应力-应变曲线和应变率。高应变率提高了抗压强度，随着应变率的增加，抗压强度呈指数增长。断裂试样的扫描电子显微镜显微照片用于分析断裂特征。图表摘要

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引用次数: 0

Influence of heat assisted friction stir processing on the mechanical properties and cell viability in PLA/basalt/graphene nanocomposites 热辅助摩擦搅拌加工对聚乳酸/沥青/石墨烯纳米复合材料机械性能和细胞活力的影响

IF 2.4 3区化学 Q3 POLYMER SCIENCE

Iranian Polymer Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01343-4

Arun Nallathambi, Prakash Muniyandi

Polylactic acid (PLA) composites have been widely used in biomedical implants because of biocompatibility and improved mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to produce the polymer nanocomposite with the graphene nanoparticles as a filler through heat-assisted shoulder less friction stir processing (FSP) and to investigate the effect of the process parameter on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics. Rotational speed of 600 rpm is kept constant, tool feed rate of 10, 15 and 20 mm/min, volume fraction of 5%, 10% and 15% of graphene nanopowder and shoulder temperature of 35, 40 and 45 °C are taken as parameters to conduct the FSP. Response surface methodology (RSM) is performed to identify the process parameters which significantly affect the process. Microstructural observations have been conducted to confirm the presence of graphene nanoparticles along the direction of the FSP. In addition, the tensile and microhardness tests have been carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of the prepared samples. The results of methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay analysis conducted on human osteoblastic cell line (MG63) show that the sample fabricated with 10% and 15% of graphene nanoparticles is nontoxic and holds a better survivability after a 48 h of study under in vitro culture conditions for tissue in-growth and confirms that this could be applicable for bone implants. The findings of the ANOVA verify that the temperature is the least important factor for producing a composite with better performance, while the volume percentage and feed rate are the most important factors.

Graphical abstract

聚乳酸（PLA）复合材料因其生物相容性和更好的机械性能而被广泛应用于生物医学植入物中。本研究旨在通过热辅助肩式少摩擦搅拌加工（FSP）制备以石墨烯纳米颗粒为填料的聚合物纳米复合材料，并研究工艺参数对微观结构和机械特性的影响。在进行 FSP 时，转速保持恒定为 600 rpm，刀具进给速度分别为 10、15 和 20 mm/min，石墨烯纳米粉体的体积分数分别为 5%、10% 和 15%，肩温分别为 35、40 和 45 °C。采用响应面方法 (RSM) 确定对工艺有重大影响的工艺参数。通过微观结构观察，确认了石墨烯纳米颗粒沿 FSP 方向的存在。此外，还进行了拉伸和显微硬度测试，以分析制备样品的机械性能。在人成骨细胞系（MG63）上进行的甲基噻唑四氮唑（MTT）检测分析结果表明，在体外培养条件下进行 48 小时的组织内生长研究后，含有 10% 和 15% 石墨烯纳米颗粒的样品是无毒的，并具有更好的存活率，这也证实了它可用于骨植入物。方差分析结果证实，温度是生产性能更好的复合材料的最不重要因素，而体积百分比和进料速率则是最重要的因素。

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