Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01464-4
Amir Hosseinzadeh, Nadereh Golshan Ebrahimi, Tahereh Asadollahi
Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) samples were blended in weight ratios of 98:2 and 95:5 using an internal mixer. The molecular weight and distribution of pure LLDPE were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The viscoelastic properties of the blends were measured using an oscillatory shear rheometer. Cole–Cole and Han plots indicated miscibility in LLDPE blended with 2% (by wt) UHMWPE and immiscibility with 5% (by wt). The blend behavior was characterized using the Maxwell model, and agreement between Maxwell plots and shear rheometry confirmed the model’s suitability for describing the blend behavior. The effects of increasing UHMWPE content on elasticity, modulus, and intercept frequency were evaluated. By applying rheological data and the Maxwell model in the generalized mixing rule, we determined the molecular weight distributions of the blends. To validate the distributions derived from linear viscoelasticity measurements, the molecular weight distribution of pure LLDPE from GPC was compared with that obtained from rheometry. The experimental results indicated that adding UHMWPE to LLDPE results in a bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) in the blend. In addition, the peaks ratio was found to be influenced by the viscoelastic behavior of the blends.
{"title":"Studying the effect of bimodality on the linear viscoelastic properties of LLDPE/UHMWPE blends and determining their MWD from rheology","authors":"Amir Hosseinzadeh, Nadereh Golshan Ebrahimi, Tahereh Asadollahi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01464-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01464-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) samples were blended in weight ratios of 98:2 and 95:5 using an internal mixer. The molecular weight and distribution of pure LLDPE were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The viscoelastic properties of the blends were measured using an oscillatory shear rheometer. Cole–Cole and Han plots indicated miscibility in LLDPE blended with 2% (by wt) UHMWPE and immiscibility with 5% (by wt). The blend behavior was characterized using the Maxwell model, and agreement between Maxwell plots and shear rheometry confirmed the model’s suitability for describing the blend behavior. The effects of increasing UHMWPE content on elasticity, modulus, and intercept frequency were evaluated. By applying rheological data and the Maxwell model in the generalized mixing rule, we determined the molecular weight distributions of the blends. To validate the distributions derived from linear viscoelasticity measurements, the molecular weight distribution of pure LLDPE from GPC was compared with that obtained from rheometry. The experimental results indicated that adding UHMWPE to LLDPE results in a bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) in the blend. In addition, the peaks ratio was found to be influenced by the viscoelastic behavior of the blends.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1793 - 1802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01460-8
Abderrahim Bouftou, Kaoutar Aghmih, Fatima Lakhdar, Said Gmouh, Sanaa Majid
Bio-active packaging films from cellulose acetate incorporated with cypress essential oil (Cyp) have been developed. Thus, cellulose acetate (CA), which is a biodegradable and renewable polymer has been used as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Cellulose acetate films were prepared via a solvent casting method incorporating 0, 10, 30, and 60% (w/w) of Cyp. The purpose was to evaluate the possible changes caused by the Cyp on the properties of the packaging films. Different methods and technics have been used to characterize these films. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the films were also analyzed. FTIR and XRD analysis indicated that Cyp was homogenously distributed in the films. Meanwhile, TGA analysis demonstrated that the addition of Cyp had an impact on thermal-oxidative properties of the films. The CA/Cyp films showed excellent biodegradability in soil after 60 days, with a percentage loss of 87.07% by mass, and improved mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation-at-break of 8.1 ± 0.2 MPa and 16.6 ± 0.2%, respectively. Water absorption and water solubility values for CA/Cyp films ranged from 76.62 ± 0.91% to 21.95 ± 0.57% and from 1.29 ± 0.35 to undetectable levels, respectively. The results displayed that antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased as the percentage of Cyp increased in the cellulose acetate films. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activity of cellulose acetate films was improved by increasing the Cyp concentration. These results indicate that cellulose acetate films containing a low-cost essential oil like Cyp have potential for use as active packaging for foods.
{"title":"Enhancing food safety and extending shelf life with cost-effective cypress essential oil for packaging films","authors":"Abderrahim Bouftou, Kaoutar Aghmih, Fatima Lakhdar, Said Gmouh, Sanaa Majid","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01460-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01460-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bio-active packaging films from cellulose acetate incorporated with cypress essential oil (Cyp) have been developed. Thus, cellulose acetate (CA), which is a biodegradable and renewable polymer has been used as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Cellulose acetate films were prepared via a solvent casting method incorporating 0, 10, 30, and 60% (w/w) of Cyp. The purpose was to evaluate the possible changes caused by the Cyp on the properties of the packaging films. Different methods and technics have been used to characterize these films. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the films were also analyzed. FTIR and XRD analysis indicated that Cyp was homogenously distributed in the films. Meanwhile, TGA analysis demonstrated that the addition of Cyp had an impact on thermal-oxidative properties of the films. The CA/Cyp films showed excellent biodegradability in soil after 60 days, with a percentage loss of 87.07% by mass, and improved mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation-at-break of 8.1 ± 0.2 MPa and 16.6 ± 0.2%, respectively. Water absorption and water solubility values for CA/Cyp films ranged from 76.62 ± 0.91% to 21.95 ± 0.57% and from 1.29 ± 0.35 to undetectable levels, respectively. The results displayed that antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> increased as the percentage of Cyp increased in the cellulose acetate films. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activity of cellulose acetate films was improved by increasing the Cyp concentration. These results indicate that cellulose acetate films containing a low-cost essential oil like Cyp have potential for use as active packaging for foods.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1779 - 1791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01480-4
K. Tejasvi, V. J. Jayashree, Vignesh Devaraj, P. Sundar Singh
The design of combining carbon/epoxy (CE) reinforcement, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) can meet the need for future state-of-the-art materials required in various strata such as aerospace and automotive applications. The effects of HGM content on density, mechanical characteristics, and morphology were explored, and properties were compared with baseline laminate. Unidirectional laminates of carbon epoxy/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/hollow glass microspheres with variable weight percentages using the filament winding technique were fabricated and cured. The amount of MWCNT was held constant (0.1%), while the percentage of HGM was varied from 0.2 to 1% and laminates were prepared. Tensile strength and modulus were found to be decreasing with increase in HGM content at constant MWCNT whereas flexural and short beam shear properties obtained from these tests, respectively, were higher compared to those of the baseline. However, samples with 0.6 weight percent HGM loading with constant MWCNT demonstrated the maximum improvement by 8% in flexural strength and 12% in short beam shear. The fracture surfaces of CE/MWCNT/HGM composite samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy technique. The SEM image of the composite shows greater dispersion of MWCNTs in the carbon epoxy matrix, with some agglomerates observed. The increase in HGM content in the formulations resulted in a reduction in density while only slight reduction in mechanical properties, demonstrating that this new scenario may be enforced to replace the CE laminate properties, offering a reasonable weight rebate for these materials.
{"title":"Carbon/epoxy composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and hollow glass microspheres: mechanical characterization","authors":"K. Tejasvi, V. J. Jayashree, Vignesh Devaraj, P. Sundar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01480-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01480-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The design of combining carbon/epoxy (CE) reinforcement, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) can meet the need for future state-of-the-art materials required in various strata such as aerospace and automotive applications. The effects of HGM content on density, mechanical characteristics, and morphology were explored, and properties were compared with baseline laminate. Unidirectional laminates of carbon epoxy/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/hollow glass microspheres with variable weight percentages using the filament winding technique were fabricated and cured. The amount of MWCNT was held constant (0.1%), while the percentage of HGM was varied from 0.2 to 1% and laminates were prepared. Tensile strength and modulus were found to be decreasing with increase in HGM content at constant MWCNT whereas flexural and short beam shear properties obtained from these tests, respectively, were higher compared to those of the baseline. However, samples with 0.6 weight percent HGM loading with constant MWCNT demonstrated the maximum improvement by 8% in flexural strength and 12% in short beam shear. The fracture surfaces of CE/MWCNT/HGM composite samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy technique. The SEM image of the composite shows greater dispersion of MWCNTs in the carbon epoxy matrix, with some agglomerates observed. The increase in HGM content in the formulations resulted in a reduction in density while only slight reduction in mechanical properties, demonstrating that this new scenario may be enforced to replace the CE laminate properties, offering a reasonable weight rebate for these materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1803 - 1813"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01471-5
Mahmoud A. Abdelkawy, Shinichi Itsuno, Mahmoud A. El-Badawi, El-Saied A. Aly
Date palm fibers (DPFs) have been effectively utilized as reinforcements in polymer matrices to enhance their properties. In this study, DPFs and nanoclays were treated with an amino functional silane coupling agent to enhance their compatibility with polybenzoxazine (PBz) and epoxy resin (EP) thermosets. The inherent instability in thermal properties of PBz and EP thermosets, attributed to high brittleness, led to the development of DPF-reinforced polybenzoxazine and epoxy composites. The impact of DPFs loading on thermal properties was investigated, revealing significant enhancements in thermal properties and char yields with varying organoclay loadings, indicating the effectiveness of the latter in the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the treated composites exhibited improved interfacial adhesion, as evidenced by SEM analysis of the surface hybrid, showcasing excellent interfacial bonding. This study not only explored the potential of utilizing abundant agricultural waste, specifically DPFs, for environmental sustainability and sustainable development but also delved into the enhancement of thermal stability through the incorporation of organosilane-treated DPFs and organoclay nanofillers in EP and PBz matrices. Characterization techniques such as FTIR and SEM confirmed the successful enhancement of DPFs’ hydrophobicity and surface roughness post-treatment, contributing to improved fiber-matrix adhesion. These results underscore the importance of the interfacial adhesion and aminosilane treatment for achieving desired properties in natural fiber-reinforced composites, paving the way for more environmentally friendly composite materials.
{"title":"Improved thermal and morphological properties of polybenzoxazine and epoxy nanocomposites with aminosilane-treated date palm fiber reinforcement","authors":"Mahmoud A. Abdelkawy, Shinichi Itsuno, Mahmoud A. El-Badawi, El-Saied A. Aly","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01471-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01471-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Date palm fibers (DPFs) have been effectively utilized as reinforcements in polymer matrices to enhance their properties. In this study, DPFs and nanoclays were treated with an amino functional silane coupling agent to enhance their compatibility with polybenzoxazine (PBz) and epoxy resin (EP) thermosets. The inherent instability in thermal properties of PBz and EP thermosets, attributed to high brittleness, led to the development of DPF-reinforced polybenzoxazine and epoxy composites. The impact of DPFs loading on thermal properties was investigated, revealing significant enhancements in thermal properties and char yields with varying organoclay loadings, indicating the effectiveness of the latter in the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the treated composites exhibited improved interfacial adhesion, as evidenced by SEM analysis of the surface hybrid, showcasing excellent interfacial bonding. This study not only explored the potential of utilizing abundant agricultural waste, specifically DPFs, for environmental sustainability and sustainable development but also delved into the enhancement of thermal stability through the incorporation of organosilane-treated DPFs and organoclay nanofillers in EP and PBz matrices. Characterization techniques such as FTIR and SEM confirmed the successful enhancement of DPFs’ hydrophobicity and surface roughness post-treatment, contributing to improved fiber-matrix adhesion. These results underscore the importance of the interfacial adhesion and aminosilane treatment for achieving desired properties in natural fiber-reinforced composites, paving the way for more environmentally friendly composite materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1893 - 1902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-23DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01479-x
Lutao Peng, Yi Liu, Qiusheng Liu, Lelin Zeng, Guoxiang Wang
Photo-induced living radical polymerization offers several advantages, including a broad range of polymerizable monomers, high design flexibility of polymer structures, cost-effective and readily accessible catalysts, mild and controllable polymerization conditions, and high polymerization efficiency. In this work, P–O codoped g-C3N4/poly(aniline) composite was prepared as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst. Then, the photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate was investigated at 25 °C in N,N-dimethylformamide, utilizing 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CPADB) as chain transfer agent and photocatalyst of P–O codoped g-C3N4/PANI composite. Poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) were synthesized using the PET-RAFT polymerizations with controlled molecular weight (Mn,exp) and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn). Kinetic analyses revealed that the polymerization adhered to first-order kinetic. The effects of the amount of photocatalyst and concentrations of CPADB and monomer were investigated on the polymerization. It was observed that the induction period decreased with increasing the amount of photocatalyst. A periodic light-on/off protocol was employed to investigate the polymerization’s dependency on light, revealing that the activation and deactivation steps were regulated by light exposure. PMMAs synthesized via the PET-RAFT polymerization system can be further treated with monomers to achieve chain extension, thereby forming block copolymers.
{"title":"P–O codoped g-C3N4/poly(aniline) as heterogeneous photocatalyst for PET-RAFT polymerization","authors":"Lutao Peng, Yi Liu, Qiusheng Liu, Lelin Zeng, Guoxiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01479-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01479-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photo-induced living radical polymerization offers several advantages, including a broad range of polymerizable monomers, high design flexibility of polymer structures, cost-effective and readily accessible catalysts, mild and controllable polymerization conditions, and high polymerization efficiency. In this work, P–O codoped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/poly(aniline) composite was prepared as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst. Then, the photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate was investigated at 25 °C in <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide, utilizing 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CPADB) as chain transfer agent and photocatalyst of P–O codoped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/PANI composite. Poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) were synthesized using the PET-RAFT polymerizations with controlled molecular weight (<i>M</i><sub>n,exp</sub>) and narrow molecular weight distribution (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub>/<i>M</i><sub>n</sub>). Kinetic analyses revealed that the polymerization adhered to first-order kinetic. The effects of the amount of photocatalyst and concentrations of CPADB and monomer were investigated on the polymerization. It was observed that the induction period decreased with increasing the amount of photocatalyst. A periodic light-on/off protocol was employed to investigate the polymerization’s dependency on light, revealing that the activation and deactivation steps were regulated by light exposure. PMMAs synthesized via the PET-RAFT polymerization system can be further treated with monomers to achieve chain extension, thereby forming block copolymers.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1929 - 1938"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mineral-based nanoparticles derived from grinding of automobile brake pads are used in this study. The influence of nano-brake-pad dust particles in polyimide (PI) reinforced basalt fiber (BF) composites is experimentally investigated. Four different weight fractions of composites are prepared using hot compression molding. The fabricated PBN composites with dispersed nano-dust fillers find applications in automobile and aerospace engineering. The physical properties of the formulated composites are studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are carried out to identify the enhanced thermal behavior of the composites. The FTIR spectrum indicates the stretching of molecular structure for the occurrence of C=O links. SEM shows the strong interfacial bonding between the ingredients and matrix. DSC shows the glass transition temperature reduces with nanoparticles addition. TGA reveals that the composites withstand a temperature of 512.15 °C without degrading and the percentage of weight loss after degradation of the composite enhances to 28.64% more, when compared to the pure sample. DMA shows a significant increase of about 84.32% in storage modulus and subsequent decrease in the value of tan δ by around 42.9% when the weight percentage of nano-dust particles increases, compared with pure composites. The presence of multiple elements in the nano-dust particles may influence the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of the polymer composite when compared with single compound nanocomposites.
{"title":"Thermal and mechanical enhancements in polyimide/basalt fiber composites through mineral-based nano-dust particles","authors":"Arputham Arul Jeya Kumar, Ramasamy Senthil Kumar, Madhur Madan, Ankit Gangishetti, Muniyandi Prakash","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01481-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01481-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mineral-based nanoparticles derived from grinding of automobile brake pads are used in this study. The influence of nano-brake-pad dust particles in polyimide (PI) reinforced basalt fiber (BF) composites is experimentally investigated. Four different weight fractions of composites are prepared using hot compression molding. The fabricated PBN composites with dispersed nano-dust fillers find applications in automobile and aerospace engineering. The physical properties of the formulated composites are studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are carried out to identify the enhanced thermal behavior of the composites. The FTIR spectrum indicates the stretching of molecular structure for the occurrence of C=O links. SEM shows the strong interfacial bonding between the ingredients and matrix. DSC shows the glass transition temperature reduces with nanoparticles addition. TGA reveals that the composites withstand a temperature of 512.15 °C without degrading and the percentage of weight loss after degradation of the composite enhances to 28.64% more, when compared to the pure sample. DMA shows a significant increase of about 84.32% in storage modulus and subsequent decrease in the value of tan <i>δ</i> by around 42.9% when the weight percentage of nano-dust particles increases, compared with pure composites. The presence of multiple elements in the nano-dust particles may influence the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of the polymer composite when compared with single compound nanocomposites.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 12","pages":"2003 - 2014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ti/Gf/Cf is a new type of hybrid fiber metal laminates (HFMLs) that fully combine the advantages of titanium alloy, GFRP and CFRP. HFMLs have attracted attention in engineering applications due to their high stiffness, strength, and shear resistance. The curing quality of HFMLs is greatly impacted by curing regime. Moreover, the hybridization effect of fibers may complicate the evolution of HFMLs curing parameters. Based on the multi-physics field coupling finite element method the study is carried out on the effects of different curing regimes on formation and evolution of temperature field, curing degree field, and curing stress during HFMLs curing process. The thermal transmission equation, the curing kinetic equation, and the viscoelastic mechanical model are coupled to establish a curing simulation model. This study aims to accurately predict the evolution mechanism of HFMLs curing parameters under different curing regimes. Results showed that rapid heating and cooling may cause non-uniform curing, thereby accumulating more residual stress. The cooling rate has a great influence on the final curing stress of HFMLs, which indicates that rapid cooling makes HFMLs more prone to damage. Excessive curing temperatures may cause internal stress due to differences in thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity. The short insulation times exacerbate the non-uniform distribution of temperature and curing degree fields, which leads to an increase in stress. Therefore, by reducing heating and cooling rates appropriately, lowering curing temperatures and increasing insulation time can suppress significant residual stress generation.
{"title":"Effects of different curing regimes of “hybrid fiber metal laminates (HFMLs)” curing process by finite element method","authors":"Haiying Li, Shujian Li, Yizhe Chen, Tengfei Chang, Weiyin Liang, Jinglong Sun","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01478-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01478-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ti/Gf/Cf is a new type of hybrid fiber metal laminates (HFMLs) that fully combine the advantages of titanium alloy, GFRP and CFRP. HFMLs have attracted attention in engineering applications due to their high stiffness, strength, and shear resistance. The curing quality of HFMLs is greatly impacted by curing regime. Moreover, the hybridization effect of fibers may complicate the evolution of HFMLs curing parameters. Based on the multi-physics field coupling finite element method the study is carried out on the effects of different curing regimes on formation and evolution of temperature field, curing degree field, and curing stress during HFMLs curing process. The thermal transmission equation, the curing kinetic equation, and the viscoelastic mechanical model are coupled to establish a curing simulation model. This study aims to accurately predict the evolution mechanism of HFMLs curing parameters under different curing regimes. Results showed that rapid heating and cooling may cause non-uniform curing, thereby accumulating more residual stress. The cooling rate has a great influence on the final curing stress of HFMLs, which indicates that rapid cooling makes HFMLs more prone to damage. Excessive curing temperatures may cause internal stress due to differences in thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity. The short insulation times exacerbate the non-uniform distribution of temperature and curing degree fields, which leads to an increase in stress. Therefore, by reducing heating and cooling rates appropriately, lowering curing temperatures and increasing insulation time can suppress significant residual stress generation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1939 - 1952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01477-z
Dmitry Petrenko, Victor Klushin, Alina Petrenko, Alexey Yatsenko, Nina Smirnova, Anna Ulyankina
More sustainable polyurethane (PU) adhesives exhibiting excellent bonding strength are important for binding diverse materials promoting functional versatility in countless daily life applications. In this work, PU adhesives were produced with biomass-derived furanic polyols such as poly(diethylene glycol 2,5-furanoate) (PDEGF) and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) furan (BHMF) and diisocyanates such as toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and polymeric 4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI). The characteristic molecular groups of PUs were evidenced using FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. The thermal properties, hardness and adhesion strength of the PUs were influenced by polyol and isocyanate type as well as the NCO/OH molar ratio in the range of 0.65–1.4. PU with higher thermal stability was obtained using PDEGF and MDI. The optimal NCO/OH ratio of 0.9 for hardness of all synthesized polyurethane was due to the increased contribution of the hydrogen-bonded urethane/urea groups and higher crystallinity. The adhesion properties of PUs were provided by soft furan-containing segments. MDI/BHMF with the highest content of furanic polyol exhibited superior performance as a solvent-based adhesive with the lap shear strength of 30.8 MPa compared to the commercial adhesives. Good heating–cooling cycling stability of TDI/PDEGF with the lowest hydrogen bonding as reusable hot-melt adhesives using a glue gun was demonstrated. This work provides novel insights into the biomass-derived furanic polyols as renewable components for more sustainable solvent-based and hot-melt PUs adhesive forming strong bonds with various substrates such as metals, wood and ceramics.
{"title":"Sustainable polyurethanes from biomass-derived furanic polyols for adhesive applications","authors":"Dmitry Petrenko, Victor Klushin, Alina Petrenko, Alexey Yatsenko, Nina Smirnova, Anna Ulyankina","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01477-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01477-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>More sustainable polyurethane (PU) adhesives exhibiting excellent bonding strength are important for binding diverse materials promoting functional versatility in countless daily life applications. In this work, PU adhesives were produced with biomass-derived furanic polyols such as poly(diethylene glycol 2,5-furanoate) (PDEGF) and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) furan (BHMF) and diisocyanates such as toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and polymeric 4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI). The characteristic molecular groups of PUs were evidenced using FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR techniques. The thermal properties, hardness and adhesion strength of the PUs were influenced by polyol and isocyanate type as well as the NCO/OH molar ratio in the range of 0.65–1.4. PU with higher thermal stability was obtained using PDEGF and MDI. The optimal NCO/OH ratio of 0.9 for hardness of all synthesized polyurethane was due to the increased contribution of the hydrogen-bonded urethane/urea groups and higher crystallinity. The adhesion properties of PUs were provided by soft furan-containing segments. MDI/BHMF with the highest content of furanic polyol exhibited superior performance as a solvent-based adhesive with the lap shear strength of 30.8 MPa compared to the commercial adhesives. Good heating–cooling cycling stability of TDI/PDEGF with the lowest hydrogen bonding as reusable hot-melt adhesives using a glue gun was demonstrated. This work provides novel insights into the biomass-derived furanic polyols as renewable components for more sustainable solvent-based and hot-melt PUs adhesive forming strong bonds with various substrates such as metals, wood and ceramics.</p>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1829 - 1839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-16DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01472-4
Meet Patel, Pragnesh Rathva, Mahendrasinh Raj, Lata Raj, Mitali Yadav
A modified tetrafunctional phenolic epoxy resin was synthesized by utilizing furfuraldehyde with partial substitution of 50% renewable alternatives such as cardanol and resorcinol. It represents a novel approach by the synthesis of conventional phenol and replacing toxic substances such as formaldehyde. The resin was synthesized through epoxidation using epichlorohydrin and cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardeners, including phenalkamine, low viscous phenalkamine, polyamide, and triethylenetetramine. Significant characterization was performed using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity analysis (16,167 cP), epoxy equivalent weight (578 g/eq), and average molecular weight (2420 g/mol), confirming effective resin functionality. Composites were studied using SEM, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX-mapping, AFM, BET average pore diameter (1.27566e-01 nm), XPS, and XRD to comprehend their microstructure, elemental distribution, and surface morphology. The resulting carbon fiber composites have excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 83.3 to 90.6 MPa and flexural strength between 201.5 and 216.4 MPa. By replacing conventional petrochemical-based chemicals with renewable resources, the findings advance the development of greener materials and contribute to developing a more sustainable future. Chemical resistance analysis showed no change in the weight of the composites in all chemical reagents, and significant thermal stability was observed with procedural decomposition temperatures ranging from 259 to 294 °C. By demonstrating the potential of renewable phenols and the appropriate application of hardeners to enhance composite mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, this study fills gaps in the technology of biobased resins.
{"title":"Renewable resources based on tetrafunctional epoxy resin: synthesis, characterization and application in carbon fiber composites","authors":"Meet Patel, Pragnesh Rathva, Mahendrasinh Raj, Lata Raj, Mitali Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01472-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01472-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A modified tetrafunctional phenolic epoxy resin was synthesized by utilizing furfuraldehyde with partial substitution of 50% renewable alternatives such as cardanol and resorcinol. It represents a novel approach by the synthesis of conventional phenol and replacing toxic substances such as formaldehyde. The resin was synthesized through epoxidation using epichlorohydrin and cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardeners, including phenalkamine, low viscous phenalkamine, polyamide, and triethylenetetramine. Significant characterization was performed using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity analysis (16,167 cP), epoxy equivalent weight (578 g/eq), and average molecular weight (2420 g/mol), confirming effective resin functionality. Composites were studied using SEM, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX-mapping, AFM, BET average pore diameter (1.27566e-01 nm), XPS, and XRD to comprehend their microstructure, elemental distribution, and surface morphology. The resulting carbon fiber composites have excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 83.3 to 90.6 MPa and flexural strength between 201.5 and 216.4 MPa. By replacing conventional petrochemical-based chemicals with renewable resources, the findings advance the development of greener materials and contribute to developing a more sustainable future. Chemical resistance analysis showed no change in the weight of the composites in all chemical reagents, and significant thermal stability was observed with procedural decomposition temperatures ranging from 259 to 294 °C. By demonstrating the potential of renewable phenols and the appropriate application of hardeners to enhance composite mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, this study fills gaps in the technology of biobased resins.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1841 - 1863"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1007/s13726-025-01476-0
Muh. Wahyu Sya’bani, Rochmadi, Indra Perdana, Agus Prasetya
Amorphous silica is usually precipitate in geothermal power plant and become solid waste in large amounts. Silica is common reinforcing filler in the polymer composites. To give reinforcement in composites application, the geothermal sludge needs further treatment. Our previous research has been successfully synthesized nanoparticle silica from geothermal solid waste. This work investigated the effect of using nanoparticle geothermal silica (NGS) as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites. The synthesis of silica aggregate was modified using the Oswald ripening mechanism by two-step sodium silicate addition. The ratios of primary and secondary sodium silicates were varied by 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5. The resulted NGS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface area analyzer to determine its chemical structure and morphology. We also analyzed the mechanical properties, surface morphology and vulcanization kinetics of rubber compounds reinforced with NGS, using two available commercial silica nanoparticles as references. The extent of interaction that can be formed by the filler and rubber was analyzed using bound rubber content (BRC) approach. The results showed that NGS had primary particle sizes between 20 and 50 nm and a surface area of 168–209 m2/g. Additionally, the silica and rubber interaction affected the total modulus of rubber vulcanisate and the kinetics of vulcanization reactions. However, NGS that have primary and secondary sodium silicates ratio of 1:1 provided a good balance between filler–rubber interactions, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of the rubber composite.
{"title":"Modified nanoparticle geothermal silica in rubber composites: mechanical properties and vulcanization kinetics","authors":"Muh. Wahyu Sya’bani, Rochmadi, Indra Perdana, Agus Prasetya","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01476-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01476-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amorphous silica is usually precipitate in geothermal power plant and become solid waste in large amounts. Silica is common reinforcing filler in the polymer composites. To give reinforcement in composites application, the geothermal sludge needs further treatment. Our previous research has been successfully synthesized nanoparticle silica from geothermal solid waste. This work investigated the effect of using nanoparticle geothermal silica (NGS) as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites. The synthesis of silica aggregate was modified using the Oswald ripening mechanism by two-step sodium silicate addition. The ratios of primary and secondary sodium silicates were varied by 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5. The resulted NGS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface area analyzer to determine its chemical structure and morphology. We also analyzed the mechanical properties, surface morphology and vulcanization kinetics of rubber compounds reinforced with NGS, using two available commercial silica nanoparticles as references. The extent of interaction that can be formed by the filler and rubber was analyzed using bound rubber content (BRC) approach. The results showed that NGS had primary particle sizes between 20 and 50 nm and a surface area of 168–209 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Additionally, the silica and rubber interaction affected the total modulus of rubber vulcanisate and the kinetics of vulcanization reactions. However, NGS that have primary and secondary sodium silicates ratio of 1:1 provided a good balance between filler–rubber interactions, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of the rubber composite.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 11","pages":"1903 - 1915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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