Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02114
Wang Fang, Y. Baturin, Liang Chengzhi
: V-2 technology was transferred from Germany to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and then on to China. The USSR imitated the captured German V-2 rocket, and independently developed the R-2. Later, China imitated the R-2 rocket provided by the USSR, and independently developed the Dong Feng-2 (DF-2). The imitation or localization of foreign products is a key stage prior to independent development. Independent development of new models, in turn, is not only indicative of an upgrading of the transferred technology and the mastering of foreign technology, but also an illustration of innovation. Talent is the crucial resource on which technology transfer relies. The administrative system and domestic collaboration network required to coordinate the necessary tasks, including research, experimentation, design, and manufacture were established both in the USSR and in China.
{"title":"The Route of V-2 Technology Transfer from Germany to the USSR, and on to China","authors":"Wang Fang, Y. Baturin, Liang Chengzhi","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02114","url":null,"abstract":": V-2 technology was transferred from Germany to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and then on to China. The USSR imitated the captured German V-2 rocket, and independently developed the R-2. Later, China imitated the R-2 rocket provided by the USSR, and independently developed the Dong Feng-2 (DF-2). The imitation or localization of foreign products is a key stage prior to independent development. Independent development of new models, in turn, is not only indicative of an upgrading of the transferred technology and the mastering of foreign technology, but also an illustration of innovation. Talent is the crucial resource on which technology transfer relies. The administrative system and domestic collaboration network required to coordinate the necessary tasks, including research, experimentation, design, and manufacture were established both in the USSR and in China.","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02031
Jinyan Liu, Fang Wang, Zhemchugov Alexey
The work of Chinese scientists conducted at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) (1956–1965) was inextricably linked to the Sino-Soviet relations in the 1950s–1960s. During the early stage of the JINR, with the aid of advanced equipment and the international cooperation mechanism, Chinese scientists yielded significant results, such as the discovery of the antisigma-minus hyperon and the proof of the law of partial conservation of axial current (PCAC). After the Sino-Soviet split, Chinese scientists’ activities at the institute were hampered by political tensions, eventually resulting in China’s withdrawal from the JINR in 1965. But through the involvement at the JINR, Chinese scientists were trained in scientific practices and participated in international exchange and cooperation which turned them into a new force in China’s nuclear industry, boosting its nuclear weapons, particle physics theory, and accelerator technology. In the meantime, the scientists’ activities extended the international influence of the JINR. The withdrawal of China from the institute impacted both the JINR and the development of science in China.
{"title":"Chinese Scientists in Dubna (1956–1965)","authors":"Jinyan Liu, Fang Wang, Zhemchugov Alexey","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.02031","url":null,"abstract":"The work of Chinese scientists conducted at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) (1956–1965) was inextricably linked to the Sino-Soviet relations in the 1950s–1960s. During the early stage of the JINR, with the aid of advanced equipment and the international cooperation mechanism, Chinese scientists yielded significant results, such as the discovery of the antisigma-minus hyperon and the proof of the law of partial conservation of axial current (PCAC). After the Sino-Soviet split, Chinese scientists’ activities at the institute were hampered by political tensions, eventually resulting in China’s withdrawal from the JINR in 1965. But through the involvement at the JINR, Chinese scientists were trained in scientific practices and participated in international exchange and cooperation which turned them into a new force in China’s nuclear industry, boosting its nuclear weapons, particle physics theory, and accelerator technology. In the meantime, the scientists’ activities extended the international influence of the JINR. The withdrawal of China from the institute impacted both the JINR and the development of science in China.","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48739828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01090
Xin Deyong
{"title":"Revisiting the Origin of Printing: Birthplace, Time, and Social Factors","authors":"Xin Deyong","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01058
Alexander Jost
In 2015, a previously unknown manuscript was discovered in the Nanjing Library. It contained a Chinese mining and metallurgy handbook, and was identified as a copy of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致, known as the lost Chinese translation of Georgius Agricola’s (1494–1555) De re metallica (1556) by Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666). A closer look at the text, however, reveals that, besides parts of Agricola’s book, content by at least four other European authors was included: Vannoccio Biringuccio (1480–1539), Modestinus Fachs (?–before 1595), Lazarus Ercker (1528/30– 1594), and José de Acosta (1539/40–1599/1600). This study demonstrates how their books became available in China, why they were selected as sources for the Kunyu gezhi, and how they were eventually used and incorporated. From this, it becomes apparent that Schall and his collaborators spared no effort to conduct this ambitious knowledge transfer project, and to present European technology at its best to the emperor. Received: August 21, 2020. Revised: October 29, 2020. This paper has been copyedited by John Moffett. * This research is part of “Translating Western Science, Technology and Medicine to Late Ming China: Convergences and Divergences in the Light of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致 (Investigations of the Earth’s Interior; 1640) and the Taixi shuifa 泰西水法 (Hydromethods of the Great West; 1612),” a project supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2018 to 2021. The project is carried out at the Department of Chinese Studies at Tübingen University, Germany. I would like to thank the project leader Hans Ulrich Vogel, as well as project members Cao Jin 曹 晋 and Sabine Kink, for their critical and helpful comments. My further gratitude is also owed to Zhao Daying 赵大莹 from the National Library of China, and to Noël Golvers from KU Leuven for their support with some important details as well as to John Moffett for his diligent proofreading and to the anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions. 1 Research interests: Processes of communication, transfer and exchange between China, Europe, and the Islamic world in the middle and early modern periods. Among other topics, Alexander Jost has published on the establishment of hydrometallurgy in Song China, diplomatic relations between Ming China and Rasulid Yemen, and the practice of Hajj pilgrimage by Chinese Muslims. Email: alexander.jost@sbg.ac.at. Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von... 59
{"title":"Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von Bell’s Chinese Mining and Metallurgy Handbook Kunyu Gezhi (1640)","authors":"Alexander Jost","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01058","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015, a previously unknown manuscript was discovered in the Nanjing Library. It contained a Chinese mining and metallurgy handbook, and was identified as a copy of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致, known as the lost Chinese translation of Georgius Agricola’s (1494–1555) De re metallica (1556) by Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666). A closer look at the text, however, reveals that, besides parts of Agricola’s book, content by at least four other European authors was included: Vannoccio Biringuccio (1480–1539), Modestinus Fachs (?–before 1595), Lazarus Ercker (1528/30– 1594), and José de Acosta (1539/40–1599/1600). This study demonstrates how their books became available in China, why they were selected as sources for the Kunyu gezhi, and how they were eventually used and incorporated. From this, it becomes apparent that Schall and his collaborators spared no effort to conduct this ambitious knowledge transfer project, and to present European technology at its best to the emperor. Received: August 21, 2020. Revised: October 29, 2020. This paper has been copyedited by John Moffett. * This research is part of “Translating Western Science, Technology and Medicine to Late Ming China: Convergences and Divergences in the Light of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致 (Investigations of the Earth’s Interior; 1640) and the Taixi shuifa 泰西水法 (Hydromethods of the Great West; 1612),” a project supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2018 to 2021. The project is carried out at the Department of Chinese Studies at Tübingen University, Germany. I would like to thank the project leader Hans Ulrich Vogel, as well as project members Cao Jin 曹 晋 and Sabine Kink, for their critical and helpful comments. My further gratitude is also owed to Zhao Daying 赵大莹 from the National Library of China, and to Noël Golvers from KU Leuven for their support with some important details as well as to John Moffett for his diligent proofreading and to the anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions. 1 Research interests: Processes of communication, transfer and exchange between China, Europe, and the Islamic world in the middle and early modern periods. Among other topics, Alexander Jost has published on the establishment of hydrometallurgy in Song China, diplomatic relations between Ming China and Rasulid Yemen, and the practice of Hajj pilgrimage by Chinese Muslims. Email: alexander.jost@sbg.ac.at. Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von... 59","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43648166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01001
Yuan Jing
{"title":"A Zooarchaeological Study on the Origins of Animal Domestication in Ancient China","authors":"Yuan Jing","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49078687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01027
Zhou Wenli, Li Siran, Liu Haifeng, Chen Jianli, T. Rehren
{"title":"Traditional Chinese Technology of Crucible Lead Smelting: A Comprehensive Study Based on Historical Records and Archaeological Findings","authors":"Zhou Wenli, Li Siran, Liu Haifeng, Chen Jianli, T. Rehren","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43781030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01109
Zhengping Cheng
{"title":"A Review on the Book Series Compendium of Sources on Chinese Science and Technology","authors":"Zhengping Cheng","doi":"10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2021.01109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43281311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S082
C. Chung
: This paper discusses cross-cultural understanding of museum collections by looking into transnational audience engagement with the imperial clock collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. The audience research took place in three sites: the Hong Kong Science Museum, the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the Science Museum in London. Audience data were collected using qualitative methods, such as intercept interviews, focus groups, and informal group discussions with non-specialist and specialist audiences across the three locations. The qualitative samples suggest that UK-China audiences draw from different cultural references when they engage with the unique “singsongs” in the imperial clock collection. Despite the divergence of cultural connections made across audiences in the UK and China, it is consistent in the audience data that the appeal of the clocks is reinforced by seeing their movement. The data also indicate a desire to connect with human stories behind the creation, trade, and conservation of singsongs, and expectations for a digital resource that is visually captivating and offers additional insights into the singsongs, such as the demonstration, mechanism, and backstory of the automatons. This paper concludes with a reflection on the implications of audience data for the interpretation strategy of a London-based exhibition featuring the singsongs, and considerations for the development of a digital experience about the imperial horological collections that speaks to audiences across the UK and China.
{"title":"Time, Culture and Identity: Exploring Horological Collections with UK-China Museum Audiences","authors":"C. Chung","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S082","url":null,"abstract":": This paper discusses cross-cultural understanding of museum collections by looking into transnational audience engagement with the imperial clock collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. The audience research took place in three sites: the Hong Kong Science Museum, the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the Science Museum in London. Audience data were collected using qualitative methods, such as intercept interviews, focus groups, and informal group discussions with non-specialist and specialist audiences across the three locations. The qualitative samples suggest that UK-China audiences draw from different cultural references when they engage with the unique “singsongs” in the imperial clock collection. Despite the divergence of cultural connections made across audiences in the UK and China, it is consistent in the audience data that the appeal of the clocks is reinforced by seeing their movement. The data also indicate a desire to connect with human stories behind the creation, trade, and conservation of singsongs, and expectations for a digital resource that is visually captivating and offers additional insights into the singsongs, such as the demonstration, mechanism, and backstory of the automatons. This paper concludes with a reflection on the implications of audience data for the interpretation strategy of a London-based exhibition featuring the singsongs, and considerations for the development of a digital experience about the imperial horological collections that speaks to audiences across the UK and China.","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48022774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S009
Zhang Baichun
: From the 1580s onwards, Catholic missionaries introduced European mechanical clocks into China as gifts for officials or emperors, with the aim of establishing a good relationship with the Chinese leadership in order to do missionary work. After the seventeenth century, European clock-makers in the imperial palace made complicated clocks according to the emperors’ desires. There were a number of workshops for producing European-style clocks in Guangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, and other cities during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was, however, difficult for the experienced craftsmen to innovate new clockwork. The main reasons for the development of European clock technology in China were its technical superiority, the missionaries’ introduction, and the Chinese interest in clocks.
{"title":"Transfer of European Clock-Making Technology into China during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries","authors":"Zhang Baichun","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S009","url":null,"abstract":": From the 1580s onwards, Catholic missionaries introduced European mechanical clocks into China as gifts for officials or emperors, with the aim of establishing a good relationship with the Chinese leadership in order to do missionary work. After the seventeenth century, European clock-makers in the imperial palace made complicated clocks according to the emperors’ desires. There were a number of workshops for producing European-style clocks in Guangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, and other cities during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was, however, difficult for the experienced craftsmen to innovate new clockwork. The main reasons for the development of European clock technology in China were its technical superiority, the missionaries’ introduction, and the Chinese interest in clocks.","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44050786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S061
Li Yezhuo, Chen Yu-Hsun, Yan Hong-sen
Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development. At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Two were made in China, the other two in Britain. Although the internal mechanical components were maintained and recorded in the late twentieth century, their mechanism structure is mostly not made available to the public owing to the historical value of these artefacts. This study introduces feasible mechanism structures for the four pagoda automatons based on published works, along with considerations of mechanical design. Five subsystems of the clocks are analyzed, and two mechanisms of the pagoda automaton are illustrated. In particular, feasible mechanisms of the four pagoda automatons for raising their stories are explained. The analysis procedure presented in this paper expands the feasibility of reconstruction work on ancient mechanisms with unknown structures.
{"title":"On the Motions of Four Pagoda Clocks in the Forbidden City","authors":"Li Yezhuo, Chen Yu-Hsun, Yan Hong-sen","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1461.2020.0S061","url":null,"abstract":"Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development. At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Two were made in China, the other two in Britain. Although the internal mechanical components were maintained and recorded in the late twentieth century, their mechanism structure is mostly not made available to the public owing to the historical value of these artefacts. This study introduces feasible mechanism structures for the four pagoda automatons based on published works, along with considerations of mechanical design. Five subsystems of the clocks are analyzed, and two mechanisms of the pagoda automaton are illustrated. In particular, feasible mechanisms of the four pagoda automatons for raising their stories are explained. The analysis procedure presented in this paper expands the feasibility of reconstruction work on ancient mechanisms with unknown structures.","PeriodicalId":61293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49054361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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