Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-5-20
V. Ivanov, A. Menyajlo, S. Chekin, E. V. Spirin, V. Solomatin
After receiving the notification of the license granting and its registration in the license register it has become topical the preparation of the final version of the project documentation to guarantee the safety of the public residing in the proximity of the operating Pilot-demonstration energy complex (PDEC), which includes a reactor unit BREST-OD-300, reprocessing module and a fuel fabrication/refabrication module. Currently International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, Publication 103) recommends for estimating radiological protection of the public to use carcinogenic risks estimates for individual organs and tissues, with account of equivalent doses and modern models of «dose-effect» relationship instead of the use of committed effective doses. The article demonstrates the 5-7 times spread of lifetime carcinogenic radiation risk values from exposure to different radionuclides, while the committed effective dose from intakes of the same radionuclides do not differ. The distinguishing characteristic of updated ICRP recommendations is consideration of gender and age of the exposed population when assessing radiation-related carcinogenic risks. The article presents estimates of lifetime attributable risk for critical groups of the public residing in the proximity of the PDEC; the risk was calculated with the use of estimates of annual air emissions from normally operated PDEC. Tritium (H-3) and cesium (Cs-137) emissions limit values have been calculated, the radionuclides ensure the normal functioning of the complex in a negligible radiation risk range for the population (Radiation Safety Standards (RSS-99/2009)).
{"title":"Pilot-demonstration energy complex (PDEC): the level of radiological protection of the population due to the modern “dose-effect” model of the ICRP","authors":"V. Ivanov, A. Menyajlo, S. Chekin, E. V. Spirin, V. Solomatin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-5-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-5-20","url":null,"abstract":"After receiving the notification of the license granting and its registration in the license register it has become topical the preparation of the final version of the project documentation to guarantee the safety of the public residing in the proximity of the operating Pilot-demonstration energy complex (PDEC), which includes a reactor unit BREST-OD-300, reprocessing module and a fuel fabrication/refabrication module. Currently International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, Publication 103) recommends for estimating radiological protection of the public to use carcinogenic risks estimates for individual organs and tissues, with account of equivalent doses and modern models of «dose-effect» relationship instead of the use of committed effective doses. The article demonstrates the 5-7 times spread of lifetime carcinogenic radiation risk values from exposure to different radionuclides, while the committed effective dose from intakes of the same radionuclides do not differ. The distinguishing characteristic of updated ICRP recommendations is consideration of gender and age of the exposed population when assessing radiation-related carcinogenic risks. The article presents estimates of lifetime attributable risk for critical groups of the public residing in the proximity of the PDEC; the risk was calculated with the use of estimates of annual air emissions from normally operated PDEC. Tritium (H-3) and cesium (Cs-137) emissions limit values have been calculated, the radionuclides ensure the normal functioning of the complex in a negligible radiation risk range for the population (Radiation Safety Standards (RSS-99/2009)).","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73046398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-168-182
A. V. Matveev, V. Petriev, V. Tishchenko
Phosphonic acids labeled with radionuclide Re-188 are the most promising radiopharmaceuticals for radionuclide therapy of bone metastases. The aim of the work is to develop a compartment mathematical model of the kinetics of Re-188-labeled phosphonic acids in the body of intact rats and calculate on its basis the pharmacokinetic and dosimetric characteristics of these radiopharmaceuticals with different chemical structures. The objects of the study were four radiopharmaceuticals containing from two to five phosphonic groups. To identify the model parameters and calculate the characteristics, quantitative data on the bio-distribution of 188Re-labeled phosphonic acids in the body of intact rats were used. A compartment model of kinetics has been developed and two approaches to the identification of its transport constants have been proposed – through the residual functional and using approximation by monoexponential functions. According to pharmacokinetic modeling, all studied radiopharmaceuticals selectively accumulate in bone tissues, and the chemical structure of phosphonic acids affects their accumulation and excretion. According to the level of accumulation of activity in the skeleton, the structures of radiopharmaceuticals can be arranged in descending order: five phosphonic groups > two > four. At the same time, the radiopharmaceutical with two phosphonic groups is removed from the bone tissues most slowly, which is its advantage. The rate of removal of radiopharmaceuticals from the blood and other organs is on average three times higher than from bone tissue. The elimination of radioactivity from the body occurs mainly through renal clearance. The highest values of absorbed doses are formed in the bone tissues (thighs, ribs, skull, spine) and the organ of excretion – the kidneys. At the same time, the maximum values of absorbed doses in bone tissues were obtained for radiopharmaceuticals with five and two phosphonic groups, which together with their pharmacokinetic properties allows them to be considered as promising osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of bone metastases.
放射性核素Re-188标记的膦酸是骨转移瘤放射性核素治疗中最有前途的放射性药物。本研究的目的是建立完整大鼠体内re -188标记膦酸动力学的隔室数学模型，并在此基础上计算这些具有不同化学结构的放射性药物的药代动力学和剂量学特征。研究的对象是四种含有二至五个膦基团的放射性药物。为了确定模型参数和计算模型特性，我们使用188 - re -labeled膦酸在完整大鼠体内生物分布的定量数据。建立了动力学的室室模型，并提出了两种确定其输运常数的方法-通过残差泛函和使用单指数函数近似。根据药代动力学模型，所有研究的放射性药物在骨组织中选择性蓄积，膦酸的化学结构影响其蓄积和排泄。根据放射性药物在骨骼中活性积累的水平，其结构可由高到低排列为:5个膦基团> 2个> 4个。同时，具有两个膦基团的放射性药物从骨组织中移除的速度最慢，这是它的优点。从血液和其他器官中去除放射性药物的速度平均比从骨组织中高出三倍。体内放射性物质的清除主要通过肾脏清除。吸收剂量的最高值在骨组织(大腿、肋骨、头骨、脊柱)和排泄器官——肾脏中形成。同时，获得了含5个和2个膦基团的放射性药物在骨组织中的最大吸收剂量值，再加上它们的药代动力学特性，使它们被认为是治疗骨转移瘤的有前途的促骨性放射性药物。
{"title":"Study of the dependence of the pharmacokinetic and dosimetric characteristics of Re-188-labeled phosphonic acids on their structure in the rat body based on compartmental modeling","authors":"A. V. Matveev, V. Petriev, V. Tishchenko","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-168-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-168-182","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphonic acids labeled with radionuclide Re-188 are the most promising radiopharmaceuticals for radionuclide therapy of bone metastases. The aim of the work is to develop a compartment mathematical model of the kinetics of Re-188-labeled phosphonic acids in the body of intact rats and calculate on its basis the pharmacokinetic and dosimetric characteristics of these radiopharmaceuticals with different chemical structures. The objects of the study were four radiopharmaceuticals containing from two to five phosphonic groups. To identify the model parameters and calculate the characteristics, quantitative data on the bio-distribution of 188Re-labeled phosphonic acids in the body of intact rats were used. A compartment model of kinetics has been developed and two approaches to the identification of its transport constants have been proposed – through the residual functional and using approximation by monoexponential functions. According to pharmacokinetic modeling, all studied radiopharmaceuticals selectively accumulate in bone tissues, and the chemical structure of phosphonic acids affects their accumulation and excretion. According to the level of accumulation of activity in the skeleton, the structures of radiopharmaceuticals can be arranged in descending order: five phosphonic groups > two > four. At the same time, the radiopharmaceutical with two phosphonic groups is removed from the bone tissues most slowly, which is its advantage. The rate of removal of radiopharmaceuticals from the blood and other organs is on average three times higher than from bone tissue. The elimination of radioactivity from the body occurs mainly through renal clearance. The highest values of absorbed doses are formed in the bone tissues (thighs, ribs, skull, spine) and the organ of excretion – the kidneys. At the same time, the maximum values of absorbed doses in bone tissues were obtained for radiopharmaceuticals with five and two phosphonic groups, which together with their pharmacokinetic properties allows them to be considered as promising osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of bone metastases.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77255982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-61-71
T. Sazykina, A. Kryshev
The paper presents results of application of unified methodology for analytical evaluation of absorbed radiation fractions for dosimetry of cylinder-shape bio-objects following the internal uniform contamination with emitted photons. New models have been used for calculation of photon fractions dose absorbed by various non-human biological objects of various cylinder configurations and sizes. Evaluated absorbed photon radiation doses are in accordance with independently tested data, obtained by numeric integration of basic absorbed photon radiation dose with account of the cylinder volume. The theoretical interpretation of used calculation formulae based on the theory of middle chords in convex bodies is given in the paper. An advantage of the unified method is the possibility to use simple algebraic formulae for calculating absorbed radiation dose fractions in convex bodies (spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders) without the use of Monte Carlo computer programs and adjustment parameters. In contrast to the known European computer complex ERICA Tool the developed method of calculation of radiation doses to cylinder shape bio-objects may be also used for dosimetry of non-human species, for express-assessment of radioecological situation in radionuclide-contaminated areas, as well as for radiation protection of biota.
{"title":"Application of unified methodology for analytical calculation of absorbed dose gamma-radiation fractions to cylinder-shape biological objects","authors":"T. Sazykina, A. Kryshev","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-61-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-61-71","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of application of unified methodology for analytical evaluation of absorbed radiation fractions for dosimetry of cylinder-shape bio-objects following the internal uniform contamination with emitted photons. New models have been used for calculation of photon fractions dose absorbed by various non-human biological objects of various cylinder configurations and sizes. Evaluated absorbed photon radiation doses are in accordance with independently tested data, obtained by numeric integration of basic absorbed photon radiation dose with account of the cylinder volume. The theoretical interpretation of used calculation formulae based on the theory of middle chords in convex bodies is given in the paper. An advantage of the unified method is the possibility to use simple algebraic formulae for calculating absorbed radiation dose fractions in convex bodies (spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders) without the use of Monte Carlo computer programs and adjustment parameters. In contrast to the known European computer complex ERICA Tool the developed method of calculation of radiation doses to cylinder shape bio-objects may be also used for dosimetry of non-human species, for express-assessment of radioecological situation in radionuclide-contaminated areas, as well as for radiation protection of biota.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75380131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-22-33
S. Chekin, M. Maksioutov, S. Karpenko, K. Tumanov, A. M. Korelo, N. V. Shchukina, P. Kashcheeva, N. S. Zelenskaya, O. E. Lashkova, V. Ivanov
In the past decade the lawful use of radiation risks of non-cancer diseases estimates to solve ra-diation safety problems has become more significant. The highest statistical power of low dose (less than 0.2 Gy) radiation risks research is possible in the cohort of the Chernobyl clean-up workers (liquidators) registered and been under medical monitoring in the system of the National Radiation Epidemiological Register (NRER) since 1986. The liquidators total number exceeds 130 thousand people. Because of the large-scale annual collection of health data, carried out in the NRER system, verification of the diseases diagnoses and medically certified causes of death, a natural question of radiation risk estimates compatibility with consideration to probable errors in a disease diagnosis and cause-of-death reporting on death certificates arises. The work is aimed at estimating the radiation risk of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive organs in the Russian cohort of liquidators, with account of possible errors in the disease diagnosis and certified causes of death. The size of the cohort considered for mortality analysis was 91,013 people, the average age at the Chernobyl zone entry was 33.6 years, average radiation dose was 0.133 Gy. In this study, the method of maximizing the partial likelihood function was used to assess radiation risks, with consideration of individual radiation doses to liquidators and the assessment of background mortality using the Breslow method. The specificity of the diagnosis of the primary causes of death in the NRER system significantly exceeds the level of 0.99. Considering the specificity index of 0.99, the estimates of radiation risk coefficients ERR/Gy for mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive system in the cohort of Russian liquidators do not differ from the estimates obtained in the assumption that there are no first kind errors (false positive diagnosis) in the diagnoses of the primary causes of death in the NRER database. The results obtained confirm the high stability and validity of the assessments of radiation risks of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive system, obtained earlier from the data on liquidators registered in the NRER.
{"title":"Method of estimation of radiation risks of mortality among Chernobyl clean-up workers with consideration to probable errors in cause-of-death reporting on death certificate","authors":"S. Chekin, M. Maksioutov, S. Karpenko, K. Tumanov, A. M. Korelo, N. V. Shchukina, P. Kashcheeva, N. S. Zelenskaya, O. E. Lashkova, V. Ivanov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-22-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-22-33","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade the lawful use of radiation risks of non-cancer diseases estimates to solve ra-diation safety problems has become more significant. The highest statistical power of low dose (less than 0.2 Gy) radiation risks research is possible in the cohort of the Chernobyl clean-up workers (liquidators) registered and been under medical monitoring in the system of the National Radiation Epidemiological Register (NRER) since 1986. The liquidators total number exceeds 130 thousand people. Because of the large-scale annual collection of health data, carried out in the NRER system, verification of the diseases diagnoses and medically certified causes of death, a natural question of radiation risk estimates compatibility with consideration to probable errors in a disease diagnosis and cause-of-death reporting on death certificates arises. The work is aimed at estimating the radiation risk of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive organs in the Russian cohort of liquidators, with account of possible errors in the disease diagnosis and certified causes of death. The size of the cohort considered for mortality analysis was 91,013 people, the average age at the Chernobyl zone entry was 33.6 years, average radiation dose was 0.133 Gy. In this study, the method of maximizing the partial likelihood function was used to assess radiation risks, with consideration of individual radiation doses to liquidators and the assessment of background mortality using the Breslow method. The specificity of the diagnosis of the primary causes of death in the NRER system significantly exceeds the level of 0.99. Considering the specificity index of 0.99, the estimates of radiation risk coefficients ERR/Gy for mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive system in the cohort of Russian liquidators do not differ from the estimates obtained in the assumption that there are no first kind errors (false positive diagnosis) in the diagnoses of the primary causes of death in the NRER database. The results obtained confirm the high stability and validity of the assessments of radiation risks of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the digestive system, obtained earlier from the data on liquidators registered in the NRER.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78225586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-48-60
I. Kogarko, V. Petushkova, B. Kogarko, E. Pryakhin, E. Neyfakh, O. V. Ktitorova, S. S. Andreev, I. Ganeev, N. S. Kuzmina, E. Selivanova, I. Pelevina
The study was aimed at the task to determine the radiation-induced “bystander effects” at the inter-organism level. In the experiment, irradiated and non-irradiated mice kept together were used. The mice were irradiated at a dose of 3 Gy at a research radiobiological gamma-ray facility with sources of Cs-137. The number of leukocytes and the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of mice were evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after the irradiation. In unirradiated “bystander” mice kept with irradiated animals, both in cages without a septum and with a septum, a possible tendency to decrease the number of leukocytes compared to the same indicators in biological control was found. When analyzing the relative number of lymphocytes, a tendency to decrease in this indicator in “bystander” mice both when kept without a partition and with a partition was shown. In unirradiated bystander animals when kept with irradiated animals in a cage with a partition, a statistically significant decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was recorded: at the 3-rd day (t=2.13; p=0.047), at the 30-th day (t=2.94; p=0.01) and at the 90-th day (t=3.07; p=0.01) after irradiation, as well as when kept in the same cage with irradiated mice without a partition at the 60-th day (t=2.24; p=0.038) after the start of the experiment. This result can be considered as a radiation-induced “bystander effect” in unirradiated animals. In irradiated animals, which were kept together with unirradiated animals in the cage with a partition, a statistically significant increase in the relative number of lymphocytes was recorded at the 3-rd day (t=2.6; p=0.02), 14-th day (t=2.61; p=0.018) and at the 60-th day (t=2.38; p=0.03) after irradiation, so the radiation-induced “rescue effect” was obtained. Based on the data obtained in this experiment, it is assumed that the radiation-induced “bystander effect” may be reversed, that is, unirradiated organisms are able to reduce radiation-induced effects in irradiated individuals ‒ the “rescue effect”.
{"title":"Investigation of the effects of ionizing radiation on radiation-induced bystander changes in the cells of the blood system of mice at the inter-organism level","authors":"I. Kogarko, V. Petushkova, B. Kogarko, E. Pryakhin, E. Neyfakh, O. V. Ktitorova, S. S. Andreev, I. Ganeev, N. S. Kuzmina, E. Selivanova, I. Pelevina","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-48-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-48-60","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed at the task to determine the radiation-induced “bystander effects” at the inter-organism level. In the experiment, irradiated and non-irradiated mice kept together were used. The mice were irradiated at a dose of 3 Gy at a research radiobiological gamma-ray facility with sources of Cs-137. The number of leukocytes and the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of mice were evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after the irradiation. In unirradiated “bystander” mice kept with irradiated animals, both in cages without a septum and with a septum, a possible tendency to decrease the number of leukocytes compared to the same indicators in biological control was found. When analyzing the relative number of lymphocytes, a tendency to decrease in this indicator in “bystander” mice both when kept without a partition and with a partition was shown. In unirradiated bystander animals when kept with irradiated animals in a cage with a partition, a statistically significant decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was recorded: at the 3-rd day (t=2.13; p=0.047), at the 30-th day (t=2.94; p=0.01) and at the 90-th day (t=3.07; p=0.01) after irradiation, as well as when kept in the same cage with irradiated mice without a partition at the 60-th day (t=2.24; p=0.038) after the start of the experiment. This result can be considered as a radiation-induced “bystander effect” in unirradiated animals. In irradiated animals, which were kept together with unirradiated animals in the cage with a partition, a statistically significant increase in the relative number of lymphocytes was recorded at the 3-rd day (t=2.6; p=0.02), 14-th day (t=2.61; p=0.018) and at the 60-th day (t=2.38; p=0.03) after irradiation, so the radiation-induced “rescue effect” was obtained. Based on the data obtained in this experiment, it is assumed that the radiation-induced “bystander effect” may be reversed, that is, unirradiated organisms are able to reduce radiation-induced effects in irradiated individuals ‒ the “rescue effect”.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86636491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-132-141
E. Evstratova, S. Geras'kin, G. Zhurakovskaya, M. Tolkaeva, V. Petin
Currently multimodal therapy is widely used for treatment of chronic diseases including cancer. The joint use of ionizing or onionizing radiation with hyperthermia or chemotherapeutic agents increases the effectiveness of the treatment. A response of living things to combination treatment may be synergistic, additive or antagonistic. The study is aimed to examine the common regularities of synergistic and antagonistic effects development following exposure of biological objects to various factors. The article presents analysis of experimental data received by the authors of the paper and the data published by other teams. It has been found that therapeutic effects of the same factors do not depend on the objects under study, it depends on the agents parameters: a dose rate, intensity, degree of heating (temperature), concentration of chemotherapeutic agents, etc. The common regularities of synergistic interactions are: 1) synergistic effect is maximum, if the agents act simultaneously, it depends on the ratio of injuries induced by each agent; 2) the optimal correlation between influencing factors provides the maximum synergistic effect; 3) in order to maintain maximum synergistic or antagonistic effects interaction, it is necessary to reduce or to increase the intensity of one of the agents and proportionally to increase or to reduce the intensity of the second agent. The combined effects of hyperthermia and glycerol on bacterial cells are considered as an example of the antagonistic effect. Exposure to different concentrations of sodium chloride, NaCl, in combination with ionizing radiation, or ultrasound, or hyperthermia forms a stable antagonistic effect. Both glycerol and NaCl are osmotic substances and their negative effects can be attenuated by means that stabilize the osmotic homeostasis system. Yeast cells shown the synergistic interaction of ultraviolet light and hyperthermia then it began smoothly passed into antagonistic interaction as the temperature load decreased and the parameters of the influencing factors deviated from the optimal. At the same time, the antagonistic effects are also characterized by the optimal ratio of doses of the agents used, at which the observed effect has the maximum value. The conclusion is made about the commonality of the main regularities of the manifestation of the effects of synergy and antagonism at the interaction of factors of different nature regardless of the biological object, which is subjected to combined influence.
{"title":"General patterns of synergistic and antagonistic interactions in radiobiology","authors":"E. Evstratova, S. Geras'kin, G. Zhurakovskaya, M. Tolkaeva, V. Petin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-132-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-132-141","url":null,"abstract":"Currently multimodal therapy is widely used for treatment of chronic diseases including cancer. The joint use of ionizing or onionizing radiation with hyperthermia or chemotherapeutic agents increases the effectiveness of the treatment. A response of living things to combination treatment may be synergistic, additive or antagonistic. The study is aimed to examine the common regularities of synergistic and antagonistic effects development following exposure of biological objects to various factors. The article presents analysis of experimental data received by the authors of the paper and the data published by other teams. It has been found that therapeutic effects of the same factors do not depend on the objects under study, it depends on the agents parameters: a dose rate, intensity, degree of heating (temperature), concentration of chemotherapeutic agents, etc. The common regularities of synergistic interactions are: 1) synergistic effect is maximum, if the agents act simultaneously, it depends on the ratio of injuries induced by each agent; 2) the optimal correlation between influencing factors provides the maximum synergistic effect; 3) in order to maintain maximum synergistic or antagonistic effects interaction, it is necessary to reduce or to increase the intensity of one of the agents and proportionally to increase or to reduce the intensity of the second agent. The combined effects of hyperthermia and glycerol on bacterial cells are considered as an example of the antagonistic effect. Exposure to different concentrations of sodium chloride, NaCl, in combination with ionizing radiation, or ultrasound, or hyperthermia forms a stable antagonistic effect. Both glycerol and NaCl are osmotic substances and their negative effects can be attenuated by means that stabilize the osmotic homeostasis system. Yeast cells shown the synergistic interaction of ultraviolet light and hyperthermia then it began smoothly passed into antagonistic interaction as the temperature load decreased and the parameters of the influencing factors deviated from the optimal. At the same time, the antagonistic effects are also characterized by the optimal ratio of doses of the agents used, at which the observed effect has the maximum value. The conclusion is made about the commonality of the main regularities of the manifestation of the effects of synergy and antagonism at the interaction of factors of different nature regardless of the biological object, which is subjected to combined influence.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87421182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-72-92
D. Smyk, I. Gulidov, K. Gordon
Locoregional recurrences occurring in every second patient with locally advanced head and neck tumors are the main cause of treatment failures. The primary treatment modality for patients with the relapsed disease is surgery. However, the resection of head and neck cancer recurrences is effective for one-third of patients only because of the complex spatial anatomical localization of the relapses and the wide spread of the tumor. In most cases the use of different combinations of chemotherapy and immunotherapy can increase life expectancy by up to one year. In order to extend the lifespan of patients for a longer period researchers add to look for new, more effective treatments. Reirradiation improves local control of the tumor, however due to the use of large irradiated of the targets and high radiation doses delivered in the primary irradiation does not leave a tolerance reserve for surrounding healthy tissues, it is a cause of higher incidence of complications. That is why reirradiation has been used quite rarely. However, in recent years radiotherapy has made a big step in technical development and new radiotherapy techniques have appeared. The advanced treatment allows to reduce the radiation dose delivering to healthy tissues and the risk of late radiation-induced complications development. The review presents analysis published research on the effectiveness of head and neck tumors reirradiation with various radiotherapy techniques available in Russian and foreign scientific literature, as well as physico-dosimetric comparison of the methods and parametrization of reirradiation.
{"title":"Reirradiation of head and neck cancer: literature review","authors":"D. Smyk, I. Gulidov, K. Gordon","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-72-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-72-92","url":null,"abstract":"Locoregional recurrences occurring in every second patient with locally advanced head and neck tumors are the main cause of treatment failures. The primary treatment modality for patients with the relapsed disease is surgery. However, the resection of head and neck cancer recurrences is effective for one-third of patients only because of the complex spatial anatomical localization of the relapses and the wide spread of the tumor. In most cases the use of different combinations of chemotherapy and immunotherapy can increase life expectancy by up to one year. In order to extend the lifespan of patients for a longer period researchers add to look for new, more effective treatments. Reirradiation improves local control of the tumor, however due to the use of large irradiated of the targets and high radiation doses delivered in the primary irradiation does not leave a tolerance reserve for surrounding healthy tissues, it is a cause of higher incidence of complications. That is why reirradiation has been used quite rarely. However, in recent years radiotherapy has made a big step in technical development and new radiotherapy techniques have appeared. The advanced treatment allows to reduce the radiation dose delivering to healthy tissues and the risk of late radiation-induced complications development. The review presents analysis published research on the effectiveness of head and neck tumors reirradiation with various radiotherapy techniques available in Russian and foreign scientific literature, as well as physico-dosimetric comparison of the methods and parametrization of reirradiation.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85360259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-21-35
A. Gorski, S. Chekin, M. Maksioutov, S. Karpenko, K. Tumanov, N. S. Zelenskaya, O. E. Lashkova
The paper provides research on statistical relationship between endocrine diseases registered in the Chernobyl liquidators and radiation dose they received. Data of clinical and epidemiological observations accumulated at the National Radiation Epidemiological Register (NRER) for the period from 1986 to 2020 were used for analysis. The cohort contained 41,979 liquidators with 107,713 established diagnoses included in the ICD-10 Е00-E90 blocks. Statistical relationship between radiation doses and endocrine diseases was investigated with the use of statistical methods. Statistical Data Mining methods free of apriori guesses for probable doses and diagnoses distribution, models of dose-effect (disease) relationship were used for analysis of statistical relationship between radiation dose and the diagnoses structure. Statistically significant relationship between radiation doses and diagnoses were found in the blocks E01 (iodine deficiency), E04 (goiter), E06 (thyroiditis), E11 (type II diabetes mellitus). Relationships between radiation dose and diagnosis were also found in the E01.2 block (endemic goiter, caused due to iodine deficiency) and in E04.0 block (non-toxic diffuse goiter). Existence of identified statistical relationship is supported with the estimates of excess relative risk (ERR) and the relative risk (RR). The threshold relationship between RR and radiation dose with threshold of 0.3 Gy shows that radiation effect on human endocrine system is a deterministic effect (tissue reactions). Quantitative risks estimates for endocrine diseases in the liquidators are stable in relation to the diagnostic specificity index up to 90%. The general statistic Data Mining method to search relationship between a disease diagnosis and radiation dose is useful for the diseases identification in order to estimate radiation risk with conventual radiation epidemiology approaches.
{"title":"Statistical relationship between radiation dose and radiation risks estimates for non-cancer endocrine diseases in liquidators of the Chernobyl accident with account of possible wrong diagnoses established and registered","authors":"A. Gorski, S. Chekin, M. Maksioutov, S. Karpenko, K. Tumanov, N. S. Zelenskaya, O. E. Lashkova","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-21-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-21-35","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides research on statistical relationship between endocrine diseases registered in the Chernobyl liquidators and radiation dose they received. Data of clinical and epidemiological observations accumulated at the National Radiation Epidemiological Register (NRER) for the period from 1986 to 2020 were used for analysis. The cohort contained 41,979 liquidators with 107,713 established diagnoses included in the ICD-10 Е00-E90 blocks. Statistical relationship between radiation doses and endocrine diseases was investigated with the use of statistical methods. Statistical Data Mining methods free of apriori guesses for probable doses and diagnoses distribution, models of dose-effect (disease) relationship were used for analysis of statistical relationship between radiation dose and the diagnoses structure. Statistically significant relationship between radiation doses and diagnoses were found in the blocks E01 (iodine deficiency), E04 (goiter), E06 (thyroiditis), E11 (type II diabetes mellitus). Relationships between radiation dose and diagnosis were also found in the E01.2 block (endemic goiter, caused due to iodine deficiency) and in E04.0 block (non-toxic diffuse goiter). Existence of identified statistical relationship is supported with the estimates of excess relative risk (ERR) and the relative risk (RR). The threshold relationship between RR and radiation dose with threshold of 0.3 Gy shows that radiation effect on human endocrine system is a deterministic effect (tissue reactions). Quantitative risks estimates for endocrine diseases in the liquidators are stable in relation to the diagnostic specificity index up to 90%. The general statistic Data Mining method to search relationship between a disease diagnosis and radiation dose is useful for the diseases identification in order to estimate radiation risk with conventual radiation epidemiology approaches.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90821399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-36-47
S. Spiridonov, R. Mikailova, S. Fesenko
The paper presents a brief analysis of indicators designed to assess the radioecological situation in the acute period after a nuclear accident and to apply protective measures. Authors described an approach to the evaluation of operational intervention levels (OILs) for the protection of the members of the public recommended by the IAEA. The OILs for the indicators “ambient dose rate” and “concentration of I-131 and Cs-137” have been calculated based on the emergency scenarios for Russian NPPs. The input data included the information about the radioactive releases to the atmosphere due to design-based and beyond design-based accidents at NPPs with reactors VVER-1000, VVER-1200, RBMK-1000 and BN-800. The excess in the calculated "monitoring" operational intervention levels means the exceeding the dose criteria for protecting the public, which requires the implementation of protective measures. The generalization of the OILs calculated for each emergency scenario on a conservative basis resulted in an establishment of generalized (unified) OILs. The values of the latter differ from the values of similar indicators recommended by the IAEA, which is due to the specific nature of the radionuclide composition of releases from beyond design basis accidents at sodium-cooled BN-800 reactors. The paper shows the significance of the OILs established in the first period after the accident based on data on actual accidental releases using the appropriate calculation tools. The conclusion is that it is necessary to consider accident scenarios for all types of reactors when calculating generalized OILs for Russian NPPs.
{"title":"Evaluation of the operational intervention levels for radiation protection of the public based on the emergency scenarios at Russian nuclear power plants","authors":"S. Spiridonov, R. Mikailova, S. Fesenko","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-36-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-36-47","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a brief analysis of indicators designed to assess the radioecological situation in the acute period after a nuclear accident and to apply protective measures. Authors described an approach to the evaluation of operational intervention levels (OILs) for the protection of the members of the public recommended by the IAEA. The OILs for the indicators “ambient dose rate” and “concentration of I-131 and Cs-137” have been calculated based on the emergency scenarios for Russian NPPs. The input data included the information about the radioactive releases to the atmosphere due to design-based and beyond design-based accidents at NPPs with reactors VVER-1000, VVER-1200, RBMK-1000 and BN-800. The excess in the calculated \"monitoring\" operational intervention levels means the exceeding the dose criteria for protecting the public, which requires the implementation of protective measures. The generalization of the OILs calculated for each emergency scenario on a conservative basis resulted in an establishment of generalized (unified) OILs. The values of the latter differ from the values of similar indicators recommended by the IAEA, which is due to the specific nature of the radionuclide composition of releases from beyond design basis accidents at sodium-cooled BN-800 reactors. The paper shows the significance of the OILs established in the first period after the accident based on data on actual accidental releases using the appropriate calculation tools. The conclusion is that it is necessary to consider accident scenarios for all types of reactors when calculating generalized OILs for Russian NPPs.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76541587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-108-117
T. Gaynutdinov, K. Vagin, S.A. Ryzhkin
The paper provides the procedure of preparation and application of the developed remedy for treatment of combined radiation-thermal skin injuries, caused by excessive heat and radiation. The developed medication, ointment, contains biologically active substances, such as streptoform, dimexide and a vaseline as the ointment base. Optimum ratio of ointment components was determined experimentally. The medication efficacy was studied in experiments on white rats of both sexes, with average mass of 180-200 grams. The animals were divided in groups according to the analogy principle. Radiation induced injury of skin were simulated with the use of the gamma ray unit “Puma” with absorbed dose of 7.0 Gy, exposure dose rate of 5.9 R/min (8.5х10-2 A/kg). The irradiated animals were subjected to a thermal skin damage (burn) by placing brass plate heated to 180oC immediately after the animals irradiation completion. The placed plate was hold to the hair-free skin area on the upper third of the thigh for several seconds. By degree of skin and subcutaneous tissues the thermal damage degree is identical to the degree of IIIB. Immediately after radiation exposure and introduction of thermal damages the experimental ointment samples were spread on the injury surface with the gauze sponge or plastic spreader once a day. The developed remedy was found to be effective. The mass fraction (wt%) of the burn-releaf ointment components are the following: dimexide 19-20 wt%; streptoform 30-35 wt%, vaseline 45-52 wt%.
{"title":"New medication for treatment of radiation-thermal burns","authors":"T. Gaynutdinov, K. Vagin, S.A. Ryzhkin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-108-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-108-117","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides the procedure of preparation and application of the developed remedy for treatment of combined radiation-thermal skin injuries, caused by excessive heat and radiation. The developed medication, ointment, contains biologically active substances, such as streptoform, dimexide and a vaseline as the ointment base. Optimum ratio of ointment components was determined experimentally. The medication efficacy was studied in experiments on white rats of both sexes, with average mass of 180-200 grams. The animals were divided in groups according to the analogy principle. Radiation induced injury of skin were simulated with the use of the gamma ray unit “Puma” with absorbed dose of 7.0 Gy, exposure dose rate of 5.9 R/min (8.5х10-2 A/kg). The irradiated animals were subjected to a thermal skin damage (burn) by placing brass plate heated to 180oC immediately after the animals irradiation completion. The placed plate was hold to the hair-free skin area on the upper third of the thigh for several seconds. By degree of skin and subcutaneous tissues the thermal damage degree is identical to the degree of IIIB. Immediately after radiation exposure and introduction of thermal damages the experimental ointment samples were spread on the injury surface with the gauze sponge or plastic spreader once a day. The developed remedy was found to be effective. The mass fraction (wt%) of the burn-releaf ointment components are the following: dimexide 19-20 wt%; streptoform 30-35 wt%, vaseline 45-52 wt%.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81517238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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