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Software module for assessing the achievement of radiological equivalence (ROZA-RAO) 评估放射等效性实现的软件模块(ROZA-RAO)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-4-21-33
A. Menyajlo, S. Chekin, S. Lovachev, K. Tumanov, V. Ivanov
The main problem of the large-scale development of nuclear energy in the world is the safe dis-posal of accumulated radioactive waste (RW). The hazard of RW at the time of their formation to human health far exceeds the hazard of the source natural uranium ore, after the use of which these wastes were formed. Due to the natural processes of radioactive decay, the hazard of radi-oactive waste decreases over time. The hazard of waste can also be reduced by artificial trans-mutation or incineration of the radionuclides that make up RW composition. For uranium nuclear fuel cycles, the natural reference level of RW hazard is the hazard level of the uranium ore, upon reaching which decisions can be made on the final disposal of RW. The article presents a meth-od for estimating the time of achieving radiological equivalence of the mass of accumulated RW of nuclear energy and the source mass of natural uranium raw materials used in this case. A de-scription of the software module "Radiological support of protection – radioactive waste" (PM ROZA-RAO), which implements this method, is also presented. Radiological equivalence herein refers to the equality of the corresponding radiation risks for the population. The methodology used is determined by the current recommendations of the International Commission on Radio-logical Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) on the calculation of human radiation risks from internal exposure based on equivalent doses in organs and tissues. The determination of equivalent doses to organs and tissues was based on dose coefficients of radioactive substances provided for widespread use by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Calculations by means of the PM ROZA-RAO showed that within the framework of the most likely scenario for the development of two-component nuclear energy system in Russia, for radioactive waste accumulated by 2100, the time of onset of radiological equivalence is less than 100 years (98.8 years). With the help of the developed software module, for the first time in the nuclear industry, the parameters of the processing of exposed nuclear fuel (the composition and activity of radionuclides for controlled storage, combustion and transmutation) and the management of RW can be determined, minimizing the potential radiation risks of the population, which corresponds to the best practice of developed countries in the field of radiation protection.
世界范围内大规模发展核能面临的主要问题是放射性废物的安全处置。RW在形成时对人类健康的危害远远超过天然铀矿石的危害,这些废物是在使用后形成的。由于放射性衰变的自然过程,放射性废物的危害随着时间的推移而减少。还可以通过人工嬗变或焚烧构成核废料成分的放射性核素来减少废物的危害。对于铀核燃料循环,RW危害的自然参考水平是铀矿石的危害水平,达到该水平后,就可以对RW的最终处置作出决定。本文提出了一种估算核能累积辐射当量质量与本案例中使用的天然铀原料源质量达到辐射等效所需时间的方法。介绍了实现该方法的软件模块“放射性废物防护的放射支持”(PM ROZA-RAO)。这里所说的辐射等效是指人群所受的相应辐射风险的相等性。所使用的方法是根据国际放射防护委员会(放射防护委员会)和联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会(辐射科委会)关于根据器官和组织的等效剂量计算人体内部照射辐射风险的现行建议确定的。对器官和组织的等效剂量的确定是根据美国环境保护署(环境保护署)提供的广泛使用的放射性物质剂量系数。通过PM ROZA-RAO的计算表明,在俄罗斯发展双组分核能系统的最可能情景的框架内,对于到2100年积累的放射性废物,辐射等效的开始时间少于100年(98.8年)。在开发的软件模块的帮助下,在核工业中首次可以确定暴露核燃料的处理参数(用于受控储存、燃烧和嬗变的放射性核素的组成和活性)以及RW的管理,从而最大限度地减少人口的潜在辐射风险,这符合发达国家在辐射防护领域的最佳做法。
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引用次数: 0
Combined effects of chronic ionizing radiation and repeated laser exposure on cognitive functions of rats 慢性电离辐射和反复激光照射对大鼠认知功能的影响
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-1-40-48
O. Kolganova, O. Izmestyeva, V. Panfilova, L. Zhavoronkov
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may have utility in the management of side effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Although evidence suggests that LLLT is safe treatment for HNC patients, more research is imperative and vigilance remains warranted to de-tect any potential adverse effects of LLLT on treatment outcomes and survival of HNC patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transcranial low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) in combined with whole-body ionizing radiation (IR) on conditioned-reflex activity of rats. Seventy healthy Wistar female rats were distributed into the following groups: Group 1, sham control; Group 2, LLLI; Group 3, IR; Group 4, IR and LLLI. Group 3 and Group 4 chronically ex-posed to IR (30 days; 5,3+/-0,5 mGy/h; 3,7 Gy). Group 2 and Group 4 received five applications of LLLI, once a day for 15 min (wavelength 890 nm, the pulse duration was 100 ns, impulse fre-quency 10000 Hz, output power – 1,7 mW). Cognitive functions of the rats were tested using shut-tle-box avoidance method. The rats were tested 30 minutes later, 24 hours later, and 14 days af-ter the end of LLLI. LLLI and IR in isolated action (groups 2 and 3) did not significantly affect the conditioned reflex activity of rats. The negative effect of combined exposure to these factors (group 4) on the development and reproduction of an active avoidance reflex within 24 hours af-ter exposure was revealed. Gradually this negative effect weakened and within two weeks was leveled. Thus, the combined action of IR and LLLI may pose a potential danger to the cognitive function of the brain.
低水平激光治疗(LLLT)可能在头颈癌(HNC)患者放射治疗副作用的管理中具有实用价值。尽管有证据表明LLLT对HNC患者是安全的治疗方法,但仍需要进行更多的研究,并保持警惕,以检测LLLT对HNC患者治疗结果和生存的任何潜在不良影响。本研究旨在探讨经颅低水平激光照射(LLLI)联合全身电离辐射(IR)对大鼠条件反射活动的影响。将70只健康Wistar雌性大鼠分为以下组:第一组,假对照组;第二组,LLLI;第3族,IR;第4组,IR和LLLI。第3组和第4组长期暴露于IR(30天;5、3 + / 0 5 mGy / h;3、7 Gy)。组2和组4接受5次LLLI应用,每天1次,每次15 min(波长890 nm,脉冲持续时间100 ns,脉冲频率10000 Hz,输出功率- 1.7 mW)。采用闭箱回避法测试大鼠的认知功能。大鼠在LLLI结束后30分钟、24小时和14天进行测试。LLLI和IR单独作用(2组和3组)对大鼠条件反射活动无显著影响。揭示了这些因素(第4组)联合暴露对暴露后24小时内主动回避反射的发展和繁殖的负面影响。这种负面影响逐渐减弱,并在两周内趋于平稳。因此,IR和LLLI的联合作用可能对大脑的认知功能构成潜在的危险。
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引用次数: 0
Agrochemical aspects of the rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated flood meadows of the Bryansk region 布良斯克地区受放射性污染的洪水草甸恢复的农业化学方面
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-4-107-118
S. F. Chesalin, E. V. Smolsky
Natural fodder lands are a fodder base for livestock production in Bryansk region. The lands cover the area of 5500 km2, its greater part was contaminated with long-lived artificial radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident. Therefore, there was a risk of contamination of the forage for dairy livestock with Cs-137 and its content in the grass would exceed the acceptable limit. Long after the Chernobyl accident the measures to remediate contaminated floodplains in Iput River in Novozybkovsky district of the Bryansk region for further use in feed production were examined. It was found that if Cs-137 contamination density exceeded 555 kBq/m2 the radionuclide content in the mass of air-dry wild grasses would be ≥5.5 times higher than the acceptable limit depending on a harvesting period. Due to the use of agrotechnical and organizational measures to improve the quality of radiation contaminated flood meadows the Cs-137 specific activity in air-dry cultivated grasses reduced by 10% as compared with the radionuclide activity in natural/wild grasses. The use of agrochemical measures for remediation of radiation contaminated flood meadows allowed to obtain air-dry masses of wild and cultivated grasses with the acceptable limit of Cs-137 radioactivity in fodders. The maximum effect was obtained when applying mineral fertilizers with a ratio of nitrogen to potassium as 1:2. Due to the use of correlation analysis it became made evident that the presence of nitrogen fertilizer increased Cs-137 specific activity in the fodder and there was the correlation between calendar years of the study and the amount of nitrogen fertilizers in soil. The correlation between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil and the specific activity of Cs-137 in the air-dry mass of natural and cultivated grasses during the years of 2003-2008 was strong and ranged from 0.76 to 0.85. In the study periods from 2009 to 2014, the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on the radionuclide specific activity in feed decreased regardless of the harvest period of natural and cultivated grasses. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.38 to 0.58, the correlation strength was average. With the use of correlation analysis nitrogen fertilizers were found to increase the specific activity of Cs-137 in airdry grass mass, the correlation strength depends on calendar years of the study, it may be strong and average. Adding potassium fertilizer into soil negate the negative effect of nitrogen fertilizers. The use of radioactive floodplains as hay fields without the use of agrochemical measures is unacceptable. According to made calculations, the use of coarse fodder grown on radiation contaminated lands leads to milk contaminated with Cs-137 content that exceeds the limit established by standard.
天然饲料地是布良斯克地区畜牧业生产的饲料基地。土地面积5500平方公里,由于切尔诺贝利事故,其大部分地区受到长寿命人工放射性核素的污染。因此,在奶牛饲料中存在Cs-137污染的风险,其含量将超过可接受的限度。切尔诺贝利事故发生后很久,对修复布良斯克地区新日布科夫斯基地区伊put河受污染的洪泛平原以进一步用于饲料生产的措施进行了审查。结果表明,当Cs-137污染密度超过555 kBq/m2时,风干禾草质量中的放射性核素含量将超出可接受限度的5.5倍以上,具体取决于采收期。由于采用了农业技术和组织措施来改善辐射污染的洪泛草甸的质量,与天然/野生草的放射性核素活性相比,风干栽培草的Cs-137比活性降低了10%。利用农化措施修复受辐射污染的洪泛区,可以获得大量风干的野生和栽培草,其饲料中的铯-137放射性达到可接受限度。施氮钾比为1:2的矿物肥效果最佳。通过相关分析表明,氮肥的施用增加了饲料中Cs-137的比活性,研究的历年与土壤中氮肥的用量之间存在相关性。2003-2008年土壤氮肥用量与天然草和栽培草干质量中Cs-137比活性的相关性较强,在0.76 ~ 0.85之间。在2009 - 2014年的研究期内,氮肥对饲料中放射性核素比活性的影响在天然禾草和栽培禾草的收获期内均呈下降趋势。相关系数为0.38 ~ 0.58,相关强度为中等。利用相关分析发现,氮肥增加了干草体中Cs-137的比活性,其相关强度随研究历年的不同而不同,可能较强,也可能为平均水平。向土壤中添加钾肥可以抵消氮肥的负面作用。使用放射性洪泛平原作为干草田而不使用农化措施是不可接受的。经计算,在受辐射污染的土地上种植粗饲料,导致牛奶中铯-137含量超标。
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引用次数: 0
The links between solar activity and smoke with trends in hematological malignancies in Russia 太阳活动和烟雾与俄罗斯恶性血液病趋势之间的联系
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-3-100-110
S. K. Pinaev, A. Chizhov, O. G. Pinaeva
ematological malignancies, which include leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and multiple myeloma, amount 6.6% of the global incidence of malignant ne-oplasms, and 4.7% in Russia. A significant number of studies indicate the involvement of envi-ronmental factors in the occurrence of hematological malignancies. The role of electromagnetic waves in the origin of NHL is indicated by data on the increased risk of developing them in occu-pations associated with electricity. Leukemia in children is positively associated with vehicle smoke. There are indications of a role in the emergence of HL of tobacco smoke. Previously, the authors established a links between the incidence of NHL and leukemia in cohorts of young chil-dren with the activity of the Sun, and in leukemia a correlation with the smoke of forest fires was also found. In this work has been investigated the relations between the trends in the incidence of hematological malignancies in the population of Russia in 1993-2018 with smoke and solar activity. There was a tendency towards an increase in the incidence of hematological malignancies (p<0.001) by 2.8% per year. The incidence of leukemia (p=0.004), NHL (p<0.001), and multiple myeloma (p<0.001) significantly increased. This trend is presumably related to the increase in the number of cars in the country. The incidence of HL, on the contrary, is characterized by a downward trend (p=0.019). A link was found between the activity of the Sun and the incidence of leukemia (r=0.708, p=0.010, lag 2 years), NHL (r=0.689, p=0.013, lag 2 years), multiple myeloma (r=0.657, p=0.020, lag 2 years) and LH (r=0.606, p=0.037, lag 7 years). The data obtained sug-gest a significant contribution of smoke and solar activity to the occurrence of hematological ma-lignancies in children and adults. Based on the role of environmentally related oxidative stress in oncogenesis, it is recommended for the prevention of hematological malignancies to consume a sufficient amount of vitamins, regularly include in the diet fresh vegetables, fruits, foods to stimulate autophagy and Transfer Factor.
包括白血病、霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)和多发性骨髓瘤在内的肿瘤恶性肿瘤占全球恶性肿瘤发病率的6.6%,在俄罗斯占4.7%。大量的研究表明环境因素参与血液系统恶性肿瘤的发生。电磁波在NHL发病中的作用由与电有关的职业中产生电磁波的风险增加的数据表明。儿童白血病与汽车烟雾呈正相关。有迹象表明烟草烟雾在HL的出现中起作用。在此之前,作者们在一组太阳活动频繁的儿童中建立了NHL发病率与白血病之间的联系,并且在白血病中也发现了与森林火灾烟雾的相关性。在这项工作中,研究了1993-2018年俄罗斯人口中血液恶性肿瘤发病率趋势与烟雾和太阳活动之间的关系。血液系统恶性肿瘤的发病率有每年增加2.8%的趋势(p<0.001)。白血病(p=0.004)、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(p<0.001)、多发性骨髓瘤(p<0.001)的发病率均显著增高。这一趋势可能与该国汽车数量的增加有关。HL的发病率呈下降趋势(p=0.019)。发现太阳活动与白血病(r=0.708, p=0.010,滞后2年)、NHL (r=0.689, p=0.013,滞后2年)、多发性骨髓瘤(r=0.657, p=0.020,滞后2年)和LH (r=0.606, p=0.037,滞后7年)的发病率有关。获得的数据表明,烟雾和太阳活动对儿童和成人血液病的发生有重要贡献。基于环境相关的氧化应激在肿瘤发生中的作用,建议预防血液恶性肿瘤需要摄入足量的维生素,定期在饮食中包括新鲜蔬菜、水果、刺激自噬和转移因子的食物。
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引用次数: 2
Empirical models for predicting the secondary metachronous tumor after chemoradiation therapy of the primary tumor in the clinical examination of cancer patients 肿瘤患者临床检查中原发肿瘤放化疗后继发异时性肿瘤预测的经验模型
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-1-74-82
E. L. Shunko, A. Vazhenin, N. Shanazarov
Evaluation of the possibility of applying empirical models for predicting a secondary metachro-nous tumor after chemoradiation therapy of the primary tumor in order to increase the efficiency of cancer patients medical examination were presented. This is the retrospective research based on archived data of the Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Center of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine (GBUZ «CHOKZO and YAM», Chelyabinsk). The subjects of the research are medical records, medical and radiation maps, electronic databases on chemoradiation therapy of cancer patients in BSSC «CHOKZO and YAM», unloading from the database on treatment of patients with PM ZOH for the period 1990-2015. The study group contained 168 patients after chemoradiation therapy and a control group of 300 patients after surgery of the primary tumor. Models for predic-tion of the secondary metachronous tumor were constructed with the use of the module «Analy-sis of survival STATISTICA» («Statistica Version 10.0.0.0») and multi-factor analysis (Cox model), all complications that led to changes in treatment (scheme, interval between courses) were taking into account. The compliance of the empirical model with the results of the study was tested by the chi-square criterion (²). On average, the patients received 2.83 courses of chemotherapy and 1.15 courses of radiation therapy, the duration of chemotherapy and radiation therapy was 3.37 months and 1.87 months respectively. The duration of the interval between treatments was 2.33 months and 1.30 months, respectively. Complications of chemoradiotherapy were reported in 80 patients (47.6%). Our empirical models for predicting the secondary metachronous tumor after chemoradiation therapy of the primary tumor demonstrated the highest probability of the sec-ondary metachronous tumor development in five time intervals: 3,804.09-4,564.91 days (10.42-12.51 years) for chemotherapy HR=2.14; risk 68.2%; for radiation therapy HR=2.00; risk 66.7%), 6,847.36-7,608.18 days (18.76-20.84 years; for chemotherapy HR=1.75; risk 63.6%; for radiation therapy HR=1.91; risk 65.6%), 7,608.18-8,369.00 days (20.84-22.93 years; for chemotherapy HR=1.71; risk 63.1%; for radiotherapy HR=1.67; risk 62.5%); 3,043.27-,3804.09 days (8.34-10.42 years; for radiotherapy HR=1.92; chance 65.9%; for chemotherapy HR=1.35; risk 57.45%) and 5,325.73-6,086.55 (14.59-16.67 years; for radiation therapy HR=2.00; risk 66.70%; for chemo-therapy HR=1.56; risk 60.94%). The knowledge of the timing of the second metachronous tumor after chemoradiation therapy of the primary tumor makes it possible to draw up more precisely and, if necessary, adjust the plan of outpatient observation individually for each cancerl patient after chemoradiation treatment of the first tumor.
本文探讨了应用经验模型预测原发肿瘤放化疗后继发异位肿瘤的可能性,以提高肿瘤患者医学检查的效率。这是一项基于车里雅宾斯克肿瘤和核医学区域临床中心(GBUZ«CHOKZO and YAM»,车里雅宾斯克)存档数据的回顾性研究。研究的主题是1990-2015年期间BSSC«CHOKZO和YAM»癌症患者化疗的医疗记录、医疗和辐射地图、电子数据库,以及从PM ZOH患者治疗数据库中卸载的数据。研究组为168例放化疗后患者,对照组为300例原发肿瘤手术后患者。使用模块«analysis of survival STATISTICA»(«STATISTICA Version 10.0.0.0»)和多因素分析(Cox模型)构建继发性异时性肿瘤的预测模型,考虑所有导致治疗改变的并发症(方案,疗程间隔)。实证模型与研究结果的符合性采用卡方判据(²)进行检验。平均化疗2.83个疗程,放疗1.15个疗程,化疗持续时间3.37个月,放疗持续时间1.87个月。两组治疗间隔时间分别为2.33个月和1.30个月。放化疗并发症80例(47.6%)。我们的预测原发肿瘤放化疗后继发性异时性肿瘤的经验模型显示,在5个时间间隔内继发性异时性肿瘤发生的概率最高:化疗3,804.09-4,564.91天(10.42-12.51年)HR=2.14;风险68.2%;放射治疗HR=2.00;风险66.7%),6847.36 - 7608.18天(18.76-20.84年;化疗组HR=1.75;风险63.6%;放射治疗HR=1.91;风险65.6%),7608.18 - 8369.00天(20.84-22.93年;化疗组HR=1.71;风险63.1%;放疗组HR=1.67;风险62.5%);3,043.27-,3804.09天(8.34-10.42年;放疗组HR=1.92;机会65.9%;化疗组HR=1.35;风险57.45%)、5325.73 ~ 6086.55(14.59 ~ 16.67岁;放射治疗HR=2.00;风险66.70%;化疗组HR=1.56;风险60.94%)。了解原发肿瘤放化疗后第二次异时性肿瘤的时间,可以更精确地制定并在必要时调整每个肿瘤患者在第一次肿瘤放化疗后的门诊观察计划。
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引用次数: 0
Radiation situation in the area of the State Scientific Centre "Research Institute of Atomic Reactors" before putting a multi-purpose fast neutron reactor into operation. Part 1. Terrestrial ecosystems 国家科学中心“原子反应堆研究所”多用途快中子反应堆投运前的辐射情况。第1部分。陆地生态系统
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-2-36-47
A. Panov, N. Isamov, V. Kuznetsov, P. N. Tsygvintsev, I. V. Geshel
The paper presents results of radiation survey of terrestrial (natural and agrarian) ecosystems in the 30-km zone around the State Scientific Centre "Research Institute of Atomic Reactors" (SSC RIAR, Institute) before the commissioning of the fast neutron reactor MBIR. Due to long-term emissions during the RIAR operation, 137Cs was mainly emitted into the environment. The most part of the radionuclide activity never extends beyond the border of the Institute sanitary protec-tion zone. In 2011 the average density contamination of the soil with 137Cs was 11.16.5 in the sanitary protection zone (0-5 km), 3.12.3 in the observation zone (5-12.5 km), 1.30.4 kBq/m2 in the influence zone (12.5-30 km). The 137Cs/90Sr ratio is maximum in the soil cover in the sanitary protection zone – 24.519.4; it is 8.26.8 in the observation zone and it is close to the level of global fallout – 2.00.5 in the influence zone. More than 90% of 137Cs is deposited in the 0-5 cm soil layer in forest and meadow cenoses and the radionuclide is deposited at a depth of up to 20 cm in a swamp. The highest 137Cs concentration was found in ecosystems components: in vege-tation in the RIAR sanitary protection zone and, to a greater extent, in forest litter. At the initial pe-riod of RIAR operation discharges of process water happened, a piece of land of 0.12 km2 was contaminated with 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu. Over the past 15 years (2005-2020), the density of soil contamination with 137Cs and 90Sr in RIAR zones of observation and influence has been decaying in accordance with the radioactive decay law. It means that no significant emissions from the In-stitute have been registered. The content of artificial radionuclides in agricultural products and foodstuffs of local production fully meets the established radiological standards and does not have a significant effect on the additional exposure of the population living near RIAR. To assess the impact of the SSC “RIAR" activities on the environment and to assess the radiation safety of the MBIR after putting it in operation, a forecast of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination levels in soils of terrestrial ecosystems within 30-km around the Institute until 2080 was made.
本文介绍了在快中子反应堆MBIR投运前,国家科学中心“原子反应堆研究所”(SSC RIAR, Institute)周围30公里区域内陆地(自然和农业)生态系统的辐射调查结果。由于RIAR运行期间的长期排放,137Cs主要排放到环境中。大部分放射性核素活动从未超出研究所卫生保护区的边界。2011年,卫生防护区(0-5 km)土壤137Cs平均污染密度为11.16.5,观测区(5-12.5 km)为3.12.3,影响区(12.5-30 km)为1.30.4 kBq/m2。137Cs/90Sr比值在卫生防护区内土壤覆盖层最大,为24.519.4;观测区为8.26.8,接近全球沉降物水平- 2.00.5在影响区。超过90%的137Cs沉积在森林和草甸植被中0-5 cm的土层中,放射性核素沉积在沼泽中高达20 cm的土层中。137Cs浓度最高的是生态系统成分:在RIAR卫生保护区的植被中,在更大程度上,在森林凋落物中。在RIAR运行初期发生工艺水排放时,一块0.12 km2的土地受到137Cs、90Sr和239,240Pu的污染。近15年来(2005-2020年),RIAR观测和影响区137Cs和90Sr土壤污染密度呈放射性衰变规律衰减。这意味着该研究所没有重大的排放被登记在案。当地生产的农产品和食品中人造放射性核素的含量完全符合既定的放射标准,对居住在RIAR附近的人口的额外暴露没有重大影响。为了评估南南公司“RIAR”活动对环境的影响,以及评估MBIR投入使用后的辐射安全性,预测了研究所周围30公里范围内至2080年陆地生态系统土壤的137Cs和90Sr污染水平。
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引用次数: 0
Sixty years of manned space flight in the light of Russian legislation in the field of radiation safety. Basic principles in Russian manned flights. Part 2 (in the order of discussion) 载人航天飞行六十年来俄罗斯在辐射安全领域的立法。俄罗斯载人飞行的基本原理。第2部分(按讨论顺序)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-2-62-75
V. A. Sakovich
This article is the second of two interrelated ones, in which, in order to discuss from the point of view the basic principles of ensuring radiation safety, the 60-year evolution of the regulation of radiation safety of space flights (RSSF) and radiation safety in ground conditions is compared. The first article is devoted to the analysis of the implementation of basic principles in the recom-mendations of the ICRP and in Russian legislation. It is recognized that the principles played a positive methodological role, but at present the inclusion of their wording in legal and regulatory documents seems unnecessary to the author. In this article, a detailed analysis of documents regulating the RSSF and the implementation of the basic principles in them is carried out. It is concluded that the concept of risk is more fully used in relation to RSSF and even standards have been adopted for its calculation. It is argued that the arguments proposed to reduce dose limits for near-Earth flights contradict basic principles. The need for such a reduction is denied. It is proposed to carry out the planned changes of FL of RSP and NRS in relation to various conditions and circumstances of exposure, including to allocate RSSF in FL RSP as a special area of regulation.
本文是两篇相互关联的文章中的第二篇,从确保辐射安全的基本原则的角度,比较了60年来空间飞行辐射安全法规和地面辐射安全法规的演变。第一篇文章专门分析了ICRP各项建议和俄罗斯立法中基本原则的执行情况。人们认识到,这些原则在方法论上发挥了积极的作用,但目前在法律和规章文件中列入这些原则的措辞对作者来说似乎没有必要。本文对规范RSSF的文件及其基本原则的实施进行了详细的分析。结论是在RSSF中更充分地使用了风险的概念,甚至采用了标准来计算RSSF。有人认为,提议降低近地飞行剂量限制的论点违背了基本原则。这种削减的必要性被否定了。建议根据不同的暴露条件和情况,对RSP和NRS的RSSF进行计划变更,包括将FL RSP中的RSSF分配为一个特殊的监管区域。
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引用次数: 0
Development of fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy in A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre A. Tsyb医学放射研究中心荧光诊断和光动力治疗的进展
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-2-139-150
O. E. Popovkina, V. Kapinus, E. V. Yaroslavtseva-Isaeva, I. S. Spichenkova, O. Borgul, Y. Romanko, S. A. Ivanov, A. Kaprin
Clinical application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence diagnosis is being extend-ed in Russia. A. Tsyb MRRC scientists headed by Professor M. Kaplan have conducted experi-mental studies of the photosensitizers (PS): Photochem, Photosens, Photolon, Photoditazin, Radachlorin, Photoran, belonged to different classes, estimated their therapeutic effectiveness for malignant tumors of different histologic type. From the study of basic mechanisms of photo-chemical reactions with chlorine photosensitizers it became evident that the photosensitizers de-stroyed microciculatory bed, inhibited proliferation and tumor cells functional activity, induced apoptosis and necrosis at early stages of a tumor development. Effects of PS dosage and dose of light to be delivered to a target on a treatment outcome were studied. The results of experi-mental studies were used to support clinical application of focal, interstitial, systemic techniques with different PS as individual treatment modalities or as a modality combined with radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, electrochemical lysis. Optimal PS and light exposure doses were determined, indications for the use of optimal PS and light doses for treatment of malignant neoplasms of the skin and the mucous membranes were formulated. Due to the use of high-tech effective treatment modalities developed in the Department of Fluorescence Diagnosis and Pho-todynamic Therapy of A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre – the branch of the Medical Research Radiological Centre thousands of patients have been cured.
光动力疗法(PDT)和荧光诊断的临床应用在俄罗斯得到推广。以M. Kaplan教授为首的A. Tsyb MRRC科学家对不同类别的光敏剂(PS): Photochem、Photosens、Photolon、Photoditazin、Radachlorin、Photoran进行了实验研究,评估了它们对不同组织学类型恶性肿瘤的治疗效果。从与氯光敏剂光化学反应的基本机制的研究表明,光敏剂破坏微循环床,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和功能活性,诱导肿瘤发生早期的凋亡和坏死。研究了光致靶剂量和光致靶剂量对治疗效果的影响。实验研究结果用于支持不同PS的局灶性、间质性、全身性技术作为单独治疗方式或与放射治疗、手术、化疗、电化学溶解联合治疗的临床应用。确定最佳PS和光照射剂量,制定最佳PS和光照射剂量用于治疗皮肤和粘膜恶性肿瘤的适应症。由于使用了医学研究放射中心分支机构A. Tsyb医学放射研究中心荧光诊断和光动力治疗部门开发的高科技有效治疗方法,数千名患者得到了治愈。
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引用次数: 0
Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs for cancer treatment. Review 放射标记生长抑素类似物用于癌症治疗。审查
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-2-76-96
V. Tishchenko, V. Petriev, V. Krylov, O. Vlasova, P. Shegai, S. A. Ivanov, A. Kaprin
Currently, a specific action on tumor cells with minimal toxicity to healthy tissues is the main re-quirement for radionuclide therapy of cancer. The molecular target of selective antitumor therapy is determined by somatostatin receptors (SSTR) overexpression in various tumors and its metas-tases. Natural somatostatin cannot be used as a vector molecule for radionuclide delivery due to its short half-life in blood (1-3 min). Synthetic peptide somatostatin analogs labeled with thera-peutic radionuclides (radiopeptides) also have high affinity to SSTR and better pharmacokinetics compared to somatostatin and therefore they are of great interest for targeted cancer therapy, al-so called peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The data about the most important to date somatostatin analogs labeled with In-111, Y-90, Lu-177 radionuclides for therapy of tumors over-expressing SSTR is presented. The results of treatment efficacy and toxicity profile of PRRT, which is administered with various generations of targeting SSTR radiopharmaceuticals, includ-ing the randomized controlled trial NETTER-1, is reviewed. In addition, some strategies for opti-mization of PRRT such as tandem therapy, intra-arterial administration of radiopharmaceuticals, their modification for better pharmacokinetic properties, and the development of new compounds containing alfa-emitting radionuclides or SSTR antagonist analogs are discussed.
目前,放射性核素治疗癌症的主要要求是对肿瘤细胞的特异性作用,对健康组织的毒性最小。选择性抗肿瘤治疗的分子靶点是由生长抑素受体(SSTR)在各种肿瘤及其转移瘤中的过表达决定的。由于天然生长抑素在血液中的半衰期短(1-3分钟),因此不能用作放射性核素递送的载体分子。用治疗性放射性核素(放射性多肽)标记的合成肽生长抑素类似物与SSTR具有高亲和力,与生长抑素相比具有更好的药代动力学,因此它们在靶向癌症治疗中具有很大的兴趣,也被称为肽受体放射性核素治疗(PRRT)。本文介绍了迄今为止最重要的用In-111、Y-90、u-177放射性核素标记的生长抑素类似物治疗过表达SSTR的肿瘤的数据。本文综述了PRRT与多代靶向SSTR放射性药物(包括随机对照试验net -1)联合使用的疗效和毒性分析结果。此外,本文还讨论了一些优化PRRT的策略,如串联治疗、动脉内给药、对其进行修饰以获得更好的药代动力学特性,以及开发含有α发射放射性核素或SSTR拮抗剂类似物的新化合物。
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引用次数: 0
On the problem of impaired binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness 急性放射病发病机制中皮质类固醇与血浆蛋白结合受损问题的探讨
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-3-131-138
N. N. Omelchuk
The study of violations of the binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins in acute radia-tion syndrome allows us to clarify the mechanisms and patterns of pathological changes in the hormonal level of the body in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness. The relevance of the study is determined by the current risks of new man-made disasters and the threat to radiation safety. The results of the study make it possible to expand a number of theoretical positions of radiobiology on the main regularities of the binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins, taking into account its various fractions, which make it possible to determine the role of free corticoids in the hormonal effect in acute radiation sickness. The purpose of this work is to study the main patterns of binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness in animals. The experiments were carried out on 20 male rabbits and 475 outbred rats. Previously experimental animals were adapted to the conditions of the experiment. The total gamma-irradiation of animals was carried out on the EGO-2 unit at an average dose rate of 575 R/min. Rabbits were irradiated at a dose of 8 Gy, rats at a dose of 8,5 Gy. The total content of 11-OCS was determined by the fluorimetric method in the author's modification. The amount of free corticosteroids was determined by the difference in their content in whole plasma and in its pro-tein fraction after separation on Sephadex G-25. Results have been obtained demonstrating changes in the fractional composition of 11-OCS in blood plasma in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness in animals with mono- and biphasic curves of adrenocortical response to irra-diation. Disturbances in the binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins were found, resulting in an increase in free, biologically active hormones in the midst of radiation sickness. The presence in the blood plasma of non-protein-bound and therefore more mobile steroids can cause a hypercorticoid state with normal or even reduced levels of hormones in the blood. The long-term effect of "hidden" hypercortisolism, therefore, may be a factor that aggravates the clinical course of acute radiation sickness.
研究急性放射综合征中皮质类固醇与血浆蛋白结合的破坏,使我们能够阐明急性放射病发病过程中机体激素水平病理变化的机制和模式。这项研究的相关性是由目前新的人为灾害的风险和对辐射安全的威胁决定的。这项研究的结果使我们有可能扩展放射生物学关于皮质类固醇与血浆蛋白结合的主要规律的若干理论立场,考虑到它的不同部分,从而有可能确定游离皮质类固醇在急性放射病中激素效应中的作用。本研究的目的是研究皮质类固醇与血浆蛋白结合在动物急性放射病发病机制中的主要模式。实验对象为20只公兔和475只近交系大鼠。以前的实验动物已经适应了实验条件。动物全γ辐照在EGO-2装置上进行,平均剂量率为575 R/min。家兔辐照剂量为8gy,大鼠辐照剂量为8.5 Gy。在作者的修改中,用荧光法测定了11-OCS的总含量。在Sephadex G-25上分离后,通过测定全血浆中游离皮质类固醇的含量及其蛋白组分的差异来测定游离皮质类固醇的量。研究结果表明,血浆中11-OCS组分的变化与急性放射病的发病机制有关,动物肾上腺皮质对辐射的单期和双期反应曲线。发现皮质类固醇与血浆蛋白的结合受到干扰,导致辐射病期间游离的、具有生物活性的激素增加。血浆中存在非蛋白结合的、因此更具流动性的类固醇,可导致血液中激素水平正常甚至降低的高皮质状态。因此,“隐性”高皮质醇血症的长期影响可能是加重急性放射病临床病程的一个因素。
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引用次数: 0
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"Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry
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