Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623050094
M. G. Shalygin, I. A. Buyanovsky, V. D. Samusenko, A. P. Vashchishina
Abstract—
The properties of a semi-liquid lubricant (Lb) with additives were tested using a KT-2 oil testing machine; its stability and influence on the ‘wheel flange—rail’ friction pair was assessed. The analysis is based on laboratory wear tests of locomotive wheel flanges. Investigation of lubricants with additives showed their low colloidal stability, the highest oil release being observed with the addition of sulfo compounds and phospho additives. The thermal stability of lubricants with additives shows that at approximately 220°C the lubricants melt completely and turn into a liquid state. After conducting tribological tests on a KT-2 oil testing machine of a lubricant with a hydroquinone additive, white crystals formed on the surface of the facility. The dependence of the friction coefficient on the test temperature of the studied lubricant with additives was obtained. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the locomotive wheel flange surface showed a change in the concentration of chromium and manganese in the surface layer of the sample before and after bench tests, which may indicate the formation of a stable transfer layer providing good tribological properties. Empirical coefficients were obtained to determine the wear rate of the locomotive wheel flange for the studied additives.
{"title":"Tribological Properties of a Semi-Liquid Lubricant with Surfactant Additives","authors":"M. G. Shalygin, I. A. Buyanovsky, V. D. Samusenko, A. P. Vashchishina","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623050094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623050094","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The properties of a semi-liquid lubricant (Lb) with additives were tested using a KT-2 oil testing machine; its stability and influence on the ‘wheel flange—rail’ friction pair was assessed. The analysis is based on laboratory wear tests of locomotive wheel flanges. Investigation of lubricants with additives showed their low colloidal stability, the highest oil release being observed with the addition of sulfo compounds and phospho additives. The thermal stability of lubricants with additives shows that at approximately 220°C the lubricants melt completely and turn into a liquid state. After conducting tribological tests on a KT-2 oil testing machine of a lubricant with a hydroquinone additive, white crystals formed on the surface of the facility. The dependence of the friction coefficient on the test temperature of the studied lubricant with additives was obtained. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the locomotive wheel flange surface showed a change in the concentration of chromium and manganese in the surface layer of the sample before and after bench tests, which may indicate the formation of a stable transfer layer providing good tribological properties. Empirical coefficients were obtained to determine the wear rate of the locomotive wheel flange for the studied additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139649233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623050070
M. Pashechko, S. Shil’ko, M. Czerniec, Ya. Borc, A. Prus
Abstract—
The tribomechanical properties of UPA-6130UV antifrictional polyamide composite filled with short carbon fibers have been studied in relation to metal-polymer bearings, gears, etc. The “pin-on-disc” setup was used to determine the macroscopic characteristics, and contact indentation and scratch testing, were employed to find submicroscopic parameters of the surface layer of this material before and after friction. It has been found that the tribological properties of studied carbon-filled polyamide are superior to those of glass-filled polyamide. With increase in the specific load, the mass wear of the UPA-6130UV composite increases less (from 0.0012 g at 10 MPa to 0.004 g at 40 MPa) and is significantly smaller than that of the PА6-L-SV30-1 glass-filled composite, the wear of which is 0.003 g at 10 MPa and 0.042 g at 40 MPa, respectively.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Tribological Effectiveness of Carbon- and Glass-Filled Polyamide Composites Using Submicromechanical Diagnostics of Surface Layers before and after Wear Tests during Dry Sliding Friction","authors":"M. Pashechko, S. Shil’ko, M. Czerniec, Ya. Borc, A. Prus","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623050070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623050070","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The tribomechanical properties of UPA-6130UV antifrictional polyamide composite filled with short carbon fibers have been studied in relation to metal-polymer bearings, gears, etc. The “pin-on-disc” setup was used to determine the macroscopic characteristics, and contact indentation and scratch testing, were employed to find submicroscopic parameters of the surface layer of this material before and after friction. It has been found that the tribological properties of studied carbon-filled polyamide are superior to those of glass-filled polyamide. With increase in the specific load, the mass wear of the UPA-6130UV composite increases less (from 0.0012 g at 10 MPa to 0.004 g at 40 MPa) and is significantly smaller than that of the PА6-L-SV30-1 glass-filled composite, the wear of which is 0.003 g at 10 MPa and 0.042 g at 40 MPa, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139649239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623050045
A. G. Ipatov, E. V. Kharanzhevskiy, S. N. Shmykov, K. G. Volkov
Abstract—
The work is devoted to the study of the tribological properties of functional coatings based on the FeO oxide matrix, additionally doped with boron oxide B2O3 and zirconium dioxide ZrO2. The coatings are obtained by highly concentrated short-pulse laser processing of powder compositions previously applied to metal surfaces. The resulting coatings are subject to wear tests under conditions of dry sliding friction with fixation of the friction coefficient, depending on the applied load and the composition of the powder composition. The results give an idea of the degree of change in the coefficient of friction of coatings depending on the powder compositions, as well as their alloying. It has been confirmed that additional alloying with boron oxide has a positive effect on the tribological performance of the coating; in particular, the introduction of 4% boron oxide reduces the coefficient of dry sliding friction to a unique 0.09–0.10. At the same time, a more stable scuffing resistance of friction surfaces is observed, confirmed by studies of surface roughness after testing. A feature of the tribological behavior of the coatings under study is the excessively high temperature background of the tests, reaching 300°C. High temperature and the presence of oxide structures are a catalyst for the formation of stable tribological structures between the rubbing surfaces. The nature of the tribostructures is self-organizing in a “glaze” type and has the property of recovery under friction conditions. After the formation of tribostructures in the friction zone, a significant decrease in temperature and an abrupt decrease in the friction coefficient are observed. With an increase in the amount of boron oxide, the friction coefficient does not decrease so significantly and the minimum value of the dry friction coefficient corresponds to 0.14–0.15, which is caused by a decrease in the cohesive strength of the coating.
{"title":"Tribotechnical Properties of Ceramic Antifriction Coatings Based on Iron Oxide and Boron Oxide","authors":"A. G. Ipatov, E. V. Kharanzhevskiy, S. N. Shmykov, K. G. Volkov","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623050045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623050045","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The work is devoted to the study of the tribological properties of functional coatings based on the FeO oxide matrix, additionally doped with boron oxide B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and zirconium dioxide ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The coatings are obtained by highly concentrated short-pulse laser processing of powder compositions previously applied to metal surfaces. The resulting coatings are subject to wear tests under conditions of dry sliding friction with fixation of the friction coefficient, depending on the applied load and the composition of the powder composition. The results give an idea of the degree of change in the coefficient of friction of coatings depending on the powder compositions, as well as their alloying. It has been confirmed that additional alloying with boron oxide has a positive effect on the tribological performance of the coating; in particular, the introduction of 4% boron oxide reduces the coefficient of dry sliding friction to a unique 0.09–0.10. At the same time, a more stable scuffing resistance of friction surfaces is observed, confirmed by studies of surface roughness after testing. A feature of the tribological behavior of the coatings under study is the excessively high temperature background of the tests, reaching 300°C. High temperature and the presence of oxide structures are a catalyst for the formation of stable tribological structures between the rubbing surfaces. The nature of the tribostructures is self-organizing in a “glaze” type and has the property of recovery under friction conditions. After the formation of tribostructures in the friction zone, a significant decrease in temperature and an abrupt decrease in the friction coefficient are observed. With an increase in the amount of boron oxide, the friction coefficient does not decrease so significantly and the minimum value of the dry friction coefficient corresponds to 0.14–0.15, which is caused by a decrease in the cohesive strength of the coating.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139648996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623050069
A. G. Naumov, S. A. Syrbu, N. A. Taratanov, A. S. Mitrofanov
Abstract—
Microcapsules consisting of only a gelatin shell, a gelatin shell with magnetite, and a gelatin shell filled with ozonated water (ozonated water in the microcapsule core was adsorbed by activated carbon), a gelatin shell treated with ozone, a gelatin shell with ozone-treated magnetite, and a gelatin shell containing magnetite and ozonated water were obtained by simple coacervation method. The effectiveness of using aqueous emulsions of the shells as production lubricants and coolants during cutting in turning operations on a 16K20 screw-cutting lathe using side cutters made of high-speed R6M5 steel was investigated. The set of processed materials included 12Kh18N10Т stainless steel, 40Kh chromium steel, and VT5-1 and VT-6 titanium alloys. The introduction of ozone into the composition of microcapsules is shown to increase the period of normal wear of the cutting tool. In addition, the duration of the initial wear-out period increases. It was revealed that the wear resistance of cutting tools increased most strongly if microcapsules with gelatin shells filled with magnetite and ozonated water are used. The increase in the wear resistance of a cutting tool can be explained by the formation of lubricant films at the interface between the tool and the material being processed; the films may include metal polymers and complex compounds of atomic iron, covering surface irregularities that are sterically inaccessible to metal polymers. Based on this hypothesis, an approach has been proposed, which enables predicting the potential effectiveness of production lubricants and coolants using quantum chemistry methods.
{"title":"Contact Zone Changes in Cutting Alloys in the Presence of Oxygen-Containing Lubricants and Coolants","authors":"A. G. Naumov, S. A. Syrbu, N. A. Taratanov, A. S. Mitrofanov","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623050069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623050069","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Microcapsules consisting of only a gelatin shell, a gelatin shell with magnetite, and a gelatin shell filled with ozonated water (ozonated water in the microcapsule core was adsorbed by activated carbon), a gelatin shell treated with ozone, a gelatin shell with ozone-treated magnetite, and a gelatin shell containing magnetite and ozonated water were obtained by simple coacervation method. The effectiveness of using aqueous emulsions of the shells as production lubricants and coolants during cutting in turning operations on a 16K20 screw-cutting lathe using side cutters made of high-speed R6M5 steel was investigated. The set of processed materials included 12Kh18N10Т stainless steel, 40Kh chromium steel, and VT5-1 and VT-6 titanium alloys. The introduction of ozone into the composition of microcapsules is shown to increase the period of normal wear of the cutting tool. In addition, the duration of the initial wear-out period increases. It was revealed that the wear resistance of cutting tools increased most strongly if microcapsules with gelatin shells filled with magnetite and ozonated water are used. The increase in the wear resistance of a cutting tool can be explained by the formation of lubricant films at the interface between the tool and the material being processed; the films may include metal polymers and complex compounds of atomic iron, covering surface irregularities that are sterically inaccessible to metal polymers. Based on this hypothesis, an approach has been proposed, which enables predicting the potential effectiveness of production lubricants and coolants using quantum chemistry methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139649242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040104
I. Yu. Tsukanov, A. N. Lyubicheva
Abstract—
Carbon–carbon composite materials (CCCMs) are used in brake systems and in movable sealing joints, since they can have both frictional and antifriction properties, depending on their structure. In recent studies, data were obtained on the thermal properties of various CCCMs and the coefficient of friction in a pair with various counterbodies as a function of temperature. In this case, the nature of the dependences of the friction coefficient and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion on temperature is similar and has close critical points. The paper investigates the contact interaction of a heated heat-insulated annular punch with a half-space, the thermal expansion coefficient of which depends on temperature. Analytical expressions are obtained for calculation of the contact pressure and the penetration of the punch for various temperature distributions over the contact area. To take into account the uneven heating of the contacting surfaces, the temperature distribution under the annular punch was calculated during its frictional interaction with the elastic half-space. The case of temperature distribution during heating from spinning friction, which is typical for tribological tests and operation of interfaces made of CCCMs, is considered. It is established that in the considered case the temperature increases from the inner radius of the annular punch to the outer one. The joint effect of the ring width and temperature distribution on the value of contact pressures is studied. Calculations show that taking into account frictional heating is more important for narrow punches, while the minimum pressure in the contact area can significantly decrease at a fixed value of the external load.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Thermal Expansion Effect of the Carbon–Carbon Composite Surface on Contact Interaction with a Ring-Shaped Sample","authors":"I. Yu. Tsukanov, A. N. Lyubicheva","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040104","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Carbon–carbon composite materials (CCCMs) are used in brake systems and in movable sealing joints, since they can have both frictional and antifriction properties, depending on their structure. In recent studies, data were obtained on the thermal properties of various CCCMs and the coefficient of friction in a pair with various counterbodies as a function of temperature. In this case, the nature of the dependences of the friction coefficient and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion on temperature is similar and has close critical points. The paper investigates the contact interaction of a heated heat-insulated annular punch with a half-space, the thermal expansion coefficient of which depends on temperature. Analytical expressions are obtained for calculation of the contact pressure and the penetration of the punch for various temperature distributions over the contact area. To take into account the uneven heating of the contacting surfaces, the temperature distribution under the annular punch was calculated during its frictional interaction with the elastic half-space. The case of temperature distribution during heating from spinning friction, which is typical for tribological tests and operation of interfaces made of CCCMs, is considered. It is established that in the considered case the temperature increases from the inner radius of the annular punch to the outer one. The joint effect of the ring width and temperature distribution on the value of contact pressures is studied. Calculations show that taking into account frictional heating is more important for narrow punches, while the minimum pressure in the contact area can significantly decrease at a fixed value of the external load.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040098
I. V. Shkalei, E. V. Torskaya
Abstract—
The aim of this study is an experimental-based analysis of the effect of surface treatment, leading to the formation of carbonized layers, on the coefficient of sliding friction of two polyurethane materials that differ in mechanical and rheological properties. The properties were determined by the results of indentation on a NanoScan-4D scanning nanohardness tester. A ceramic ball with a diameter of 2.1 mm was used as an indenter, which was pressed into the samples at a given linear velocity. The indentation curves at low and high indentation velocities were used to calculate the longitudinal and instantaneous reduced modulus of elasticity. It was found that the longitudinal elastic moduli differ by more than seven times, and the rheological properties of a more rigid material are weak. Tribological tests were performed on a UMT-3 friction machine in the mode of unidirectional sliding friction at a constant load and velocity. Based on the data, regression equations were calculated and the dependences of the friction coefficient on the load and sliding velocity were obtained. The influence of the surface treatment fluence on the surface roughness, adhesion, and deformation friction force is analyzed, data are correlated with the known experimental and theoretical results. It is shown that surface treatment with a relatively small fluence gives fundamentally different effects for the two studied materials: a slight change in roughness and decrease of friction coefficient for the more rigid polyurethane; a significant increase in roughness and a consistently high coefficient of friction, which varies slightly in the considered ranges of loads and velocities. Thus, surface treatment can be used for controlling the coefficient of friction of polyurethane and ensuring its consistently high frictional properties.
{"title":"Effect of Ion-Plasma Surface Treatment on Tribological Characteristics of Polyurethane","authors":"I. V. Shkalei, E. V. Torskaya","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040098","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The aim of this study is an experimental-based analysis of the effect of surface treatment, leading to the formation of carbonized layers, on the coefficient of sliding friction of two polyurethane materials that differ in mechanical and rheological properties. The properties were determined by the results of indentation on a NanoScan-4D scanning nanohardness tester. A ceramic ball with a diameter of 2.1 mm was used as an indenter, which was pressed into the samples at a given linear velocity. The indentation curves at low and high indentation velocities were used to calculate the longitudinal and instantaneous reduced modulus of elasticity. It was found that the longitudinal elastic moduli differ by more than seven times, and the rheological properties of a more rigid material are weak. Tribological tests were performed on a UMT-3 friction machine in the mode of unidirectional sliding friction at a constant load and velocity. Based on the data, regression equations were calculated and the dependences of the friction coefficient on the load and sliding velocity were obtained. The influence of the surface treatment fluence on the surface roughness, adhesion, and deformation friction force is analyzed, data are correlated with the known experimental and theoretical results. It is shown that surface treatment with a relatively small fluence gives fundamentally different effects for the two studied materials: a slight change in roughness and decrease of friction coefficient for the more rigid polyurethane; a significant increase in roughness and a consistently high coefficient of friction, which varies slightly in the considered ranges of loads and velocities. Thus, surface treatment can be used for controlling the coefficient of friction of polyurethane and ensuring its consistently high frictional properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040074
N. G. Meliksetyan, A. N. Karapetyan, K. V. Hovhannisyan, W. V. Saroyan, S. G. Agbalyan, G. N. Meliksetyan
Abstract—
The main regularities of friction and wear of surface layers of composite materials for antifriction and friction purposes have been established. It has been shown that mineral fillers modified with an organic lubricant (travertine, bentonite, tuff, marble, basalt) have a significant effect on the structure and properties of heterochain polymers based on a copolymer of formaldehyde, polyamides, and polyphenylene oxide. The developed composites are characterized by high wear-resistance (1.43–1.9 times), improved strength properties (1.5–2.0 times), and decreased friction coefficient (1.17–1.4 times) compared to the initial polymer materials that extend the opportunities of their application in modern friction units. The main mechanism of fatigue-delamination high-temperature wear of brake friction composite materials with mineral additives is revealed and based on it a physical model of the surface layer destruction is developed. It was established that the performance of these materials under conditions of high-temperature wear is determined by the stress-strain state of thin surface layers, in which tensile and compressive stresses exceeding the ultimate strength at shear act. At the stage of designing brake devices an analytical method to predict the wear resistance of friction linings was developed.
{"title":"Research and Prediction of Wear Resistance of Polymer Composites with Mineral Additives","authors":"N. G. Meliksetyan, A. N. Karapetyan, K. V. Hovhannisyan, W. V. Saroyan, S. G. Agbalyan, G. N. Meliksetyan","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040074","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The main regularities of friction and wear of surface layers of composite materials for antifriction and friction purposes have been established. It has been shown that mineral fillers modified with an organic lubricant (travertine, bentonite, tuff, marble, basalt) have a significant effect on the structure and properties of heterochain polymers based on a copolymer of formaldehyde, polyamides, and polyphenylene oxide. The developed composites are characterized by high wear-resistance (1.43–1.9 times), improved strength properties (1.5–2.0 times), and decreased friction coefficient (1.17–1.4 times) compared to the initial polymer materials that extend the opportunities of their application in modern friction units. The main mechanism of fatigue-delamination high-temperature wear of brake friction composite materials with mineral additives is revealed and based on it a physical model of the surface layer destruction is developed. It was established that the performance of these materials under conditions of high-temperature wear is determined by the stress-strain state of thin surface layers, in which tensile and compressive stresses exceeding the ultimate strength at shear act. At the stage of designing brake devices an analytical method to predict the wear resistance of friction linings was developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040025
V. E. Arkhipov, L. I. Kuksenova, M. S. Pugachev, D. A. Kozlov, G. V. Moskvitin
Abstract—
The features of the structural and tribotechnical characteristics of copper alloys and coatings during friction of a steel–steel pair are analyzed. Copper-based coatings obtained by gas-dynamic spraying have been experimentally studied. The wear resistance and microgeometric characteristics of the surface of steels with coatings of the composition Cu : Al2O3 = 55 : 45 (wt %) and Cu : Zn : Al2O3 = 35 : 35 : 30 (wt %) are determined. A coating is formed from a powder mixture of copper and corundum, mainly consisting of copper. Corundum is present in the form of particles with a size of 0.05 μm2 in an amount of less than 1%. The coating has a high performance when tested under friction and wear conditions: wear intensity Ih (coating) ≈ (1.1–1.5) × 10–10 and Ih (counterbody) ≈ (0.3–0.4) × 10–11 under friction in I-20A mineral oil; Ih (coatings) ≈ (2–5) × 10–10 and Ih (counterbodies) ≈ 0.2 × 10–11 during friction in Litol-24 grease. Heat treatment of such a coating causes diffusion of zinc into copper with the formation of a solid solution of zinc in copper (α-phase) and an electron-type solid solution based on CuZn is also formed. The mechanism of contact interaction of steel coated with Cu–Zn–Al2O3 in a pair with ShKh15 steel is based on the process of mass transfer in the zone of surface plastic deformation, which minimizes the level of surface destruction of the pair as a whole, reducing it to practical wearlessness at high external pressures. Deformation, diffusion, and mass transfer in the zone of contact interaction during friction point to the effect of “classical wearlessness,” a distinctive feature of which is the formation of a copper-zinc third body interspersed with corundum, which has the ability to transfer from the sample on the counterbody and vice versa, providing protection of the surface layers from destruction but not a servovite copper film (with a special structural state). High wear resistance of friction pair materials is achieved due to frictional mass transfer films.
{"title":"Influence of Surface Layers Modified with Copper on the Performance of Steel–Steel Sliding Friction Couples","authors":"V. E. Arkhipov, L. I. Kuksenova, M. S. Pugachev, D. A. Kozlov, G. V. Moskvitin","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040025","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The features of the structural and tribotechnical characteristics of copper alloys and coatings during friction of a steel–steel pair are analyzed. Copper-based coatings obtained by gas-dynamic spraying have been experimentally studied. The wear resistance and microgeometric characteristics of the surface of steels with coatings of the composition Cu : Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> = 55 : 45 (wt %) and Cu : Zn : Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> = 35 : 35 : 30 (wt %) are determined. A coating is formed from a powder mixture of copper and corundum, mainly consisting of copper. Corundum is present in the form of particles with a size of 0.05 μm<sup>2</sup> in an amount of less than 1%. The coating has a high performance when tested under friction and wear conditions: wear intensity <i>I</i><sub><i>h</i></sub> (coating) ≈ (1.1–1.5) × 10<sup>–10</sup> and <i>I</i><sub><i>h</i></sub> (counterbody) ≈ (0.3–0.4) × 10<sup>–11</sup> under friction in I-20A mineral oil; <i>I</i><sub><i>h</i></sub> (coatings) ≈ (2–5) × 10<sup>–10</sup> and <i>I</i><sub><i>h</i></sub> (counterbodies) ≈ 0.2 × 10<sup>–11</sup> during friction in Litol-24 grease. Heat treatment of such a coating causes diffusion of zinc into copper with the formation of a solid solution of zinc in copper (α-phase) and an electron-type solid solution based on CuZn is also formed. The mechanism of contact interaction of steel coated with Cu–Zn–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in a pair with ShKh15 steel is based on the process of mass transfer in the zone of surface plastic deformation, which minimizes the level of surface destruction of the pair as a whole, reducing it to practical wearlessness at high external pressures. Deformation, diffusion, and mass transfer in the zone of contact interaction during friction point to the effect of “classical wearlessness,” a distinctive feature of which is the formation of a copper-zinc third body interspersed with corundum, which has the ability to transfer from the sample on the counterbody and vice versa, providing protection of the surface layers from destruction but not a servovite copper film (with a special structural state). High wear resistance of friction pair materials is achieved due to frictional mass transfer films.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040049
I. A. Buyanovskii, I. R. Tatur, S. S. Strelnikova, V. D. Samusenko, O. A. Kal’yanova
Abstract—
To study such characteristics of sulfonate greases as the lubricity during friction of solids in the mode of boundary lubrication and the protective properties of these lubricants in corrosive environments. A common requirement for the implementation of these indicators is the formation of strong lubricating layers that protect the surfaces of parts from destruction. For each of the studied sulfonate greases with various thickeners and dispersion media, based on the analysis of experimental temperature dependences of the friction coefficients in the temperature range of 30–300°C, the values of the activation energies of the boundary layers destruction were calculated, and the values of Тcm were estimated. The conducted research has shown that for the examined sulfonate greases, there is a qualitative correlation between the values of temperature-energy criterion πD with the experimentally obtained values of the corrosion rates of the steel surface in a corrosive environment under the films of sulfonate greases.
{"title":"Investigation of the Destruction of Lubricating Layers of Sulfonate Greases under Friction and Corrosion","authors":"I. A. Buyanovskii, I. R. Tatur, S. S. Strelnikova, V. D. Samusenko, O. A. Kal’yanova","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040049","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>To study such characteristics of sulfonate greases as the lubricity during friction of solids in the mode of boundary lubrication and the protective properties of these lubricants in corrosive environments. A common requirement for the implementation of these indicators is the formation of strong lubricating layers that protect the surfaces of parts from destruction. For each of the studied sulfonate greases with various thickeners and dispersion media, based on the analysis of experimental temperature dependences of the friction coefficients in the temperature range of 30–300°C, the values of the activation energies of the boundary layers destruction were calculated, and the values of <i>Т</i><sub>cm</sub> were estimated. The conducted research has shown that for the examined sulfonate greases, there is a qualitative correlation between the values of temperature-energy criterion π<sub><i>D</i></sub> with the experimentally obtained values of the corrosion rates of the steel surface in a corrosive environment under the films of sulfonate greases.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3103/s1068366623040062
D. S. Manturov, I. V. Kolesnikov, O. V. Kudryakov, V. I. Kolesnikov, P. G. Ivanochkin, S. A. Danilchenko
Abstract
TiN coatings have been deposited using cathodic arc deposition at various nitrogen pressures and deposition temperatures. The structure and elemental coating composition are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. The mechanical properties and adhesion strength of the coating are measured using nanoindentation and scratch testing. The degree of wear is investigated with a tribometer using the ball-on-disk test method. The analysis of the results is carried out by the methods of two-factor orthogonal experiment planning with optimization elements. The results show that the coating structure has a columnar (fibrous) morphology, the composition is close to stoichiometric. The moment of coating destruction, when determining the adhesive strength, occurs at a load of about 600 mN. On the basis of the obtained regression equations for the optimized values of hardness, plasticity index and wear degree, the values of the process parameters of deposition should be in intervals T = 350–430°С and P = 0.065–0.075 Pa.
摘要 在不同的氮气压力和沉积温度下，采用阴极电弧沉积法沉积了氮化钛涂层。使用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱仪分析了涂层的结构和元素组成。利用纳米压痕和划痕测试测量了涂层的机械性能和附着强度。使用摩擦磨损测试仪，采用球盘测试法对磨损程度进行了研究。结果分析采用了带有优化元素的双因素正交实验规划方法。结果表明，涂层结构具有柱状（纤维状）形态，成分接近于化学计量。在确定粘合强度时，涂层破坏的时刻发生在大约 600 mN 的载荷下。根据所得到的硬度、塑性指数和磨损程度优化值的回归方程，沉积工艺参数值的区间应为 T = 350-430°С 和 P = 0.065-0.075 Pa。
{"title":"Effect of Basic Processing Factors for Obtaining TiN Vacuum Ion-Plasma Coatings on Their Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics","authors":"D. S. Manturov, I. V. Kolesnikov, O. V. Kudryakov, V. I. Kolesnikov, P. G. Ivanochkin, S. A. Danilchenko","doi":"10.3103/s1068366623040062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068366623040062","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>TiN coatings have been deposited using cathodic arc deposition at various nitrogen pressures and deposition temperatures. The structure and elemental coating composition are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. The mechanical properties and adhesion strength of the coating are measured using nanoindentation and scratch testing. The degree of wear is investigated with a tribometer using the ball-on-disk test method. The analysis of the results is carried out by the methods of two-factor orthogonal experiment planning with optimization elements. The results show that the coating structure has a columnar (fibrous) morphology, the composition is close to stoichiometric. The moment of coating destruction, when determining the adhesive strength, occurs at a load of about 600 mN. On the basis of the obtained regression equations for the optimized values of hardness, plasticity index and wear degree, the values of the process parameters of deposition should be in intervals <i>T</i> = 350–430°С and <i>P</i> = 0.065–0.075 Pa.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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