Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060034
V. V. Chayeuski, A. K. Kuleshov, Š. Barcík, P. Koleda, O. G. Rudak, P. V. Rudak
The article studies the characteristics of mill knives of high-speed steel HS 18-0-2-5 with as well as without МоС and Мо2С molybdenum carbide coating at plane milling of oak wood. The molybdenum carbide coating was deposited by arc vacuum physical vapor deposition (Arc-PVD). The knife edge wear was determined using a contour measuring system for determining the displacement of the cutting edge along the axis of the cutter wedge sharpness angle (WBW). Compared to a milling cutter with knives without coating, the molybdenum carbide coating improves the wear resistance of the knife blades and increases the cutting power by almost 40% when milling oak wood samples. The mills with the knife edges coated with the molybdenum carbides exhibited an average reduction in oak wood surface roughness Ra by 1.5–3 µm as compared to the bare tool in the entire range of applied feed rates and milling length. The laboratory tests of the wood-cutting tool covered with MoC coating prove that their durability has increased by 30% against the durability of the bare tool used in milling oak wood.
{"title":"Influence of MoC Coatings on Wear of Edges of Steel Knives and Cutting Parameters for Milling Oak Wood","authors":"V. V. Chayeuski, A. K. Kuleshov, Š. Barcík, P. Koleda, O. G. Rudak, P. V. Rudak","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060034","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article studies the characteristics of mill knives of high-speed steel HS 18-0-2-5 with as well as without МоС and Мо<sub>2</sub>С molybdenum carbide coating at plane milling of oak wood. The molybdenum carbide coating was deposited by arc vacuum physical vapor deposition (Arc-PVD). The knife edge wear was determined using a contour measuring system for determining the displacement of the cutting edge along the axis of the cutter wedge sharpness angle (<i>WB</i><sub><i>W</i></sub>). Compared to a milling cutter with knives without coating, the molybdenum carbide coating improves the wear resistance of the knife blades and increases the cutting power by almost 40% when milling oak wood samples. The mills with the knife edges coated with the molybdenum carbides exhibited an average reduction in oak wood surface roughness <i>R</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> by 1.5–3 µm as compared to the bare tool in the entire range of applied feed rates and milling length. The laboratory tests of the wood-cutting tool covered with MoC coating prove that their durability has increased by 30% against the durability of the bare tool used in milling oak wood.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"370 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4546831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060113
N. K. Myshkin, A. Ya. Grigoriev, Ga Zhang
The concept of sustainable development provides for the achievement of 17 goals formulated in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. Tribology is one of the factors for their achievement in the field of industry and innovation (Sustainable Development Goal 9 or SDG 9). Losses associated with friction and wear of machines are estimated at 3–5% of the gross national product. About a quarter of the energy consumed by industry is spent on overcoming frictional forces. Reducing friction losses, wear of machines, emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs), using environmental-friendly lubricants are just a small list of tribology’s opportunities to achieve sustainable development goals. Applications of tribology have gone far beyond the solution of purely technical problems, and so-called green tribology has begun to play a special role in public life in recent years. The use of polymers is one of the effective methods to achieve the goals of green tribology. These goals are closely related to the creative heritage of Vladimir Belyi in the tribology of polymers, in particular, studies of friction mass transfer. In continuation of his work, it is shown that nanofillers actively affect the behavior of polymer macromolecules during friction, the formation of transfer films and wear particles. Using PEEK-based composites as an example, the effectiveness of materials with nanosized and traditional additives is confirmed. Another direction of green tribology is the development of environmental-friendly lubricants. Currently, many countries are restricting the use of mineral oils in agriculture and forestry, encouraging the use of lubricating oils and fluids made from vegetable raw materials. It is shown that such oils are not inferior to mineral oils in many respects and exhibit good anti-wear properties due to the formation of tribopolymer films.
{"title":"Sustainable Development and Polymer Tribology","authors":"N. K. Myshkin, A. Ya. Grigoriev, Ga Zhang","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060113","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of sustainable development provides for the achievement of 17 goals formulated in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. Tribology is one of the factors for their achievement in the field of industry and innovation (Sustainable Development Goal 9 or SDG 9). Losses associated with friction and wear of machines are estimated at 3–5% of the gross national product. About a quarter of the energy consumed by industry is spent on overcoming frictional forces. Reducing friction losses, wear of machines, emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs), using environmental-friendly lubricants are just a small list of tribology’s opportunities to achieve sustainable development goals. Applications of tribology have gone far beyond the solution of purely technical problems, and so-called green tribology has begun to play a special role in public life in recent years. The use of polymers is one of the effective methods to achieve the goals of green tribology. These goals are closely related to the creative heritage of Vladimir Belyi in the tribology of polymers, in particular, studies of friction mass transfer. In continuation of his work, it is shown that nanofillers actively affect the behavior of polymer macromolecules during friction, the formation of transfer films and wear particles. Using PEEK-based composites as an example, the effectiveness of materials with nanosized and traditional additives is confirmed. Another direction of green tribology is the development of environmental-friendly lubricants. Currently, many countries are restricting the use of mineral oils in agriculture and forestry, encouraging the use of lubricating oils and fluids made from vegetable raw materials. It is shown that such oils are not inferior to mineral oils in many respects and exhibit good anti-wear properties due to the formation of tribopolymer films.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"353 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4545445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060071
V. I. Kolesnikov, O. V. Kudryakov, I. V. Kolesnikov, V. N. Varavka, L. P. Aref’eva, A. I. Voropaev, E. S. Novikov
Abstract—
The aim of the study was to create a technique for calculating the thermal conductivity of a thin surface layer or coating, which differs significantly from the base metal in structure, phase composition, and thermal properties. The technique is based on the experimental measurement of the contact potential difference (CPD) at the layer/coating–substrate interface, followed by the calculation of the electron work function and the energy of the Fermi level. Distinctive features of the developed methodological apparatus are the characteristics of the microstructure, phase composition, and porosity of the layer/coating, which are taken into account in the calculation model and significantly affect the final result of determining the effective thermal conductivity. The calculation and experimental approbation of the idea was implemented in the process of studying the blades of an experimental gas turbine locomotive engine with a heterophase thermal barrier coating of the Nb–Ti–Al system. The material of the blades is Inconel 713LC cast chromium–nickel superalloy. Coatings with a thickness of about 80 µm were deposited using the vacuum ion-plasma technology. During the development of the methodology for calculating the thermal conductivity, the experimental data of the CPD were obtained by instrumental measurements according to a specially developed laboratory procedure. Data on the morphology of the structure of coatings, their phase composition, and porosity were studied by traditional metal-physical methods and integrated into the calculation part of the technique. The results of model calculations of the thermal conductivity of both the base metal of the substrate (turbine blades) Inconel 713LC and the Nb–Ti–Al thermal barrier coating showed a high agreement with experimental and reference data. The technology has a high potential for application in heavily loaded friction units in various areas of the national economy, such as helicopter construction, aircraft construction, aerospace, railway transport, shipbuilding, and defense.
{"title":"Analytical Determination of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Heterophase Surface Layers, Coatings, and Thin Films in Heavy-Loaded Tribosystems","authors":"V. I. Kolesnikov, O. V. Kudryakov, I. V. Kolesnikov, V. N. Varavka, L. P. Aref’eva, A. I. Voropaev, E. S. Novikov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060071","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The aim of the study was to create a technique for calculating the thermal conductivity of a thin surface layer or coating, which differs significantly from the base metal in structure, phase composition, and thermal properties. The technique is based on the experimental measurement of the contact potential difference (CPD) at the layer/coating–substrate interface, followed by the calculation of the electron work function and the energy of the Fermi level. Distinctive features of the developed methodological apparatus are the characteristics of the microstructure, phase composition, and porosity of the layer/coating, which are taken into account in the calculation model and significantly affect the final result of determining the effective thermal conductivity. The calculation and experimental approbation of the idea was implemented in the process of studying the blades of an experimental gas turbine locomotive engine with a heterophase thermal barrier coating of the Nb–Ti–Al system. The material of the blades is Inconel 713LC cast chromium–nickel superalloy. Coatings with a thickness of about 80 µm were deposited using the vacuum ion-plasma technology. During the development of the methodology for calculating the thermal conductivity, the experimental data of the CPD were obtained by instrumental measurements according to a specially developed laboratory procedure. Data on the morphology of the structure of coatings, their phase composition, and porosity were studied by traditional metal-physical methods and integrated into the calculation part of the technique. The results of model calculations of the thermal conductivity of both the base metal of the substrate (turbine blades) Inconel 713LC and the Nb–Ti–Al thermal barrier coating showed a high agreement with experimental and reference data. The technology has a high potential for application in heavily loaded friction units in various areas of the national economy, such as helicopter construction, aircraft construction, aerospace, railway transport, shipbuilding, and defense.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"377 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4548943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060083
N. K. Krioni, A. A. Mingazheva, A. D. Mingazhev
Abstract—
This article discusses the experimental results of wear resistance of machine parts made of alloyed steels, with nitrided layers, with structures formed with and without nitride mesh. It has been demonstrated that the nitrided layers with traditional structure under certain conditions of friction and wear do not completely exhibit their potentials of wear resistance as a consequence of disintegration of their fragments due to weakened intergranular boundaries in nitrided layer resulting from their oversaturation with nitrogen. The models of formation of structures of nitrided layers are schematically illustrated including their behavior during friction and wear. It has been mentioned that the use of high energy ion implantation at an ion energy of about 18–26 keV due to the occurrence of the long-range effect provides formation of radiation defects of a crystalline structure at a depth comparable with the thickness of a nitrided layer allowing it to significantly intensify nitrogen diffusion as well as to block grain boundaries, which inhibit diffusion processes in them. It has been determined that while intensive plastic deformation of the surface layer improves diffusion intensity, still, it can be efficiently applied only in combination with high energy ion implantation. The results of comparative wear tests are exemplified by screw pump rotors operating under conditions of intensive friction wear. It has been demonstrated that the absence of nitride mesh in a nitrided layer improves wear resistance of the nitrided layer by about 3–4 times.
{"title":"Improvement of Wear Resistance of a Nitrided Layer of Machine Parts Made of Alloyed Steels by High Intensity and High Energy Methods","authors":"N. K. Krioni, A. A. Mingazheva, A. D. Mingazhev","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060083","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>This article discusses the experimental results of wear resistance of machine parts made of alloyed steels, with nitrided layers, with structures formed with and without nitride mesh. It has been demonstrated that the nitrided layers with traditional structure under certain conditions of friction and wear do not completely exhibit their potentials of wear resistance as a consequence of disintegration of their fragments due to weakened intergranular boundaries in nitrided layer resulting from their oversaturation with nitrogen. The models of formation of structures of nitrided layers are schematically illustrated including their behavior during friction and wear. It has been mentioned that the use of high energy ion implantation at an ion energy of about 18–26 keV due to the occurrence of the long-range effect provides formation of radiation defects of a crystalline structure at a depth comparable with the thickness of a nitrided layer allowing it to significantly intensify nitrogen diffusion as well as to block grain boundaries, which inhibit diffusion processes in them. It has been determined that while intensive plastic deformation of the surface layer improves diffusion intensity, still, it can be efficiently applied only in combination with high energy ion implantation. The results of comparative wear tests are exemplified by screw pump rotors operating under conditions of intensive friction wear. It has been demonstrated that the absence of nitride mesh in a nitrided layer improves wear resistance of the nitrided layer by about 3–4 times.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"398 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4548966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060095
Li Syanshun, E. B. Sedakova
Abstract—
The influence of dispersed filler in the form of foundry coke on the wear resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene-based composite has been studied by the method of molecular dynamics. The application of this method made it possible to investigate the causes of increasing the wear resistance of the polymer composite at the molecular level. Two-layer molecular models of PTFE and its composite F4K20, consisting of 80 vol % PTFE + 20 vol % foundry coke were made. Computer simulation of wear product separation from two zones located in the tribocontact area has been performed. Differences in values of energy values of intermolecular interaction depending on the initial position of the separated molecules are shown. It was found that the energy value of intermolecular interaction determined by simulating the surface fracture of F4K20 is more than 30% higher than that determined for PTFE. The calculation of internal friction force in models of PTFE and F4K20 has been carried out. It was found that the internal friction force calculated at the molecular level in F4K20 is significantly higher than the same parameter calculated for PTFE. Visualization of the fracture process of the constructed models was carried out. It is noted that only PTFE molecules are observed when molecules are separated from the surface of both models. If the fracture process of F4K20 includes the near-surface region, the separation of foundry coke molecules is additionally initiated. As a result of the investigations a numerical estimation of change of characteristics of intermolecular interaction with the introduction of a filler into polymer resulting in more than two degrees increased wear resistance of PTFE-based composites is given, which is noted by many researchers. The research results can be used for the development of new composite materials including nanocomposites.
{"title":"Molecular Modeling of Frictional Fracture Kinetics of Polymer Composites Using F4K20 as an Example","authors":"Li Syanshun, E. B. Sedakova","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060095","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The influence of dispersed filler in the form of foundry coke on the wear resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene-based composite has been studied by the method of molecular dynamics. The application of this method made it possible to investigate the causes of increasing the wear resistance of the polymer composite at the molecular level. Two-layer molecular models of PTFE and its composite F4K20, consisting of 80 vol % PTFE + 20 vol % foundry coke were made. Computer simulation of wear product separation from two zones located in the tribocontact area has been performed. Differences in values of energy values of intermolecular interaction depending on the initial position of the separated molecules are shown. It was found that the energy value of intermolecular interaction determined by simulating the surface fracture of F4K20 is more than 30% higher than that determined for PTFE. The calculation of internal friction force in models of PTFE and F4K20 has been carried out. It was found that the internal friction force calculated at the molecular level in F4K20 is significantly higher than the same parameter calculated for PTFE. Visualization of the fracture process of the constructed models was carried out. It is noted that only PTFE molecules are observed when molecules are separated from the surface of both models. If the fracture process of F4K20 includes the near-surface region, the separation of foundry coke molecules is additionally initiated. As a result of the investigations a numerical estimation of change of characteristics of intermolecular interaction with the introduction of a filler into polymer resulting in more than two degrees increased wear resistance of PTFE-based composites is given, which is noted by many researchers. The research results can be used for the development of new composite materials including nanocomposites.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"404 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4549748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060046
V. I. Dvoruk, K. V. Borak, I. A. Buchko, N. A. Kirienko
Abstract—
The results of studying the regularities of destruction and their influence on the wear resistance of low-alloy 65G and 28MnB5 steels when moving in different types of soil are presented. It has been established that the effect of soil type on destruction and wear resistance ε is controlled by rheological-fatigue parameter Rf, which plays a leading role in the strength base of the wear mechanism of low-alloy steels. In the process of wear, residual tensile stresses of a plastic-destructive nature are formed on the working surface of the steel, the lowest value of which is observed after testing in sandy loam, and the highest in light clay. Consequently, the relaxation of stresses by the mechanisms of plastic deformation and destruction in sandy loam is more intense than in average loam and light clay. The following correlation has been established: the higher the level of residual stresses, the higher the rheological-fatigue parameter and wear resistance of steel. In the studied soil types, the leading role is played by stress relaxation mechanisms in the area of low-cycle fatigue. Therefore, the mechanical component of interaction with the soil is dominant in the formation of the structural-phase state of the surface layers of steels. The damage of low-alloy steels in soil is mixed and includes three main forms of abrasive wear: mechanical, mechanical fatigue, mechanochemical. In all studied soil types, the mechanical fatigue form of abrasive wear plays a leading role. Therefore, an increase in the wear resistance of low-alloy steels must first of all be associated with the elimination of active low-cycle fatigue phenomena on the wear surface. The formation of secondary structures during wear in the soil contributes to a decrease in the absorption of irreversible energy by the metal, and, consequently, to an increase in its wear resistance.
{"title":"Influence of Soil Type on Breaking of Low-Alloy Steels during Wear","authors":"V. I. Dvoruk, K. V. Borak, I. A. Buchko, N. A. Kirienko","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060046","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The results of studying the regularities of destruction and their influence on the wear resistance of low-alloy 65G and 28MnB5 steels when moving in different types of soil are presented. It has been established that the effect of soil type on destruction and wear resistance ε is controlled by rheological-fatigue parameter <i>R</i><sub>f</sub>, which plays a leading role in the strength base of the wear mechanism of low-alloy steels. In the process of wear, residual tensile stresses of a plastic-destructive nature are formed on the working surface of the steel, the lowest value of which is observed after testing in sandy loam, and the highest in light clay. Consequently, the relaxation of stresses by the mechanisms of plastic deformation and destruction in sandy loam is more intense than in average loam and light clay. The following correlation has been established: the higher the level of residual stresses, the higher the rheological-fatigue parameter and wear resistance of steel. In the studied soil types, the leading role is played by stress relaxation mechanisms in the area of low-cycle fatigue. Therefore, the mechanical component of interaction with the soil is dominant in the formation of the structural-phase state of the surface layers of steels. The damage of low-alloy steels in soil is mixed and includes three main forms of abrasive wear: mechanical, mechanical fatigue, mechanochemical. In all studied soil types, the mechanical fatigue form of abrasive wear plays a leading role. Therefore, an increase in the wear resistance of low-alloy steels must first of all be associated with the elimination of active low-cycle fatigue phenomena on the wear surface. The formation of secondary structures during wear in the soil contributes to a decrease in the absorption of irreversible energy by the metal, and, consequently, to an increase in its wear resistance.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"383 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4838875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622060022
A. V. Byeli
Abstract—
The solution of a broad range of research and applied problems of surface engineering of machine-building materials is currently one of the priorities of developing physical material science. This work considers the current state of the research and developments in surface engineering of tribomaterials with beams of charged particles and plasma flows. The main focus is on ion beam processing, vacuum arc deposition, magnetron sputtering, and hybrid ion beam-assisted deposition technologies. The physical basics of the enumerated surface engineering methods are briefly considered, their comparative analysis is made, and their most topical applications and development prospects are determined. A huge amount of empirical material has been accumulated both in the field of process methods of treatment surface engineering and in the materials science of thin surface layers. At the same time, there is a dramatic lack of fundamental ideas in understanding the physicochemical mechanisms responsible for modifications in surface structure and properties, which inevitably leads to the fragmentation of the efforts on the part of researchers and developers.
{"title":"Surface Engineering of Tribomaterials with Concentrated Beams of Charged Particles: State-of-Art Approaches and Prospects","authors":"A. V. Byeli","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622060022","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622060022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The solution of a broad range of research and applied problems of surface engineering of machine-building materials is currently one of the priorities of developing physical material science. This work considers the current state of the research and developments in surface engineering of tribomaterials with beams of charged particles and plasma flows. The main focus is on ion beam processing, vacuum arc deposition, magnetron sputtering, and hybrid ion beam-assisted deposition technologies. The physical basics of the enumerated surface engineering methods are briefly considered, their comparative analysis is made, and their most topical applications and development prospects are determined. A huge amount of empirical material has been accumulated both in the field of process methods of treatment surface engineering and in the materials science of thin surface layers. At the same time, there is a dramatic lack of fundamental ideas in understanding the physicochemical mechanisms responsible for modifications in surface structure and properties, which inevitably leads to the fragmentation of the efforts on the part of researchers and developers.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 6","pages":"359 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4548939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622050051
V. V. Kovriga, V. R. Gumen, V. V. Selivanov, V. N. Karchev
Abstract—
Currently, the choice of wear-resistant pipes is based on the wear resistance of the material and is not accompanied by consideration of the design properties. Polyethylene pipes are widely used for hydro-transportation of suspensions. In order to more fully inform consumers of polyethylene pipes about various levels of wear resistance, the Polyplastic group is developing a range of pipes with a calculated wear resistance resource. An indicator of the calculation of the wear resistance resource is the length of the flow of suspensions, which, passing through the pipeline, wears out the wall by 75%. To determine the estimated resource, data on the decrease in wall thickness during the passage of the flow are required. The only internationally recognized method to determine this value is the EN 295/3 method [1] using a ribbed abrasive, which was used as a reference method in this study.
{"title":"Development of an Assortment of Polyethylene Pipes with an Estimated Wear Resistance for Pulp Hydro-Transportation","authors":"V. V. Kovriga, V. R. Gumen, V. V. Selivanov, V. N. Karchev","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622050051","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622050051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>Currently, the choice of wear-resistant pipes is based on the wear resistance of the material and is not accompanied by consideration of the design properties. Polyethylene pipes are widely used for hydro-transportation of suspensions. In order to more fully inform consumers of polyethylene pipes about various levels of wear resistance, the Polyplastic group is developing a range of pipes with a calculated wear resistance resource. An indicator of the calculation of the wear resistance resource is the length of the flow of suspensions, which, passing through the pipeline, wears out the wall by 75%. To determine the estimated resource, data on the decrease in wall thickness during the passage of the flow are required. The only internationally recognized method to determine this value is the EN 295/3 method [1] using a ribbed abrasive, which was used as a reference method in this study.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 5","pages":"347 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4603417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622050038
S. V. Fedorov
Abstract—
The friction surface is a concept that has established itself in tribology and the definitions of friction processes. It is clear that this is a tribute to the traditional logic of continuum mechanics. On the other hand, the physical and materials science logic of the real formalization of the concept of surface determines its concretization, which differs from conditional geometricity. In the proposed article, the author, having previously considered the general structural and energy patterns of the evolution of rubbing surfaces, comes to the concept of a critical volume of friction, which is adequate to the concept of equilibrium roughness. The author defines this volume as the volume of an elementary tribosystem. This volume within the framework of the model of the moving critical volume of friction is an elementary tribotransformer of energy. An elementary tribosystem is formed as an adaptive response of a deformed rigid body under friction, the smallest volume that has accumulated the potential energy of defects of extreme density. It has an internal equilibrium far from the state of initial equilibrium. Further, this volume evolves structurally with the constancy of its size. An attempt is made to physically model this critical equilibrium volume of friction. A model of ideal equilibrium of the volume of an atomically smooth surface within a certain elementary nominal friction area adequate to the volume of equilibrium roughness is considered. A method for calculating this critical and equilibrium friction volume is proposed. The principle of extrapolation of the equilibrium volume (oscillation amplitude) of an atomically rough surface to the temperature of absolute zero is substantiated. The direct correlation of the size of the critical friction volume with the size of the equilibrium roughness of the rubbing surfaces is shown. A refined calculation of the critical size of friction—an elementary tribosystem in the state of its ideal evolution according to the model of a mechanical (nano) quantum as an elementary subtribosystem is performed.
{"title":"Calculated Assessment of the Size of an Elementary Tribosystem","authors":"S. V. Fedorov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622050038","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622050038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The friction surface is a concept that has established itself in tribology and the definitions of friction processes. It is clear that this is a tribute to the traditional logic of continuum mechanics. On the other hand, the physical and materials science logic of the real formalization of the concept of surface determines its concretization, which differs from conditional geometricity. In the proposed article, the author, having previously considered the general structural and energy patterns of the evolution of rubbing surfaces, comes to the concept of a critical volume of friction, which is adequate to the concept of equilibrium roughness. The author defines this volume as the volume of an elementary tribosystem. This volume within the framework of the model of the moving critical volume of friction is an elementary tribotransformer of energy. An elementary tribosystem is formed as an adaptive response of a deformed rigid body under friction, the smallest volume that has accumulated the potential energy of defects of extreme density. It has an internal equilibrium far from the state of initial equilibrium. Further, this volume evolves structurally with the constancy of its size. An attempt is made to physically model this critical equilibrium volume of friction. A model of ideal equilibrium of the volume of an atomically smooth surface within a certain elementary nominal friction area adequate to the volume of equilibrium roughness is considered. A method for calculating this critical and equilibrium friction volume is proposed. The principle of extrapolation of the equilibrium volume (oscillation amplitude) of an atomically rough surface to the temperature of absolute zero is substantiated. The direct correlation of the size of the critical friction volume with the size of the equilibrium roughness of the rubbing surfaces is shown. A refined calculation of the critical size of friction—an elementary tribosystem in the state of its ideal evolution according to the model of a mechanical (nano) quantum as an elementary subtribosystem is performed.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 5","pages":"339 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4603413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.3103/S1068366622050075
V. A. Kukareko, M. A. Belotserkovsky, A. N. Grigorchik, A. V. Sosnovskiy
Abstract—
The structure and properties of a hypersonic coating from a Ti–4Al titanium alloy obtained at various propane pressures have been investigated. It is shown that the sprayed coatings contain from a 50 to 70 vol % TiN phase. It was found that the volume fraction of the nitride layer on the surface of a titanium particle depends on the area of titanium particles and their flight speed during deposition. It is shown that the microhardness of the deposited layers of coatings is 1200–1600 HV 0.025 and the hardness of the coatings is 450–650 HV 10. The difference in hardness and microhardness values is associated with the presence of pure titanium interlayers in the coatings, as well as with high porosity. It has been established that hypersonic coatings made of Ti–4Al alloy are characterized by high wear resistance under dry and boundary friction conditions. In particular, under conditions of dry friction, the wear resistance of coatings is ≈14–16 times higher than the wear resistance of a specimen made of Grade 2 monolithic alloy, and under friction conditions in a lubricant up to ≈240 times. Sputtered coatings of titanium alloys containing the TiN nitride phase can be used as protective and wear-resistant layers on the surfaces of various materials, including titanium. It is concluded that the hypersonic metallization method makes it possible to form economical nitride-based coatings characterized by high microhardness and wear resistance.
{"title":"Structure and Tribological Properties of a Ti–TiN Coating Obtained by Hypersonic Metallization","authors":"V. A. Kukareko, M. A. Belotserkovsky, A. N. Grigorchik, A. V. Sosnovskiy","doi":"10.3103/S1068366622050075","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366622050075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><h3>\u0000 <b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The structure and properties of a hypersonic coating from a Ti–4Al titanium alloy obtained at various propane pressures have been investigated. It is shown that the sprayed coatings contain from a 50 to 70 vol % TiN phase. It was found that the volume fraction of the nitride layer on the surface of a titanium particle depends on the area of titanium particles and their flight speed during deposition. It is shown that the microhardness of the deposited layers of coatings is 1200–1600 HV 0.025 and the hardness of the coatings is 450–650 HV 10. The difference in hardness and microhardness values is associated with the presence of pure titanium interlayers in the coatings, as well as with high porosity. It has been established that hypersonic coatings made of Ti–4Al alloy are characterized by high wear resistance under dry and boundary friction conditions. In particular, under conditions of dry friction, the wear resistance of coatings is ≈14–16 times higher than the wear resistance of a specimen made of Grade 2 monolithic alloy, and under friction conditions in a lubricant up to ≈240 times. Sputtered coatings of titanium alloys containing the TiN nitride phase can be used as protective and wear-resistant layers on the surfaces of various materials, including titanium. It is concluded that the hypersonic metallization method makes it possible to form economical nitride-based coatings characterized by high microhardness and wear resistance.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"43 5","pages":"300 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4605713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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