Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745001
X. Fontané, V. Izquierdo‐Roca, A. Fairbrother, M. Espíndola-Rodríguez, S. López‐Mariño, M. Placidi, T. Jawhari, E. Saucedo, A. Pérez‐Rodríguez
As the interest in Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) kesterite based solar cells increases, the development of new processes and characterization methodologies are required to satisfy the peculiarities of these emerging and complex materials. In this case, the formation of secondary phases is largely expected affecting the properties of the devices. In this report, we present a highly selective methodology to detect the most probable secondary phases in the CZTSSe system, based in the application of pre-resonant Raman concepts, by choosing the excitation wavelength best suited for each particular case.
{"title":"Selective detection of secondary phases in Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 based absorbers by pre-resonant Raman spectroscopy","authors":"X. Fontané, V. Izquierdo‐Roca, A. Fairbrother, M. Espíndola-Rodríguez, S. López‐Mariño, M. Placidi, T. Jawhari, E. Saucedo, A. Pérez‐Rodríguez","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745001","url":null,"abstract":"As the interest in Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) kesterite based solar cells increases, the development of new processes and characterization methodologies are required to satisfy the peculiarities of these emerging and complex materials. In this case, the formation of secondary phases is largely expected affecting the properties of the devices. In this report, we present a highly selective methodology to detect the most probable secondary phases in the CZTSSe system, based in the application of pre-resonant Raman concepts, by choosing the excitation wavelength best suited for each particular case.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83422289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744491
B. Elsinga, W. V. van Sark
In contrast to several studies on variability within or between (virtual) MW-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants [e.g. T.E. Hoff and R. Perez (2010)] we investigated the aggregated behavior of randomly spaced residential PV-systems in a densely populated urban area (≈ 100 km2) in and around Utrecht, the Netherlands. The behavior of such a realistic distributed PV-network is assumed to be substantially different than equivalent and regularly spaced PV panels in a compact array. Nevertheless, qualifiers and instruments like inter-system Ramp Rate (RR) correlation and Mean Output Variability (MOV) can be used to generate statistically important information about a generic PV-network. The characteristic decorrelation length scale over which variations between PV-systems reach a distance-independent plateau (within 1 - e-3 ≈ 95%), was found to range from 0 to approx. 3 km, with a mean value of between 0.4(2) km and 1.12(17) km for the full year, depending on the time step of the power output time series. This length scale is typical for an urban environment and is important for reduction of variability in aggregated output variability of PV-systems. The distance-independent variability plateau was found to be linearly dependent on daily MOV values.
{"title":"Power Output Variability in randomly spaced dutch urban rooftop solar photovoltaic systems","authors":"B. Elsinga, W. V. van Sark","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744491","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to several studies on variability within or between (virtual) MW-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants [e.g. T.E. Hoff and R. Perez (2010)] we investigated the aggregated behavior of randomly spaced residential PV-systems in a densely populated urban area (≈ 100 km2) in and around Utrecht, the Netherlands. The behavior of such a realistic distributed PV-network is assumed to be substantially different than equivalent and regularly spaced PV panels in a compact array. Nevertheless, qualifiers and instruments like inter-system Ramp Rate (RR) correlation and Mean Output Variability (MOV) can be used to generate statistically important information about a generic PV-network. The characteristic decorrelation length scale over which variations between PV-systems reach a distance-independent plateau (within 1 - e-3 ≈ 95%), was found to range from 0 to approx. 3 km, with a mean value of between 0.4(2) km and 1.12(17) km for the full year, depending on the time step of the power output time series. This length scale is typical for an urban environment and is important for reduction of variability in aggregated output variability of PV-systems. The distance-independent variability plateau was found to be linearly dependent on daily MOV values.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88649156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744305
J. Nummikoski, Y. S. Manjili, R. Vega, H. Krishnaswami
This paper covers the development of an adaptive, interactive rule generation interface applied to the full scope of solar forecasting techniques, both current and forthcoming. The interface provides a user-friendly platform for detecting patterns and correlations between elements in a database of solar irradiance, weather and photovoltaic generation information. The database consists of 10 years of data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) data acquisition systems and the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). This report discusses how such an interface can be used to improve existing forecasting algorithms and also be used to create new forecasting techniques.
{"title":"Adaptive rule generation for solar forecasting: Interfacing with a knowledge-base library","authors":"J. Nummikoski, Y. S. Manjili, R. Vega, H. Krishnaswami","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper covers the development of an adaptive, interactive rule generation interface applied to the full scope of solar forecasting techniques, both current and forthcoming. The interface provides a user-friendly platform for detecting patterns and correlations between elements in a database of solar irradiance, weather and photovoltaic generation information. The database consists of 10 years of data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) data acquisition systems and the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). This report discusses how such an interface can be used to improve existing forecasting algorithms and also be used to create new forecasting techniques.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87227732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745082
Pooja Sharma, V. Agarwal
A string of flexible PV modules (FPVs) mounted on a contoured surface leads to mismatches between the PV modules due to their different orientation. Due to this, each module operates at different conditions of radiation and temperature resulting in increased power losses. To extract maximum power from each PV module under these conditions, it is necessary to make each individual module to operate at maximum power point (MPP). This is achieved using a current equalization method by operating each PV module at its maximum power point voltage. The determination of the MPP voltage of the FPV module is a key factor to implement the current equalization scheme efficiently. An empirical model for FPV module based on detailed analysis of experimental results was proposed earlier to extract maximum power. In the present work, a current equalization scheme is implemented by using this model for obtaining the MPP voltage from a PV module in a string which is mounted on a contoured surface. The model based current equalization scheme gives an approximate MPP. However, this scheme is easy to implement. Analysis and simulation results of the model based current equalization scheme are given in the paper.
{"title":"Model based distributed MPPT using current equalization for contoured flexible PV strings","authors":"Pooja Sharma, V. Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745082","url":null,"abstract":"A string of flexible PV modules (FPVs) mounted on a contoured surface leads to mismatches between the PV modules due to their different orientation. Due to this, each module operates at different conditions of radiation and temperature resulting in increased power losses. To extract maximum power from each PV module under these conditions, it is necessary to make each individual module to operate at maximum power point (MPP). This is achieved using a current equalization method by operating each PV module at its maximum power point voltage. The determination of the MPP voltage of the FPV module is a key factor to implement the current equalization scheme efficiently. An empirical model for FPV module based on detailed analysis of experimental results was proposed earlier to extract maximum power. In the present work, a current equalization scheme is implemented by using this model for obtaining the MPP voltage from a PV module in a string which is mounted on a contoured surface. The model based current equalization scheme gives an approximate MPP. However, this scheme is easy to implement. Analysis and simulation results of the model based current equalization scheme are given in the paper.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87411106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744414
Julia Kumm, D. Eberlein, P. Hartmann, W. Wolke, A. Wolf, R. Preu
This paper analyzes methods for measuring the adhesion quality of aluminum (Al) rear metallization deposited by means of physical vapour deposition (PVD) on rear passivation layers of passivated emitter and rear silicon solar cells (PERC). Since the standard test procedures for adhesion testing of solar cells cannot be applied, a peel-test and a direct-pull method are introduced and used for measuring the adhesion of test samples; criteria for adhesion evaluation are developed and applied. The results of adhesion tests are compared and are in good general agreement. The applicability of the two methods is discussed and it is found that the peel-test shows more reliable results whereas the direct-pull method is easier in preparation. Moreover, the results of the test samples show sufficiently good adhesion quality for the PVD rear metallization of PERC solar cells.
{"title":"Investigation of methods for adhesion characterization of evaporated aluminum layers","authors":"Julia Kumm, D. Eberlein, P. Hartmann, W. Wolke, A. Wolf, R. Preu","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744414","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes methods for measuring the adhesion quality of aluminum (Al) rear metallization deposited by means of physical vapour deposition (PVD) on rear passivation layers of passivated emitter and rear silicon solar cells (PERC). Since the standard test procedures for adhesion testing of solar cells cannot be applied, a peel-test and a direct-pull method are introduced and used for measuring the adhesion of test samples; criteria for adhesion evaluation are developed and applied. The results of adhesion tests are compared and are in good general agreement. The applicability of the two methods is discussed and it is found that the peel-test shows more reliable results whereas the direct-pull method is easier in preparation. Moreover, the results of the test samples show sufficiently good adhesion quality for the PVD rear metallization of PERC solar cells.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87439211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744881
Gilbert Arbez, A. Walker, M. Wilkins, J. Wheeldon, A. Trojnar, Robert Li, K. Hinzer, H. Schriemer
The optimization of quadruple junction solar cell designs in the detailed balance limit via an equivalent circuit model for each sub-cell is explored using spectral sharing from three perspectives: (i) current matching at short circuit current (as per etaOpt software), (ii) corrected current matching at short circuit current and (iii) unconstrained short-circuit currents. At 1-sun illumination (968 W/m2), we report an efficiency increase of 1.3% absolute for the second current matching approach over the first, solely due to an increase in fill factor. For concentrated illumination at 1000 suns, the efficiency increase becomes 1.6% absolute.
{"title":"4 Junction dilute nitride solar cell optimization: Comparing current matching approaches in detailed balance algorithms","authors":"Gilbert Arbez, A. Walker, M. Wilkins, J. Wheeldon, A. Trojnar, Robert Li, K. Hinzer, H. Schriemer","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744881","url":null,"abstract":"The optimization of quadruple junction solar cell designs in the detailed balance limit via an equivalent circuit model for each sub-cell is explored using spectral sharing from three perspectives: (i) current matching at short circuit current (as per etaOpt software), (ii) corrected current matching at short circuit current and (iii) unconstrained short-circuit currents. At 1-sun illumination (968 W/m2), we report an efficiency increase of 1.3% absolute for the second current matching approach over the first, solely due to an increase in fill factor. For concentrated illumination at 1000 suns, the efficiency increase becomes 1.6% absolute.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90606510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745017
A. Mosleh, S. Ghetmiri, B. Conley, H. Abu-Safe, Z. Waqar, M. Benamara, Shui-Qing Yu, H. Naseem
Smooth nucleation of silicon has been achieved as a critical step in epitaxial growth process using ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition system at 250°C. Proper conditions were achieved by studying the effect of key nucleation parameters such as plasma power, hydrogen dilution and deposition temperature. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been employed to study rough nucleation condition in order to achieve perfect nucleation step, which resulted in high quality epilayers.
{"title":"Nucleation-step study of silicon homoepitaxy for low-temperature fabrication of Si solar cells","authors":"A. Mosleh, S. Ghetmiri, B. Conley, H. Abu-Safe, Z. Waqar, M. Benamara, Shui-Qing Yu, H. Naseem","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745017","url":null,"abstract":"Smooth nucleation of silicon has been achieved as a critical step in epitaxial growth process using ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition system at 250°C. Proper conditions were achieved by studying the effect of key nucleation parameters such as plasma power, hydrogen dilution and deposition temperature. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been employed to study rough nucleation condition in order to achieve perfect nucleation step, which resulted in high quality epilayers.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80642220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745025
Wei Zhang, Chen Chen, R. Jia, G. Janssen, Dai-Sheng Zhang, Zhao Xing, P. Bronsveld, A. Weeber, Zhi Jin, Xinyu Liu
In the case of screen-printed aluminum alloyed p+ emitter (Al-p+) Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) solar cells, the shunt path induced by non-uniformity and discontinuity of the Al-p+ emitter has been minimized by exact control of firing condition. PC2D simulation results show that reduction and elimination of shunt path on Al-p+ emitter can significantly enhance the photovoltaic properties especially the open-circuit voltage (Voc). We use a multi-diode model to establish the relation between the Voc and the effective shunt resistance of the cell.
{"title":"The shunt influence of Al-p+ emitter on Voc characteristics and its optimization for Interdigitated Back Contact solar cells","authors":"Wei Zhang, Chen Chen, R. Jia, G. Janssen, Dai-Sheng Zhang, Zhao Xing, P. Bronsveld, A. Weeber, Zhi Jin, Xinyu Liu","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745025","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of screen-printed aluminum alloyed p+ emitter (Al-p+) Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) solar cells, the shunt path induced by non-uniformity and discontinuity of the Al-p+ emitter has been minimized by exact control of firing condition. PC2D simulation results show that reduction and elimination of shunt path on Al-p+ emitter can significantly enhance the photovoltaic properties especially the open-circuit voltage (Voc). We use a multi-diode model to establish the relation between the Voc and the effective shunt resistance of the cell.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88162415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744120
M. Pawłowski, P. Zabierowski, R. Bacewicz, N. Barreau, B. Pieters, M. Pawłowski
In this work we investigate the voltage dependent luminescence (PLV) of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 cells. The investigated cells apply a graded band gap, which is crucial to attain highly efficient photovoltaic conversion. It will be demonstrated that PLV can serve as a useful tool in investigation of recombination processes in graded absorbers. We preformed PLV measurement for voltages between open circuit and short circuit conditions. The observed evolution of the spectral shape of photoluminescence under external bias can be explained with a shift of position of maximum recombination rate within absorber layer.
{"title":"Modeling of photoluminescence of graded band-gap Cu(In, Ga)Se2-Based solar cells","authors":"M. Pawłowski, P. Zabierowski, R. Bacewicz, N. Barreau, B. Pieters, M. Pawłowski","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744120","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we investigate the voltage dependent luminescence (PLV) of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 cells. The investigated cells apply a graded band gap, which is crucial to attain highly efficient photovoltaic conversion. It will be demonstrated that PLV can serve as a useful tool in investigation of recombination processes in graded absorbers. We preformed PLV measurement for voltages between open circuit and short circuit conditions. The observed evolution of the spectral shape of photoluminescence under external bias can be explained with a shift of position of maximum recombination rate within absorber layer.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79566758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745151
Y. Zhang, T. Dun, J. Du, X. Liu, H. Li, Q. Dong, T. Liu, Y. Huang, H. Jia, Y. Mai
About 160 double-glass laminated amorphous silicon solar modules, which were found broken in a BIPV and a ground-mounted project sites, were shipped back to the manufacturer for breakage mechanism investigation. Glass surface inspection and fracture surface analysis were carried out to find out the breakage origin and the tensile stress concentrated on the origin. These modules can be classified into three groups according to the root causes of origin formation. More care shall be taken during installation and maintenance since a large part of modules from both sites were knocked or chucked, and then broke afterwards. Mounting systems have to be improved for double-glass laminated modules as the clamping structure induced more than 50% of breakage in the modules from the ground-mounted project. Scratches on the front glass surface and local glass bending at the module short edges generated origins and tensile stress for the breakage accounting for 55.3% of modules from the BIPV project, and thus shall be minimized. It is suggested that sufficient training and proper machines or tools are very critical for the complicated façade installation to avoid the scratch formation.
{"title":"How double-glass laminated amorphous silicon solar modules break in the field: A case study","authors":"Y. Zhang, T. Dun, J. Du, X. Liu, H. Li, Q. Dong, T. Liu, Y. Huang, H. Jia, Y. Mai","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745151","url":null,"abstract":"About 160 double-glass laminated amorphous silicon solar modules, which were found broken in a BIPV and a ground-mounted project sites, were shipped back to the manufacturer for breakage mechanism investigation. Glass surface inspection and fracture surface analysis were carried out to find out the breakage origin and the tensile stress concentrated on the origin. These modules can be classified into three groups according to the root causes of origin formation. More care shall be taken during installation and maintenance since a large part of modules from both sites were knocked or chucked, and then broke afterwards. Mounting systems have to be improved for double-glass laminated modules as the clamping structure induced more than 50% of breakage in the modules from the ground-mounted project. Scratches on the front glass surface and local glass bending at the module short edges generated origins and tensile stress for the breakage accounting for 55.3% of modules from the BIPV project, and thus shall be minimized. It is suggested that sufficient training and proper machines or tools are very critical for the complicated façade installation to avoid the scratch formation.","PeriodicalId":6350,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90654035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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