Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925030
Brent Fisher, K. Ghosal, D. Riley, Clifford W. Hansen, B. King, S. Burroughs
Semprius, a producer of high concentration photovoltaic (CPV) modules with world record efficiency, has developed capabilities for modeling field performance of CPV modules using two performance models: PVsyst and Semprius Performance Model (SPM). Modeling with PVsyst relies on the definition of a PAN file which is described here. SPM is the result of Semprius' collaboration with Sandia National Laboratory to develop software that can accurately model the field performance of Semprius CPV systems. The performance of both PVsyst and SPM is demonstrated for Semprius CPV by validation against actual Semprius CPV systems operating in the field, one in Tucson and one at Sandia National Labs, NM. These comparisons suggest that both of these models can accurately predict annual AC energy yield to within 1-3 percent.
{"title":"Field performance modeling of Semprius CPV systems","authors":"Brent Fisher, K. Ghosal, D. Riley, Clifford W. Hansen, B. King, S. Burroughs","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925030","url":null,"abstract":"Semprius, a producer of high concentration photovoltaic (CPV) modules with world record efficiency, has developed capabilities for modeling field performance of CPV modules using two performance models: PVsyst and Semprius Performance Model (SPM). Modeling with PVsyst relies on the definition of a PAN file which is described here. SPM is the result of Semprius' collaboration with Sandia National Laboratory to develop software that can accurately model the field performance of Semprius CPV systems. The performance of both PVsyst and SPM is demonstrated for Semprius CPV by validation against actual Semprius CPV systems operating in the field, one in Tucson and one at Sandia National Labs, NM. These comparisons suggest that both of these models can accurately predict annual AC energy yield to within 1-3 percent.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0759-0765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87881494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925529
P. Burton, B. King
Soil accumulation on photovoltaic (PV) modules presents a challenge to long-term performance prediction and lifetime estimates due to the inherent difficulty in quantifying small changes over an extended period. Low mass loadings of soil are a common occurrence, but remain difficult to quantify. In order to more accurately describe the specific effects of sparse soil films on PV systems, we have expanded upon an earlier technique to measure the optical losses due to an artificially applied obscurant film. A synthetic soil analogue consisting of AZ road dust and soot in acetonitrile carrier solvent was sprayed onto glass coupons at very brief intervals with a high volume, low pressure pneumatic sprayer. Light transmission through the grime film was evaluated using a QE test stand and UV/vis spectroscopy. A 0.1 g/m2 grime loading was determined to be the limit of mass measurement sensitivity, which is similar to some reports of daily soil accumulation. Predictable, linear decreases in transmission were observed for samples with a mass loading between 0.1 and 0.5 g/m2. Reflectance measurements provided the best means of easily distinguishing this sample from a reference.
{"title":"Determination of a minimum soiling level to affect photovoltaic devices","authors":"P. Burton, B. King","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925529","url":null,"abstract":"Soil accumulation on photovoltaic (PV) modules presents a challenge to long-term performance prediction and lifetime estimates due to the inherent difficulty in quantifying small changes over an extended period. Low mass loadings of soil are a common occurrence, but remain difficult to quantify. In order to more accurately describe the specific effects of sparse soil films on PV systems, we have expanded upon an earlier technique to measure the optical losses due to an artificially applied obscurant film. A synthetic soil analogue consisting of AZ road dust and soot in acetonitrile carrier solvent was sprayed onto glass coupons at very brief intervals with a high volume, low pressure pneumatic sprayer. Light transmission through the grime film was evaluated using a QE test stand and UV/vis spectroscopy. A 0.1 g/m2 grime loading was determined to be the limit of mass measurement sensitivity, which is similar to some reports of daily soil accumulation. Predictable, linear decreases in transmission were observed for samples with a mass loading between 0.1 and 0.5 g/m2. Reflectance measurements provided the best means of easily distinguishing this sample from a reference.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0193-0197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82920556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925512
S. Carnevale, J. Deitz, J. Carlin, Y. Picard, M. De Graef, S. Ringel, T. Grassman
Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a high-throughput technique for imaging extended defects in single crystals. While similar to transmission electron microscopy, ECCI is performed in a scanning electron microscope and requires little sample preparation. Here, we first show that ECCI can be used to characterize a variety of extended defects, including threading dislocations, misfit dislocations, and stacking faults, in heteroepitaxially grown samples of GaP on Si. Then, as a proof of concept, misfit dislocations are characterized across a 4" wafer of GaP/Si. Imaging over such a large area is a prime example of an application that would be difficult to perform by TEM, but can easily be performed by ECCI.
{"title":"Rapid characterization of extended defects in III–V/Si by electron channeling contrast imaging","authors":"S. Carnevale, J. Deitz, J. Carlin, Y. Picard, M. De Graef, S. Ringel, T. Grassman","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925512","url":null,"abstract":"Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a high-throughput technique for imaging extended defects in single crystals. While similar to transmission electron microscopy, ECCI is performed in a scanning electron microscope and requires little sample preparation. Here, we first show that ECCI can be used to characterize a variety of extended defects, including threading dislocations, misfit dislocations, and stacking faults, in heteroepitaxially grown samples of GaP on Si. Then, as a proof of concept, misfit dislocations are characterized across a 4\" wafer of GaP/Si. Imaging over such a large area is a prime example of an application that would be difficult to perform by TEM, but can easily be performed by ECCI.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"66 1","pages":"2800-2803"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76039379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925532
N. Cavassilas, F. Michelini, M. Bescond
This theoretical work analyzes photovoltaic effect in InGaN/GaN solar cells. Our electronic transport model considers intrinsic quantum behaviors like confinement, tunneling, electron-phonon scattering and electron-photon interactions. Based on this model we compare performances of Multiple Quantum Wells (MQW) structure with those of thick-layer device. We show that MQW is a promising candidate that provides better current characteristics. This work sheds light on the importance of finding a good balance between photon-absorption efficiency and transport properties. We also show the unintuitive influence of electron-phonon scattering.
{"title":"Transport modeling of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well solar cells","authors":"N. Cavassilas, F. Michelini, M. Bescond","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925532","url":null,"abstract":"This theoretical work analyzes photovoltaic effect in InGaN/GaN solar cells. Our electronic transport model considers intrinsic quantum behaviors like confinement, tunneling, electron-phonon scattering and electron-photon interactions. Based on this model we compare performances of Multiple Quantum Wells (MQW) structure with those of thick-layer device. We show that MQW is a promising candidate that provides better current characteristics. This work sheds light on the importance of finding a good balance between photon-absorption efficiency and transport properties. We also show the unintuitive influence of electron-phonon scattering.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"120 1","pages":"2875-2877"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78514903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925599
S. Krauter, Ewald Japs
In the foreseeable future, sustainable electrical energy systems should be capable to handle up to 100% of renewable energy share in the grid. Due to the recent price drops, PV will play a major role in the global renewable energy portfolio. The technical implications of this development (also referred to as “energy transition” in Germany) in all areas of electricity supply (generation, transmission, distribution, operation management) are manifold and consequently lead to a new system design. For the effective integration of PV the major challenges are volatile generation given by sun's position and actual weather conditions, as well as load level. On one hand, the article addresses the generation side by adapting PV power plants to load requirements (e.g., via azimuth and tilt angle modification to achieve peak power output during periods of high demand, via thermal conditioning of PV modules, via smart site selection or via a combination of complementary energy sources) and on the other hand the article discusses several possibilities of load management (e.g. load shifting, inducements, load adaptation, appropriate market design).
{"title":"Integration of PV into the energy system: Challenges and measures for generation and load management","authors":"S. Krauter, Ewald Japs","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925599","url":null,"abstract":"In the foreseeable future, sustainable electrical energy systems should be capable to handle up to 100% of renewable energy share in the grid. Due to the recent price drops, PV will play a major role in the global renewable energy portfolio. The technical implications of this development (also referred to as “energy transition” in Germany) in all areas of electricity supply (generation, transmission, distribution, operation management) are manifold and consequently lead to a new system design. For the effective integration of PV the major challenges are volatile generation given by sun's position and actual weather conditions, as well as load level. On one hand, the article addresses the generation side by adapting PV power plants to load requirements (e.g., via azimuth and tilt angle modification to achieve peak power output during periods of high demand, via thermal conditioning of PV modules, via smart site selection or via a combination of complementary energy sources) and on the other hand the article discusses several possibilities of load management (e.g. load shifting, inducements, load adaptation, appropriate market design).","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"3123-3128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81845167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-16DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925239
J. Olejníček, Z. Hubička, M. Kohout, P. Kšírová, M. Brunclíková, Š. Kment, M. Čada, S. Darveau, C. Exstrom
CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) thin films with x = 0, 0.28 and 1 were prepared by the sputtering of Cu, In and Ga in HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) or DC magnetron and subsequently selenized in an Ar+Se atmosphere. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to monitor differences in HiPIMS and DC plasma during sputtering of metallic precursors. Thin film characteristics were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other techniques.
{"title":"Optical emission spectroscopy of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) of CIGS thin films","authors":"J. Olejníček, Z. Hubička, M. Kohout, P. Kšírová, M. Brunclíková, Š. Kment, M. Čada, S. Darveau, C. Exstrom","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925239","url":null,"abstract":"CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) thin films with x = 0, 0.28 and 1 were prepared by the sputtering of Cu, In and Ga in HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) or DC magnetron and subsequently selenized in an Ar+Se atmosphere. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to monitor differences in HiPIMS and DC plasma during sputtering of metallic precursors. Thin film characteristics were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other techniques.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1666-1669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87366699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-08DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925669
S. Shrestha, S. Chung, N. Gupta, Yu Feng, X. Wen, H. Xia, G. Conibeer
The Hot Carrier (HC) solar cell aims to tackle a major loss in conventional solar cells by collecting the hot carriers before they thermalise. The calculated efficiency of the HC solar cell is very close to the limiting efficiency for an infinite tandem cell. The HC solar cell requires an absorber with a low electronic band gap so that it can absorb a large fraction of the solar spectrum. Importantly the absorber must sufficiently slow down the rate of carrier cooling so that adequate time is available to collect the hot carriers. In this work the main mechanisms of carrier cooling and possible approaches to restrict these mechanisms will be discussed. Hafnium nitride and zirconium nitride are presented as potential absorber materials for HC solar cells. Besides a large “phononic band gap” suitable to block the main carrier cooling mechanism, these materials have reasonable abundance to allow large scale implementation. Recent work on the fabrication of these materials at UNSW will also be presented.
{"title":"Evaluation of hafnium nitride and zirconium nitride as Hot Carrier absorber","authors":"S. Shrestha, S. Chung, N. Gupta, Yu Feng, X. Wen, H. Xia, G. Conibeer","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925669","url":null,"abstract":"The Hot Carrier (HC) solar cell aims to tackle a major loss in conventional solar cells by collecting the hot carriers before they thermalise. The calculated efficiency of the HC solar cell is very close to the limiting efficiency for an infinite tandem cell. The HC solar cell requires an absorber with a low electronic band gap so that it can absorb a large fraction of the solar spectrum. Importantly the absorber must sufficiently slow down the rate of carrier cooling so that adequate time is available to collect the hot carriers. In this work the main mechanisms of carrier cooling and possible approaches to restrict these mechanisms will be discussed. Hafnium nitride and zirconium nitride are presented as potential absorber materials for HC solar cells. Besides a large “phononic band gap” suitable to block the main carrier cooling mechanism, these materials have reasonable abundance to allow large scale implementation. Recent work on the fabrication of these materials at UNSW will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"3428-3431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73781262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-08DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925586
F. Haug, Jia Li, C. Ballif
We investigate light scattering interface textures for absorption enhancement in solar cells. If metallic films are used as back electrode or reflector, texturing mediates coupling to surface plasmon resonances which can lead to undesired absorption effects. These can be moved into uncritical spectral regions by using periodic structures with properly engineered corrugation. We use a reference structure consisting of a 1D sinusoidal grating which offers the additional advantage of resolving polarization effects of the incident light. Measured reflection data is compared with modelling results, and the suitability of different datasets in the literature is discussed.
{"title":"Parasitic absorption effects in metallic back reflectors with texture","authors":"F. Haug, Jia Li, C. Ballif","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925586","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate light scattering interface textures for absorption enhancement in solar cells. If metallic films are used as back electrode or reflector, texturing mediates coupling to surface plasmon resonances which can lead to undesired absorption effects. These can be moved into uncritical spectral regions by using periodic structures with properly engineered corrugation. We use a reference structure consisting of a 1D sinusoidal grating which offers the additional advantage of resolving polarization effects of the incident light. Measured reflection data is compared with modelling results, and the suitability of different datasets in the literature is discussed.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"217 1","pages":"3076-3079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75815014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-08DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925329
S. Ransome
There are two main requirements for PV model accuracy - 1) Power Modelling : “Measured vs. predicted PMAX W” at each measurement (under variable weather conditions). 2) Energy Rating : “Measured vs. predicted energy yield (kWh/kWp)” summed over a time period such as 1 year. The relative spread in measured energy yield (kWh/kWp) from systems of different technologies has been reducing over the years to less than f a few % as power tolerances have decreased (from more accurate measurements by the manufacturers) and lower marketing tolerances including allowances for degradation [1][2]. PV technologies are also now optimised with better low light performance [3]. Predicted energy yields from PV simulation programs have been found to be very dependent on the default loss assumptions and user estimates for module mismatch, soiling, measured/nominal Pmax etc. [4]
{"title":"Energy modelling and rating - (a personal overview)","authors":"S. Ransome","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925329","url":null,"abstract":"There are two main requirements for PV model accuracy - 1) Power Modelling : “Measured vs. predicted PMAX W” at each measurement (under variable weather conditions). 2) Energy Rating : “Measured vs. predicted energy yield (kWh/kWp)” summed over a time period such as 1 year. The relative spread in measured energy yield (kWh/kWp) from systems of different technologies has been reducing over the years to less than f a few % as power tolerances have decreased (from more accurate measurements by the manufacturers) and lower marketing tolerances including allowances for degradation [1][2]. PV technologies are also now optimised with better low light performance [3]. Predicted energy yields from PV simulation programs have been found to be very dependent on the default loss assumptions and user estimates for module mismatch, soiling, measured/nominal Pmax etc. [4]","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"2047-2052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74549677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-08DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925353
T. Shimada, H. Toyota, K. Hirose, Y. Maeda, K. Mitsuda
This paper presents analysis results for the on-orbit performance of a solar array paddle of the X-ray astronomy satellite Suzaku. The current generated by the solar array was decreasing significantly for approximate one year after mid-2011. We estimated the degradation of the output by simulating the on-orbit environment according to the JPL prediction method. The analysis results indicate that the on-orbit degradation of the solar array paddle is greater than the predicted performance degradation in a space environment. We determined that the difference between the on-orbit data and the analysis results could be attributed to either an increase in cell temperature or radiation degradation due to solar flares.
{"title":"On-orbit performance analysis on solar array paddle of X-ray astronomy satellite “Suzaku”","authors":"T. Shimada, H. Toyota, K. Hirose, Y. Maeda, K. Mitsuda","doi":"10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents analysis results for the on-orbit performance of a solar array paddle of the X-ray astronomy satellite Suzaku. The current generated by the solar array was decreasing significantly for approximate one year after mid-2011. We estimated the degradation of the output by simulating the on-orbit environment according to the JPL prediction method. The analysis results indicate that the on-orbit degradation of the solar array paddle is greater than the predicted performance degradation in a space environment. We determined that the difference between the on-orbit data and the analysis results could be attributed to either an increase in cell temperature or radiation degradation due to solar flares.","PeriodicalId":6649,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)","volume":"61 1","pages":"2161-2165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74640413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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