Energy devices with high energy/power density are the need of the day, and to achieve the same, electrolytes with faster ion transport and wider electrochemical stability window are required. Polymer-in-salt electrolytes (PISEs) are predicted to have the better required electrochemical properties in comparison to salt-in-polymer electrolytes (SIPEs), but desired success is still to be achieved due to recrystallization problems. PISEs suffer from poor mechanical and/or electrochemical properties along with aging effects as well; hence, special efforts are required to reduce the crystallinity of PISEs. The present paper discusses a crosslinked corn starch complexed with Mg(ClO4)2 which not only has desired electrochemical properties but is also flexible. XRD study confirms the absence of crystalline nature, without any extra efforts to reduce it. Synthesized PISEs have high conductivity (~0.01 Scm−1), wide ESW (> 3 V), and low relaxation time (µs) along with being economical. Supercapacitors fabricated using this novel PISE with laboratory synthesized activated carbon (from leaves and corn starch) have shown good specific capacitance (~ 20 Fg−1 and ~ 45 Fg−1, respectively). The power density is of the order of kW kg−1, which is quite high in comparison to other reports. The shape of CV and LSV is strongly influenced by the salt concentration, i.e., by the ion-cluster size, and is also affected by the volume/size of the activated carbon pores.
{"title":"Supercapacitor performance of polymer-in-salt electrolyte/water-in-polymer salt electrolyte synthesized by complexing glutaraldehyde crosslinked corn starch with Mg(ClO4)2","authors":"Dipti Yadav, Kamlesh Pandey, Kanak Aggarwal, Neelam Srivastava","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05982-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05982-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy devices with high energy/power density are the need of the day, and to achieve the same, electrolytes with faster ion transport and wider electrochemical stability window are required. Polymer-in-salt electrolytes (PISEs) are predicted to have the better required electrochemical properties in comparison to salt-in-polymer electrolytes (SIPEs), but desired success is still to be achieved due to recrystallization problems. PISEs suffer from poor mechanical and/or electrochemical properties along with aging effects as well; hence, special efforts are required to reduce the crystallinity of PISEs. The present paper discusses a crosslinked corn starch complexed with Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> which not only has desired electrochemical properties but is also flexible. XRD study confirms the absence of crystalline nature, without any extra efforts to reduce it. Synthesized PISEs have high conductivity (~0.01 Scm<sup>−1</sup>), wide ESW (> 3 V), and low relaxation time (µs) along with being economical. Supercapacitors fabricated using this novel PISE with laboratory synthesized activated carbon (from leaves and corn starch) have shown good specific capacitance (~ 20 Fg<sup>−1</sup> and ~ 45 Fg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively). The power density is of the order of kW kg<sup>−1</sup>, which is quite high in comparison to other reports. The shape of CV and LSV is strongly influenced by the salt concentration, i.e., by the ion-cluster size, and is also affected by the volume/size of the activated carbon pores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05979-3
Yongqi Wei, Zhi Ning, Chunhua Sun, Ming Lv, Yechang Liu, Lintao Wang, Shuaijun Wang
The microstructure of the porous anode plays a crucial role in the mass transfer dynamics and electrochemical reaction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), significantly impacting their performance. This paper investigates the effect of microstructure of the porous anode on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction in SOFCs, which addresses the scarcity of research due to the complexity of microstructure modeling, offering supportive information for the structure optimization of SOFCs. Firstly, theoretical deductions of constructing microstructure and simulating mass transfer are conducted. Subsequently, a construction model is established based on the fractional Brownian motion (FBM) model to obtain different microstructures, encompassing various flow pore structures, triple phase boundary (TPB) structures, and inlet structures. Through a finite difference lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the mass transfer is modeled to predict gas molar fraction distributions and calculate concentration overpotentials with different microstructures. Finally, thorough experiments are carried out to analyze the effect of structural parameters on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction. Taking the hydrogen-steam-nitrogen (H2-H2O-N2) ternary mass transfer as an example, the comparison results indicate that complex flow pore structures increase both the distance and resistance of mass transfer. To improve the performance of SOFCs, reducing flow pore complexity and increasing TPB length both mitigate the effect of concentration polarization. Moreover, the change of inlet structure suggests minimal impact on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction.
{"title":"Research on effect of anode microstructures on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction in SOFCs based on a fractional Brownian motion model","authors":"Yongqi Wei, Zhi Ning, Chunhua Sun, Ming Lv, Yechang Liu, Lintao Wang, Shuaijun Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05979-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-024-05979-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The microstructure of the porous anode plays a crucial role in the mass transfer dynamics and electrochemical reaction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), significantly impacting their performance. This paper investigates the effect of microstructure of the porous anode on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction in SOFCs, which addresses the scarcity of research due to the complexity of microstructure modeling, offering supportive information for the structure optimization of SOFCs. Firstly, theoretical deductions of constructing microstructure and simulating mass transfer are conducted. Subsequently, a construction model is established based on the fractional Brownian motion (FBM) model to obtain different microstructures, encompassing various flow pore structures, triple phase boundary (TPB) structures, and inlet structures. Through a finite difference lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the mass transfer is modeled to predict gas molar fraction distributions and calculate concentration overpotentials with different microstructures. Finally, thorough experiments are carried out to analyze the effect of structural parameters on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction. Taking the hydrogen-steam-nitrogen (H<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O-N<sub>2</sub>) ternary mass transfer as an example, the comparison results indicate that complex flow pore structures increase both the distance and resistance of mass transfer. To improve the performance of SOFCs, reducing flow pore complexity and increasing TPB length both mitigate the effect of concentration polarization. Moreover, the change of inlet structure suggests minimal impact on mass transfer and electrochemical reaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05996-2
Li Zhu, Qing-Yun Fang, Si-Tong Liu, Bing Li, Fang Li, Zhen-Guo Guo, Ning Deng, Jian-Bo He
This paper presents the preparation and performance evaluation of two closed-loop nickel-based catalysts. The (hydro)oxide coatings of nickel-molybdenum and nickel-iron were electrodeposited onto industrial nickel meshes, which were subsequently used as the cathode and anode (NiMo@NM and NiFe@NM) in alkaline water electrolysis. Both catalysts formed a fully closed-loop configuration, surrounding each nickel wire on the nickel mesh, thereby enhancing the bonding strength with the substrate. The NiMo@NM||NiFe@NM assembly achieved a current density of 200 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of only 1.91 V and room temperature, maintaining this level of performance for over 280 h. A single-stack flow cell was used to examine the changes in cell voltage in relation to temperature, current density, and electrolyte flow rate and concentration. The specific energy consumption for hydrogen production can be reduced to 4.1 kWh Nm−3 (H2) under near-industrial conditions (70 °C, 6 M KOH, 400 mA cm−2). We hope that this study can help bridge the gap between catalyst studies and practical industrial applications.
本文介绍了两种闭环镍基催化剂的制备和性能评估。镍-钼和镍-铁的(氢)氧化物涂层被电沉积到工业镍网上,随后在碱性水电解中用作阴极和阳极(NiMo@NM 和 NiFe@NM)。两种催化剂都形成了完全闭环的结构,将镍网上的每根镍丝包围起来,从而增强了与基体的结合强度。NiMo@NM||NiFe@NM 组件在电池电压仅为 1.91 V 和室温条件下的电流密度达到了 200 mA cm-2,并在超过 280 小时的时间内保持了这一性能水平。在接近工业化的条件下(70 °C、6 M KOH、400 mA cm-2),制氢的比能耗可降至 4.1 kWh Nm-3 (H2)。我们希望这项研究能帮助缩小催化剂研究与实际工业应用之间的差距。
{"title":"Two closed-loop nickel-based catalysts for use in alkaline water electrolysis under industrial conditions","authors":"Li Zhu, Qing-Yun Fang, Si-Tong Liu, Bing Li, Fang Li, Zhen-Guo Guo, Ning Deng, Jian-Bo He","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05996-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05996-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the preparation and performance evaluation of two closed-loop nickel-based catalysts. The (hydro)oxide coatings of nickel-molybdenum and nickel-iron were electrodeposited onto industrial nickel meshes, which were subsequently used as the cathode and anode (NiMo@NM and NiFe@NM) in alkaline water electrolysis. Both catalysts formed a fully closed-loop configuration, surrounding each nickel wire on the nickel mesh, thereby enhancing the bonding strength with the substrate. The NiMo@NM||NiFe@NM assembly achieved a current density of 200 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> at a cell voltage of only 1.91 V and room temperature, maintaining this level of performance for over 280 h. A single-stack flow cell was used to examine the changes in cell voltage in relation to temperature, current density, and electrolyte flow rate and concentration. The specific energy consumption for hydrogen production can be reduced to 4.1 kWh Nm<sup>−3</sup> (H<sub>2</sub>) under near-industrial conditions (70 °C, 6 M KOH, 400 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>). We hope that this study can help bridge the gap between catalyst studies and practical industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05987-3
Shujian Zhang, Qingdong Zhong, Jian Yang, Dan Wang
The advanced soft magnetic material Fe-Co-Si ternary alloy has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its excellent balanced magnetic properties. When used in an environment where oceans and magnetic fields interact, the corrosion behavior of this alloy is currently not well understood. In this study, immersion experiments and electrochemical tests have been used to explore its corrosion behavior under conditions of no magnetic field, a uniform parallel magnetic field, and a vertical magnetic field with a magnetic field. The results indicate that the presence of a magnetic field accelerates corrosion while suppressing pitting and intergranular corrosion of the alloy. Moreover, compared to the perpendicular magnetic field, the impact is more pronounced when applying a parallel magnetic field due to the synergistic effect of Lorentz force and magnetic field gradient force. Additionally, the presence of Si elements affects the formation of Co oxide passivation film, which reduced the corrosion resistance of the alloy under both magnetic and non-magnetic field conditions. This finding contributes to filling the theoretical gap in the corrosion failure behavior of Fe-Co-Si alloy under magnetic field conditions.
先进的软磁材料铁-钴-硅三元合金因其优异的平衡磁性能而成为近年来的研究热点。在海洋和磁场相互作用的环境中使用时,这种合金的腐蚀行为目前还不十分清楚。本研究采用浸泡实验和电化学测试的方法,探讨了其在无磁场、均匀平行磁场和具有磁场的垂直磁场条件下的腐蚀行为。结果表明,磁场的存在会加速腐蚀,同时抑制合金的点蚀和晶间腐蚀。此外,与垂直磁场相比,由于洛伦兹力和磁场梯度力的协同作用,平行磁场的影响更为明显。此外,硅元素的存在会影响 Co 氧化物钝化膜的形成,从而降低合金在磁场和非磁场条件下的耐腐蚀性。这一发现有助于填补磁场条件下 Fe-Co-Si 合金腐蚀失效行为的理论空白。
{"title":"The corrosion behavior of Fe-Co-Si alloy under magnetic field","authors":"Shujian Zhang, Qingdong Zhong, Jian Yang, Dan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05987-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05987-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The advanced soft magnetic material Fe-Co-Si ternary alloy has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its excellent balanced magnetic properties. When used in an environment where oceans and magnetic fields interact, the corrosion behavior of this alloy is currently not well understood. In this study, immersion experiments and electrochemical tests have been used to explore its corrosion behavior under conditions of no magnetic field, a uniform parallel magnetic field, and a vertical magnetic field with a magnetic field. The results indicate that the presence of a magnetic field accelerates corrosion while suppressing pitting and intergranular corrosion of the alloy. Moreover, compared to the perpendicular magnetic field, the impact is more pronounced when applying a parallel magnetic field due to the synergistic effect of Lorentz force and magnetic field gradient force. Additionally, the presence of Si elements affects the formation of Co oxide passivation film, which reduced the corrosion resistance of the alloy under both magnetic and non-magnetic field conditions. This finding contributes to filling the theoretical gap in the corrosion failure behavior of Fe-Co-Si alloy under magnetic field conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05970-y
Lohit Naik, Vipin Kumar P., V. R. Shetty, S. G. Bubbly, S. B. Gudennavar
In the present work, the indole derivative, namely, 3,3′,3″-methane-triyl-tris-1H-indol (tris-Ind), is synthesized and characterized as an organic electrode material in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (RLIB). The structural characterization of the synthesized molecule is carried out using physicochemical techniques. The ball milling method is used for the lithiation process to form electroactive lithiated tris-Ind (Li-tris-Ind). The electrochemical activity of Li-tris-Ind is measured in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytic media, and the results are compared. The aqueous cell system delivers an average cell potential of 0.76 V with a discharge capacity of 189 mAhg−1, whereas the non-aqueous cell system delivers an average potential of 1 V with 506 mAhg−1. The potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies reveal the kinetics of finite diffusion. The organic electrode shows good cyclic stability and reproducibility in both systems, making it a significant practical material for RLIB applications.
{"title":"Structural engineering on indole derivative for rechargeable organic lithium-ion battery","authors":"Lohit Naik, Vipin Kumar P., V. R. Shetty, S. G. Bubbly, S. B. Gudennavar","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05970-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05970-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present work, the indole derivative, namely, 3,3′,3″-methane-triyl-tris-1H-indol (tris-Ind), is synthesized and characterized as an organic electrode material in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (RLIB). The structural characterization of the synthesized molecule is carried out using physicochemical techniques. The ball milling method is used for the lithiation process to form electroactive lithiated tris-Ind (Li-tris-Ind). The electrochemical activity of Li-tris-Ind is measured in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytic media, and the results are compared. The aqueous cell system delivers an average cell potential of 0.76 V with a discharge capacity of 189 mAhg<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the non-aqueous cell system delivers an average potential of 1 V with 506 mAhg<sup>−1</sup>. The potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies reveal the kinetics of finite diffusion. The organic electrode shows good cyclic stability and reproducibility in both systems, making it a significant practical material for RLIB applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05992-6
Sávio M. Lopes, Thayse R. Silva, Rafael A. Raimundo, Pamala S. Vieira, Allan J. M. Araújo, Fausthon F. da Silva, Ricardo F. Alves, Flavia de M. Aquino, Daniel A. Macedo
The development of new electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is fundamental for water-splitting devices. In this work, a novel composite based on Ca3Co4O9 (C349) and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF) was synthesized and characterized using XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The electrochemical properties were evaluated in a KOH alkaline medium. The composite exhibited exceptional OER electrocatalytic activity, showing an overpotential of 389 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is lower than the pristine BSCF and C349 samples. Tafel slope of 77 mV dec−1 and double-layer capacitance (Cdl) of 4.37 mF were obtained, indicating an ECSA of 109.25 cm2. The composite also demonstrated a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.9 × 10−3 mol O2 s−1, underscoring its superior catalytic efficiency. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the C349 and BSCF samples exhibited greater limitations in charge transfer compared to the composite. These results highlight the composite’s potential as a highly effective OER electrocatalyst, leveraging the synergistic effects of C349 and BSCF.
{"title":"Ca3Co4O9-Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 composite catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Sávio M. Lopes, Thayse R. Silva, Rafael A. Raimundo, Pamala S. Vieira, Allan J. M. Araújo, Fausthon F. da Silva, Ricardo F. Alves, Flavia de M. Aquino, Daniel A. Macedo","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05992-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05992-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of new electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is fundamental for water-splitting devices. In this work, a novel composite based on Ca<sub>3</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> (C349) and Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.8</sub>Fe<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSCF) was synthesized and characterized using XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The electrochemical properties were evaluated in a KOH alkaline medium. The composite exhibited exceptional OER electrocatalytic activity, showing an overpotential of 389 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, which is lower than the pristine BSCF and C349 samples. Tafel slope of 77 mV dec−1 and double-layer capacitance (Cdl) of 4.37 mF were obtained, indicating an ECSA of 109.25 cm<sup>2</sup>. The composite also demonstrated a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.9 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol O<sub>2</sub> s<sup>−1</sup>, underscoring its superior catalytic efficiency. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the C349 and BSCF samples exhibited greater limitations in charge transfer compared to the composite. These results highlight the composite’s potential as a highly effective OER electrocatalyst, leveraging the synergistic effects of C349 and BSCF.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05974-8
Luis Díaz-Ballote, Elsy Tarly Vega-Lizama, Luis Maldonado López, William Santiago González-Gómez
This study assessed tungsten-based materials with and without dispersed CeO2 for potential use as pH sensors. Specifically, three types of tungsten electrodes were characterized: tungsten electrodes without CeO2 but with native oxide, tungsten electrodes without CeO2 that were oxidized, and a tungsten electrode containing dispersed CeO2 that was oxidized, resulting in a mixture of WO3, CeO2, and Ce2O3. The characterization was performed using SEM/EDAX, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical techniques. The oxide coatings showed higher oxygen contents compared to native tungsten. XPS confirmed the presence of a thick layer of WO3 and cerium oxides. The electrodes exhibited good reproducibility and stability in pH measurements. A linear relationship was found between the open circuit potential and pH, with slopes of 44.9, 40.8, and 46.9 mV pH−1 for native oxide, WO3, and WO3 with CeO2 and Ce2O3, respectively. The latter showed the highest sensitivity and lowest hysteresis. The response times ranged from 14.5–23.5 s and were faster in acidic solutions. Overall, the inexpensive tungsten-based electrodes demonstrated promising capabilities for pH sensing, but in particular ceriated tungsten electrodes.
{"title":"Assessing tungsten-based electrodes coated with W and Ce oxides for pH sensing applications","authors":"Luis Díaz-Ballote, Elsy Tarly Vega-Lizama, Luis Maldonado López, William Santiago González-Gómez","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05974-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05974-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assessed tungsten-based materials with and without dispersed CeO<sub>2</sub> for potential use as pH sensors. Specifically, three types of tungsten electrodes were characterized: tungsten electrodes without CeO<sub>2</sub> but with native oxide, tungsten electrodes without CeO<sub>2</sub> that were oxidized, and a tungsten electrode containing dispersed CeO<sub>2</sub> that was oxidized, resulting in a mixture of WO<sub>3</sub>, CeO<sub>2</sub>, and Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The characterization was performed using SEM/EDAX, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical techniques. The oxide coatings showed higher oxygen contents compared to native tungsten. XPS confirmed the presence of a thick layer of WO<sub>3</sub> and cerium oxides. The electrodes exhibited good reproducibility and stability in pH measurements. A linear relationship was found between the open circuit potential and pH, with slopes of 44.9, 40.8, and 46.9 mV pH<sup>−1</sup> for native oxide, WO<sub>3</sub>, and WO<sub>3</sub> with CeO<sub>2</sub> and Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, respectively. The latter showed the highest sensitivity and lowest hysteresis. The response times ranged from 14.5–23.5 s and were faster in acidic solutions. Overall, the inexpensive tungsten-based electrodes demonstrated promising capabilities for pH sensing, but in particular ceriated tungsten electrodes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10008-024-05974-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05990-8
I. Akilan, C. Velmurugan
The flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are revolutionizing the consumer market mandatory due to their versatility, high energy and power density, and lightweight design. The rising demand of expedient electronic and wearable devices has driven the widespread application of these flexible batteries in view of convenience and efficiency for users. The market demand for next-generation devices has incited the innovative investigation on novel flexible lithium-ion batteries to fulfill evolving needs. In this study, the performance of flexible lithium-ion battery made with PLA-graphite/graphite semi-solid electrodes has been investigated. The semi-solid electrodes were prepared by combining the active and conductive electrode materials with the liquid electrolyte. This setup of viscous and thick slurry enabled an efficient movement for all solid particles within the battery with the application of bending, shear, or pressure forces. In order to investigate the battery’s enactment, the heterogeneous 3D model was developed with the consideration of all electrical and electrochemical parameters of semi-solid electrodes. The COMSOL Multiphysics® software was employed for the finite element analysis (FEA) of the governing equations. The specific discharge capacity of the proposed model has been validated with the experimental results under half- and full-cell modes. Furthermore, the deformation characteristics, battery discharge rate, and operating temperature have been examined using the model of flexible electrodes under half- and full-cell modes. The results of this study suggested the level of optimal functional temperature and rate of discharge for the flexible LIB.
{"title":"3D heterogeneous modeling of lithium-ion battery with PLA-graphite/graphite semi-solid flexible electrodes","authors":"I. Akilan, C. Velmurugan","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05990-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05990-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are revolutionizing the consumer market mandatory due to their versatility, high energy and power density, and lightweight design. The rising demand of expedient electronic and wearable devices has driven the widespread application of these flexible batteries in view of convenience and efficiency for users. The market demand for next-generation devices has incited the innovative investigation on novel flexible lithium-ion batteries to fulfill evolving needs. In this study, the performance of flexible lithium-ion battery made with PLA-graphite/graphite semi-solid electrodes has been investigated. The semi-solid electrodes were prepared by combining the active and conductive electrode materials with the liquid electrolyte. This setup of viscous and thick slurry enabled an efficient movement for all solid particles within the battery with the application of bending, shear, or pressure forces. In order to investigate the battery’s enactment, the heterogeneous 3D model was developed with the consideration of all electrical and electrochemical parameters of semi-solid electrodes. The <i>COMSOL Multiphysics®</i> software was employed for the <i>finite element analysis</i> (FEA) of the governing equations. The specific discharge capacity of the proposed model has been validated with the experimental results under half- and full-cell modes. Furthermore, the deformation characteristics, battery discharge rate, and operating temperature have been examined using the model of flexible electrodes under half- and full-cell modes. The results of this study suggested the level of optimal functional temperature and rate of discharge for the flexible LIB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The improvement of the water oxidation capability of bismuth molybdate (BM) with selective metal addition under illumination was examined. BM and its Zn-modified (different atomic %) photoanodes were developed over conducting glass substrate through the cost-effective drop-cast method. The maximum photocurrent of ~ 240 µA/cm2 at an applied potential of 1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl was recorded for the 2% Zn modified sample in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution (PBS, pH 7) under 100 mW/cm2 illuminations. Surface characterizations like scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and optical analysis such as UV–vis absorbance, photoluminescence, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopic analyses were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of the semiconductor. The pure bismuth molybdate shows an optical band gap of ~ 2.78 eV, which decreases for the Zn-modified sample, and a minimum of 2.55 eV is detected for the optimized sample. The XRD analysis also reveals that Zn addition into the bismuth molybdate matrix decreases crystallite size with variation in proportions of the constituent metal oxides. The stability of the semiconductors regarding the PEC water oxidation reaction indicates promising results even under continuous illumination for 1 h. The Mott-Schottky study reveals the n-type nature of the semiconductors, whereas the Nyquist analysis indicates minimum charge transfer resistance for the 2% Zn-BMO sample. The PEC action spectra for the optimized photoanode indicate a maximum of 34% incident photon to current conversion efficiency with corresponding 38% absorbed photon to current conversion efficiency, which is more than three times than that of the pure bismuth molybdate.
研究了在光照下选择性添加金属以提高钼酸铋(BM)的水氧化能力。通过经济有效的滴注法,在导电玻璃基底上开发出了钼酸铋及其锌改性(不同原子%)光阳极。在 0.1 M Na2SO4 溶液(PBS,pH 值为 7)中,在 100 mW/cm2 的照明条件下,2% 的锌修饰样品在 1.3 V 对 Ag/AgCl 的应用电位下记录到的最大光电流为 240 µA/cm2。为了确定半导体的物理化学特性,还进行了表面表征,如扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射、能量色散 X 射线分析,以及光学分析,如紫外-可见吸收率、光致发光、傅立叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱分析。纯钼酸铋的光带隙为 2.78 eV,锌修饰样品的光带隙有所减小,优化样品的光带隙最小为 2.55 eV。XRD 分析还显示,在钼酸铋基体中加入锌后,随着组成金属氧化物比例的变化,晶体尺寸也会减小。Mott-Schottky 研究显示了半导体的 n 型性质,而 Nyquist 分析则表明 2% Zn-BMO 样品的电荷转移电阻最小。优化光阳极的 PEC 作用光谱表明,入射光子与电流的转换效率最高可达 34%,相应的吸收光子与电流的转换效率为 38%,是纯钼酸铋的三倍多。
{"title":"Modifications of bismuth molybdates through selective additions of Zn2+: an efficient photocatalyst for solar-driven water splitting applications","authors":"Swarnendu Baduri, Sangeeta Ghosh, Debasish Ray, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Han-Seung Lee, Chinmoy Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05986-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05986-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The improvement of the water oxidation capability of bismuth molybdate (BM) with selective metal addition under illumination was examined. BM and its Zn-modified (different atomic %) photoanodes were developed over conducting glass substrate through the cost-effective drop-cast method. The maximum photocurrent of ~ 240 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> at an applied potential of 1.3 V vs Ag/AgCl was recorded for the 2% Zn modified sample in 0.1 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution (PBS, pH 7) under 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> illuminations. Surface characterizations like scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and optical analysis such as UV–vis absorbance, photoluminescence, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopic analyses were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of the semiconductor. The pure bismuth molybdate shows an optical band gap of ~ 2.78 eV, which decreases for the Zn-modified sample, and a minimum of 2.55 eV is detected for the optimized sample. The XRD analysis also reveals that Zn addition into the bismuth molybdate matrix decreases crystallite size with variation in proportions of the constituent metal oxides. The stability of the semiconductors regarding the PEC water oxidation reaction indicates promising results even under continuous illumination for 1 h. The Mott-Schottky study reveals the n-type nature of the semiconductors, whereas the Nyquist analysis indicates minimum charge transfer resistance for the 2% Zn-BMO sample. The PEC action spectra for the optimized photoanode indicate a maximum of 34% incident photon to current conversion efficiency with corresponding 38% absorbed photon to current conversion efficiency, which is more than three times than that of the pure bismuth molybdate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s10008-024-05991-7
S. S. Ermakov, K. N. Semenov, D. V. Navolotskaya, O. V. Svetlova, A. Yu. Arbenin, A. A. Petrov
The electrochemical performance of gold electrode in sulfuric acid was studied with addition of different concentrations of dissolved fullerenol-d with C60(OH)24 chemical formula. Based on the cyclic voltammetry data, the conclusion of surface complexation of Au(III) with fullerenol was made. The scheme was suggested to describe the electrode process, based on catalysis of anodic Au dissolution by fullerenol molecules. The technique was suggested to detect fullerenol-d (C60(OH)24) in concentration range from 2.6·10–9 M to 2.0·10–7 M by means of cyclic voltammetry of gold in aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
在硫酸中加入不同浓度的化学式为 C60(OH)24 的溶解富勒烯醇-d,研究了金电极的电化学性能。根据循环伏安数据,得出金(III)与富勒烯醇表面络合的结论。根据富勒烯醇分子对阳极金溶解的催化作用,提出了描述电极过程的方案。通过在硫酸水溶液中对金进行循环伏安法检测富勒烯醇-d(C60(OH)24)的浓度范围为 2.6-10-9 M 至 2.0-10-7 M。
{"title":"Electrochemical performance of gold electrode in aqueous solution, containing fullerenol-d (C60(OH)24): the possibility of direct detection of fullerenol-d in aqueous solutions","authors":"S. S. Ermakov, K. N. Semenov, D. V. Navolotskaya, O. V. Svetlova, A. Yu. Arbenin, A. A. Petrov","doi":"10.1007/s10008-024-05991-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10008-024-05991-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The electrochemical performance of gold electrode in sulfuric acid was studied with addition of different concentrations of dissolved fullerenol-d with C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> chemical formula. Based on the cyclic voltammetry data, the conclusion of surface complexation of Au(III) with fullerenol was made. The scheme was suggested to describe the electrode process, based on catalysis of anodic Au dissolution by fullerenol molecules. The technique was suggested to detect fullerenol-d (C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub>) in concentration range from 2.6·10<sup>–9</sup> M to 2.0·10<sup>–7</sup> M by means of cyclic voltammetry of gold in aqueous sulfuric acid solution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}