Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry最新文献

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging porous polymer material that has been extensively studied and used to develop advanced membranes for rechargeable batteries. Demand-oriented design at the molecular/atomic level to get the optimal separator may be possible thanks to the customizable structure of COFs. For example, their unique porous structure facilitates electrolyte penetration and ion transport, making them ideal for battery separators. More active centers for electrochemical reactions can be added by changing the chemical makeup of COFs. As a result, in the field of LIBs, COFs and their associated composites have been thoroughly and extensively researched. We mainly focus on the synthetic design of COF materials, synthetic methods, and the application of COF materials in lithium separator, modification method design, application prospects in lithium separator, challenges, and improvement strategies which were prospected.

Although lithium-ion batteries are the mainstream choice for batteries, they raise sustainability, safety, and economic concerns that need to be addressed. Lithium resources might be inadequate for the ever-increasing demand, so alternative, relatively abundant and sustainable materials for battery applications are sought. Alternative ionic species, such as sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, and calcium-ion oxides are being explored as next-generation electrode and electrolyte materials beyond lithium-ion technology. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium are far more abundant than lithium, they are cheaper and more sustainable. However, the replacement of lithium with these larger cations does not come without challenges. A major limitation that must be overcome is that they exhibit reduced diffusion kinetics in comparison to lithium. This is of critical importance for the cathode and electrolyte and, hence, the overall performance of the battery. To facilitate faster diffusion coefficients for these larger cations, it is important to accommodate them in appropriate crystal lattices. Furthermore, kinetics can be accelerated using defect engineering strategies. Atomistic simulation is an efficient way to accelerate progress in the quest for efficient post-lithium battery materials. In this review, we discuss recent advances, including the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, in the investigation of sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, and calcium-ion oxides for energy storage applications.

This study presents the fabrication and characterization of fully screen-printed p–n junction diodes based on metal oxide semiconductor inks. The diodes were produced entirely through scalable and low-cost screen-printing techniques on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, employing nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) as the p-type semiconductor and tungsten trioxide (WO₃) as the n-type semiconductor. Unlike many previous reports, which often rely on hybrid approaches incorporating non-printed components or additional post-processing steps, this work demonstrates a fully printed structure, where all layers, including electrodes and semiconductors, are screen-printed. The influence of geometry, ink composition, and processing conditions on diode performance was investigated. Diodes with smaller active areas exhibited better rectification behavior, as increased surface area led to lower resistance and higher current requirements. The optimal ink formulation for the p-type Ni(OH)₂ was found to be a 1:15 weight ratio of Ni precursor to antimony-doped tin oxide particles (ATO), while excess tungsten oxide in the n-type WO₃ inks reduced performance due to surface coverage on conductive particles. Despite challenges such as printing defects, pinholes, and thick semiconductor layers (~ 20–60 μm), the diodes achieved rectification ratios comparable to other printed diodes previously reported in the literature.

Electrolysis using solid polymer electrolyte membranes, such as anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), is a promising technology for electrolysis and organic electrosynthesis. Herein, we report that the A201 membrane, a representative AEM widely used in AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE), exhibits remarkable durability in a wide range of organic solvents. The A201 membrane was soaked in various organic solvents for three weeks, and no significant physical changes, such as swelling and dissolution, were observed. AEMWE using A201 membrane soaked with organic solvents was performed with pure water at a current density of 25 mA cm^–2, enabling smooth electrolysis with reasonable cell voltage within the 2.2 − 2.7 V range. Water electrolysis was also performed using organic solvents while maintaining a relatively small cell voltage for 4 h. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the charge transfer resistance, which revealed that the membrane resistance increased with increasing the polarity of the solvents. The A201 membrane exhibits chemical stability and maintains ionic conductivity in the presence of organic solvents, suggesting its potential suitability for applications in organic electrosynthesis.

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This study explores the feasibility of using platinized titanium electrodes for the electrochemical inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli), with the aim of developing an efficient and sustainable water disinfection method in low ionic strength media similar to what exists in potable water. A comparative analysis between two-electrode and three-electrode configurations revealed the superiority of the three-electrode system in achieving higher current throughput and enhanced bacterial inactivation efficiency. This improvement is attributed to the potentiostat’s ability to compensate for solution resistance (IR drop) through the inclusion of the reference electrode, ensuring more stable and controlled electrochemical conditions. The inactivation of E. coli in various electrolyte solutions followed a logarithmic decay pattern (pseudo first-order), with no significant difference observed among the electrolytes tested, except for sodium chloride. The enhanced bactericidal activity in the presence of NaCl was attributed to the generation of chlorine species. These findings provide insights into optimizing electrochemical disinfection systems and highlight the potential of three-electrode configurations for practical water treatment applications in low-conductivity environments.

Despite its potential for photochemical and photoelectrochemical applications, tungsten trioxide (WO₃) presents limitations due to its wide bandgap and rapid charge carrier recombination. Here, the photoelectrochemical performance of WO₃ films were enhanced by incorporating defect-rich MoO_3-x nanosheets. The WO₃ films were produced using a simple polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) method and subsequently modified with defect-rich MoO_3-x nanosheets, prepared via solvothermal synthesis, by drop-casting. Electronic microscopy revealed that WO₃ exhibited an agglomerated nano-globular structure with several fissures where the MoO_3-x nanosheets were anchored. In terms of photoelectrochemical performance, the optimal WO₃/MoO_3-x film exhibited photocurrent densities of 1.30 ± 0.12 mA cm⁻² and 3.20 ± 0.2 mA cm⁻² under solar simulator and LED 427 nm illumination, respectively, doubling the photocurrent density of bare WO₃. This enhanced performance was attributed to the formation of a type II heterojunction, which facilitates more efficient charge carrier separation and due to the catalytic enhancement for the oxygen evolution reaction provided by MoO_3-x.

In this study, a kinetic and morphological study about the palladium (Pd) electrodeposition onto an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass electrode was investigated. The electrodeposition was carried out in a plating bath containing 0.01 M PdCl₂ and 1 M KCl at pH 6. The predominance diagrams showed that the dominant chemical species was PdCl₄²⁻. Chronoamperometry was employed to analyze the kinetics of Pd electrodeposits within the potential range of -0.300 to -0.650 V, revealing a progressive nucleation process with high nucleation rate values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed to characterize Pd electrodeposits on the ITO substrate. At a potential of -0.350 V, dispersed Pd particles were observed, whereas at -0.450 V, the particle density increased. At -0.550 V, a homogeneous deposit was formed, resulting from the overlapping of Pd nuclei.

To date, owing to high molar conductivity and capacitance, metal sulfide–based electrodes have been constructed for supercapacitor applications. Supercapacitors (SCs) are known for their rapid charge–discharge rate and long-cycle durability. For the first time, a composite including zinc sulfide, nickel sulfide, and nickel disulfide (ZnS-NiS-NiS₂) was successfully produced using a one-pot solvothermal technique for supercapacitor applications in diverse electrolytes. XRD and FT-IR measurements revealed the construction of the prepared composite. SEM and HR-TEM investigations demonstrate that the produced material is possessed spherical. The ZnS-NiS-NiS₂ composite was studied for its specific capacitance in the presence of dissimilar electrolytes. In comparison to Na₂SO₄ (1 M) electrolyte and a blend of KOH (0.5 M)/Na₂SO₄ (1 M) electrolytes, the KOH (0.5 M) electrolyte achieves an exceptional specific capacitance of 179 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹. The ZnS-NiS-NiS₂ electrode preserves 91% of its capacitance across 3000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹ when using KOH (0.5 M) as an electrolyte. The synthesized ZnS-NiS-NiS₂ electrode can be employed in the future development of energy preservation.

Lead acid batteries (LABs) could solve all the problems in renewable energy storage of ultra-large scale (up to GW/TWh) due to their cost-efficiency, reliability and recyclability. The ultra-large scale storage demands large-capacity LABs with enhanced performance. To investigate the impact of plate size and discharge rate on discharge performance of LABs, we have constructed three-dimensional models considering the conductivities of grid and active materials, electrochemical reactions, and mass transfer to simulate galvanostatic discharge processes. The simulations show that inherent electrical resistance causes inhomogeneous distributions of potential and overpotential, which result in uneven reaction rate across the plates that causes even more inhomogeneous distribution of current density, sulfuric acid concentration and depth of discharge. During high-rate discharge of large electrode, the increased ohmic voltage drop, coupled with slow mass transfer of sulfuric acid, causes lower utilization of active materials located at the positions further away from the lug and sulfuric acid stratification. These simulations provide insights for optimizing the design of LABs.

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The goal of this paper is to develop a physical model of energy fluctuations inside electrolyte solutions. The methods used are essentially those of statistical thermodynamics. The key result is an explicit formula for the density of acceptor state energies involved in electron transfer. It is a chi-squared density with one degree-of-freedom. This discovery provides an important correction to the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey theory of electron transfer, which wrongly assumes that the density of energy states in an electrolyte solution is Gaussian.