Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241148
Jia Su, H. Chiang
This paper presents and discusses a new, robust approach for restoring the solvability of power flow equations in power systems. The degenerate stable equilibrium manifold of a non-hyperbolic dynamical system constructed from power system equations is introduced to measure the unsolvability of the power system. The sensitivity based on its energy function is then proposed to estimate mismatch reduction by each control in the power system. Further, a three-stage strategy, including the screening stage, ranking stage, and detailed analysis stage, is presented for power flow recovery. The proposed method can identify the globally optimal solution for a single control measure and a set of highquality solutions for multiple control measures. Additionally, the concept of a user preference control list is introduced, which allows users to directly specify their preference over each control measure. The numerical results for IEEE test systems are presented to analyze and test the performance of the proposed methodology.
{"title":"Toward Calculation of High Quality Control Measures for Unsolvable Power Flows","authors":"Jia Su, H. Chiang","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241148","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents and discusses a new, robust approach for restoring the solvability of power flow equations in power systems. The degenerate stable equilibrium manifold of a non-hyperbolic dynamical system constructed from power system equations is introduced to measure the unsolvability of the power system. The sensitivity based on its energy function is then proposed to estimate mismatch reduction by each control in the power system. Further, a three-stage strategy, including the screening stage, ranking stage, and detailed analysis stage, is presented for power flow recovery. The proposed method can identify the globally optimal solution for a single control measure and a set of highquality solutions for multiple control measures. Additionally, the concept of a user preference control list is introduced, which allows users to directly specify their preference over each control measure. The numerical results for IEEE test systems are presented to analyze and test the performance of the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"69 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76297104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241096
L. Vesce, M. Stefanelli, F. Matteocci, L. Castriotta, E. Lamanna, J. Herterich, F. D. Giacomo, M. Kohlstädt, U. Würfel, A. Carlo
The Building Integration Photovoltaics (BIPV) makes possible the power generation from roofs, windows or facades. The c-Si or a-Si PV cannot fully satisfy aesthetic requirements as transparency and colouring, and facing problems as poor irradiation, shading and temperatures. Among the new generation PV, Perovskite solar cell technology reached top efficiencies in a few years together with a low-cost perspective. Different strategies related to the Perovskite layer (thickness, morphology, mesh-structure, band-gap tuning) and to alternative top-electrodes can be implemented to achieve the semi-transparent feature for BIPV applications. Here the stable triple cation CsMAFA Perovskite is used for the first time in literature to realize a semi-transparent module (about 90% geometrical fill factor) with a highly transparent sputtered ITO top-electrode. The optical and electrical characterizations of the device show an average visible transmittance (AVT) equal to 10% on the module full stack and area, and an efficiency more than 8%. A failure analysis by Dark Lock-In Thermography (DLIT) and Electroluminescence (EL) imaging indicates the route to optimize the PV device. Finally, this work provides a simple method to realize the semi-transparent CsMAFA Perovskite solar module for BIPV.
{"title":"Semi-transparent triple cation Perovskite solar module exceeding 8% efficiency for BIPV applications","authors":"L. Vesce, M. Stefanelli, F. Matteocci, L. Castriotta, E. Lamanna, J. Herterich, F. D. Giacomo, M. Kohlstädt, U. Würfel, A. Carlo","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241096","url":null,"abstract":"The Building Integration Photovoltaics (BIPV) makes possible the power generation from roofs, windows or facades. The c-Si or a-Si PV cannot fully satisfy aesthetic requirements as transparency and colouring, and facing problems as poor irradiation, shading and temperatures. Among the new generation PV, Perovskite solar cell technology reached top efficiencies in a few years together with a low-cost perspective. Different strategies related to the Perovskite layer (thickness, morphology, mesh-structure, band-gap tuning) and to alternative top-electrodes can be implemented to achieve the semi-transparent feature for BIPV applications. Here the stable triple cation CsMAFA Perovskite is used for the first time in literature to realize a semi-transparent module (about 90% geometrical fill factor) with a highly transparent sputtered ITO top-electrode. The optical and electrical characterizations of the device show an average visible transmittance (AVT) equal to 10% on the module full stack and area, and an efficiency more than 8%. A failure analysis by Dark Lock-In Thermography (DLIT) and Electroluminescence (EL) imaging indicates the route to optimize the PV device. Finally, this work provides a simple method to realize the semi-transparent CsMAFA Perovskite solar module for BIPV.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76463375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241158
Domenica M. Conenna, M. G. Fadda, Ciro Boccarrato, Fabia Gasparotto, M. Pietrucci
Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are widely used in power systems due to their ability to provide fast responses and high controllability. Among ESS technologies, supercapacitor-based ESS are especially suitable for ultra-fast power intensive application. This paper presents the results from the field testing of a 0. 675MW / 0.017 MWh supercapacitor-based ESS installed in Terna’s HV substation in Codrongianos (Sardinia). Performance tests and special operation modes, e.g. black start and islanding, have been investigated. Also, a new functionality to proper manage the State Of Charge (SOC) is implemented.
{"title":"Features and functionalities of a supercapacitorbased storage system to support the Italian transmission grid","authors":"Domenica M. Conenna, M. G. Fadda, Ciro Boccarrato, Fabia Gasparotto, M. Pietrucci","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241158","url":null,"abstract":"Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are widely used in power systems due to their ability to provide fast responses and high controllability. Among ESS technologies, supercapacitor-based ESS are especially suitable for ultra-fast power intensive application. This paper presents the results from the field testing of a 0. 675MW / 0.017 MWh supercapacitor-based ESS installed in Terna’s HV substation in Codrongianos (Sardinia). Performance tests and special operation modes, e.g. black start and islanding, have been investigated. Also, a new functionality to proper manage the State Of Charge (SOC) is implemented.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85295405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241208
P. Piedimonte, F. Centurelli, F. Palma
CMOS technology has been extensively used for the realization of image sensors at Terahertz frequencies. The explanation of its strong efficiency was usually given invoking a mechanism described by the plasma wave detection theory. This model predicts that, when a high frequency potential is applied between gate and source electrodes of a MOSFET, oscillations of the 2D electron gas, located in the inversion layer, converts THz radiation into a DC voltage. Recently, we developed a new model of the self-mixing rectification process occurring in the depleted portion of a semiconductors crossed by a radiofrequency electric field. We studied both the new double barrier structure and the extensively used depleted region in MOS. In this paper, on the light of these new results, we review the theory of the THz detection in a MOS-FET structure. For a comparison with the former approach, we notice that the volume of interaction between free carriers and the RF electric field considered in this model is much higher that the volume considered in the plasma wave model. Technology Computer-Aided Design software simulations, using the Harmonic Balance analysis, will be adopted as evaluation tool. This consideration suggests that self-mixing effect may be more relevant in determining the rectification process. In the authors opinion, this approach substantially improves understanding of the THz rectification in semiconductors and in particular in MOS-FET structures.
{"title":"A revision of the theory of THz detection by MOSFET in the light of the self-mixing model","authors":"P. Piedimonte, F. Centurelli, F. Palma","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241208","url":null,"abstract":"CMOS technology has been extensively used for the realization of image sensors at Terahertz frequencies. The explanation of its strong efficiency was usually given invoking a mechanism described by the plasma wave detection theory. This model predicts that, when a high frequency potential is applied between gate and source electrodes of a MOSFET, oscillations of the 2D electron gas, located in the inversion layer, converts THz radiation into a DC voltage. Recently, we developed a new model of the self-mixing rectification process occurring in the depleted portion of a semiconductors crossed by a radiofrequency electric field. We studied both the new double barrier structure and the extensively used depleted region in MOS. In this paper, on the light of these new results, we review the theory of the THz detection in a MOS-FET structure. For a comparison with the former approach, we notice that the volume of interaction between free carriers and the RF electric field considered in this model is much higher that the volume considered in the plasma wave model. Technology Computer-Aided Design software simulations, using the Harmonic Balance analysis, will be adopted as evaluation tool. This consideration suggests that self-mixing effect may be more relevant in determining the rectification process. In the authors opinion, this approach substantially improves understanding of the THz rectification in semiconductors and in particular in MOS-FET structures.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84353218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241093
G. Marco Tina, C. Ventura, D. Stefanelli
The consequence of increasing the use of large amount of renewable non programmable generation capability (wind and PV systems) as well as extreme weather events or, more in general, changing environmental conditions, will have significant impacts on future power systems, in particular on the power system adequacy and on the resiliency assessment. Climate change has changed and will continue to affect both the energy demand and the available generation capacity. For instance, high demand for extreme heat or cold phenomena can determine the presence of critical operating conditions from the point of view of power system adequacy. Meteorological variables, therefore, are essential inputs to study key dimensions that must be kept under close observation to correctly manage the power systems. In this context, the aim of this paper is to propose models to generate profiles of the main meteorological variables (irradiance, wind speed, ambient temperature) considering their interdependence, suitable for adequacy and resilience analysis. In this paper, two models are proposed for the generation of the hourly daily radiation profiles based on statistical data: one is based on data probability distributions and the other on the clear sky solar radiation. Moreover, since climatic variables are interdependent, to generate the hourly temperature profiles a model based on the irradiance profile and the monthly mean daily minimum and maximum hourly temperatures is developed. The temperature is generated starting from the measured data and from irradiance data generated using the two approaches here proposed. Then, the persistence of low and high temperature situations and number of consecutive clear and cloudy days considering measured and simulated data is analysed.
{"title":"Meteorological probabilistic models for power system adequacy and resiliency assessment","authors":"G. Marco Tina, C. Ventura, D. Stefanelli","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241093","url":null,"abstract":"The consequence of increasing the use of large amount of renewable non programmable generation capability (wind and PV systems) as well as extreme weather events or, more in general, changing environmental conditions, will have significant impacts on future power systems, in particular on the power system adequacy and on the resiliency assessment. Climate change has changed and will continue to affect both the energy demand and the available generation capacity. For instance, high demand for extreme heat or cold phenomena can determine the presence of critical operating conditions from the point of view of power system adequacy. Meteorological variables, therefore, are essential inputs to study key dimensions that must be kept under close observation to correctly manage the power systems. In this context, the aim of this paper is to propose models to generate profiles of the main meteorological variables (irradiance, wind speed, ambient temperature) considering their interdependence, suitable for adequacy and resilience analysis. In this paper, two models are proposed for the generation of the hourly daily radiation profiles based on statistical data: one is based on data probability distributions and the other on the clear sky solar radiation. Moreover, since climatic variables are interdependent, to generate the hourly temperature profiles a model based on the irradiance profile and the monthly mean daily minimum and maximum hourly temperatures is developed. The temperature is generated starting from the measured data and from irradiance data generated using the two approaches here proposed. Then, the persistence of low and high temperature situations and number of consecutive clear and cloudy days considering measured and simulated data is analysed.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91176702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241134
R. Bonanno, M. Lacavalla
In this work, a feasibility study of an alert system for predicting the failure of underground distribution cables in urban areas was assessed. In recent years, energy distribution utilities have observed a significant increase in the frequency of outages on underground cables, mostly concentrated in urban areas. The definition of an alert system for this type of outages required to have failures/outages provided by distribution power utilities. A first case study for the city of Milan was considered where power fault events were made available to us for the period 2012-2015. The availability of meteorological data was also of crucial importance, both in the atmosphere and on variables such as soil temperature and soil moisture in order to highlight the correlations with the outages. All these variables could be found as outputs of the forecast and meteorological reanalysis models currently in use in RSE. The influence of electricity demand on faults was also assessed by analyzing the Actual Load data published by TERNA, which can be considered a proxy for estimating the load for the urban area of Milan. Finally, other variables that could be correlated with the fault data were also considered, such as the skin temperature of a typical underground conductor with circulating current or other atmospheric variables for the identification of summer heat waves (e.g. the 2m air temperature). Once the correlations between the failures and the variables mentioned above have been assessed, a statistical model was finally developed on the city of Milan, to provide an estimate of the daily rate of failures with relative associated uncertainties. This model demonstrates a fairly good explained variance (about 50%) and shows how the variables that influence most the prediction of failures are associated with the Actual Load, air temperature and deeper soil moisture. This work is preparatory to the implementation of an alert system for predicting critical situations that may lead to widespread failures of underground power lines. To this end, however, a strong synergy with the distribution utilities is necessary to obtain other time series of faults also in other Italian urban areas.
{"title":"A feasibility analysis aimed at defining an alert system for Distribution MV Underground Cables","authors":"R. Bonanno, M. Lacavalla","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241134","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a feasibility study of an alert system for predicting the failure of underground distribution cables in urban areas was assessed. In recent years, energy distribution utilities have observed a significant increase in the frequency of outages on underground cables, mostly concentrated in urban areas. The definition of an alert system for this type of outages required to have failures/outages provided by distribution power utilities. A first case study for the city of Milan was considered where power fault events were made available to us for the period 2012-2015. The availability of meteorological data was also of crucial importance, both in the atmosphere and on variables such as soil temperature and soil moisture in order to highlight the correlations with the outages. All these variables could be found as outputs of the forecast and meteorological reanalysis models currently in use in RSE. The influence of electricity demand on faults was also assessed by analyzing the Actual Load data published by TERNA, which can be considered a proxy for estimating the load for the urban area of Milan. Finally, other variables that could be correlated with the fault data were also considered, such as the skin temperature of a typical underground conductor with circulating current or other atmospheric variables for the identification of summer heat waves (e.g. the 2m air temperature). Once the correlations between the failures and the variables mentioned above have been assessed, a statistical model was finally developed on the city of Milan, to provide an estimate of the daily rate of failures with relative associated uncertainties. This model demonstrates a fairly good explained variance (about 50%) and shows how the variables that influence most the prediction of failures are associated with the Actual Load, air temperature and deeper soil moisture. This work is preparatory to the implementation of an alert system for predicting critical situations that may lead to widespread failures of underground power lines. To this end, however, a strong synergy with the distribution utilities is necessary to obtain other time series of faults also in other Italian urban areas.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90245818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241084
F. Ferrazza, Fabio Cacciotto, S. De Simone, S. Rapisarda, C. Adragna
Reduction of EMI content of a power converter is a very important phase of the design of a commercial product. To do so, passive filtering can be used, but both the efficiency and volume constraints can be affected. Applying artificial frequency modulation techniques that spread the noise energy over a wider range of frequencies and, consequently, reducing the peak of the interfering signal is a proven approach for EMI reduction. These techniques are commonly implemented in fixed frequency converters, but the same benefits can also be achieved in variable frequency converters. This article describes the validation, implementation and verification of different techniques to obtain frequency modulation in boundary mode power converters.
{"title":"Implementation of artificial frequency modulation in boundary mode power converters for EMI reduction","authors":"F. Ferrazza, Fabio Cacciotto, S. De Simone, S. Rapisarda, C. Adragna","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241084","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction of EMI content of a power converter is a very important phase of the design of a commercial product. To do so, passive filtering can be used, but both the efficiency and volume constraints can be affected. Applying artificial frequency modulation techniques that spread the noise energy over a wider range of frequencies and, consequently, reducing the peak of the interfering signal is a proven approach for EMI reduction. These techniques are commonly implemented in fixed frequency converters, but the same benefits can also be achieved in variable frequency converters. This article describes the validation, implementation and verification of different techniques to obtain frequency modulation in boundary mode power converters.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87623815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241180
G. Donnini, E. Carlini, M. Caprabianca, F. Quaglia, Alessandro Greco, Lucrezia Promutico, V. Rossetti, M. Falvo, Giulio La Pera
The present paper deals with storage resources optimization strategies to be adopted in the context of the European Electricity Markets by the Italian Transmission System Operator (TSO), in order to exploit, as much as possible, existing and future storage resources. The state-of-the-art of grid-scale storage technologies deployment in Italy is provided. Then, a critical review of a large set of existing optimization algorithms proposed in literature is presented, with a main focus on pumping hydro optimization approaches, since this is the predominant storage technology available in Italy today. Having not found an approach that perfectly fits with the Italian Transmission System Operator, considering the structure of the electricity markets and the operational planning processes, a new approach is proposed to cope with these requirements.
{"title":"Weekly Storage Optimization by the Italian Transmission System Operator","authors":"G. Donnini, E. Carlini, M. Caprabianca, F. Quaglia, Alessandro Greco, Lucrezia Promutico, V. Rossetti, M. Falvo, Giulio La Pera","doi":"10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/AEIT50178.2020.9241180","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with storage resources optimization strategies to be adopted in the context of the European Electricity Markets by the Italian Transmission System Operator (TSO), in order to exploit, as much as possible, existing and future storage resources. The state-of-the-art of grid-scale storage technologies deployment in Italy is provided. Then, a critical review of a large set of existing optimization algorithms proposed in literature is presented, with a main focus on pumping hydro optimization approaches, since this is the predominant storage technology available in Italy today. Having not found an approach that perfectly fits with the Italian Transmission System Operator, considering the structure of the electricity markets and the operational planning processes, a new approach is proposed to cope with these requirements.","PeriodicalId":6689,"journal":{"name":"2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT)","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89198431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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