Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330833
Zhou Shi, Xiaodong Sun, Yanling Liu, Weiqi Zhou
To improve the stability of hub drive electric vehicle, the fault-tolerant control algorithm of five-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor is studied in this paper. A Model predicate current control (MPCC) algorithm with pre-selection and duty cycle is designed for 5-phase PMSHM in different operations. The model of 5-phase PMSHM in fault operations is discussed and coordinate transformation matrix in single-fault, adjacent two phases fault, and nonadjacent two phases fault operations are deduced, respectively. The proposed fault-tolerant model predictive current control can deal with a difference of current fault operations, effectively. Thus, the stability of the hub drive system is improved.
{"title":"Fault-Tolerant Model Predictive Current Control of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Hub Motor Considering Current Constraints","authors":"Zhou Shi, Xiaodong Sun, Yanling Liu, Weiqi Zhou","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330833","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the stability of hub drive electric vehicle, the fault-tolerant control algorithm of five-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor is studied in this paper. A Model predicate current control (MPCC) algorithm with pre-selection and duty cycle is designed for 5-phase PMSHM in different operations. The model of 5-phase PMSHM in fault operations is discussed and coordinate transformation matrix in single-fault, adjacent two phases fault, and nonadjacent two phases fault operations are deduced, respectively. The proposed fault-tolerant model predictive current control can deal with a difference of current fault operations, effectively. Thus, the stability of the hub drive system is improved.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"138 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73468013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The output power quality of the train traction inverter is tightly coupled with the working state of the inverter insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). This paper analyzes the specific harmonic component characteristics of the stator current in the open-circuit fault state of the inverter IGBT, and an intelligent diagnosis method for the open-circuit fault of the train traction inverter IGBT is proposed. This method combines the Hilbert transform and the wavelet package transform, which can accurately extract the fault characteristics of the signal for fault identification. The inverter simulation model and experimental platform are built, and the proposed method for IGBT open-circuit fault diagnosis is simulated and experimentally studied. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed open-circuit fault diagnosis method for IGBT.
{"title":"Research on Output Power Quality and Fault Characteristics of Train Traction Inverter","authors":"Pankui Yang, Jianqiang Liu, Hui Dong, Chuan Liu, Xiaoyong Li, Bin Jiang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330880","url":null,"abstract":"The output power quality of the train traction inverter is tightly coupled with the working state of the inverter insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). This paper analyzes the specific harmonic component characteristics of the stator current in the open-circuit fault state of the inverter IGBT, and an intelligent diagnosis method for the open-circuit fault of the train traction inverter IGBT is proposed. This method combines the Hilbert transform and the wavelet package transform, which can accurately extract the fault characteristics of the signal for fault identification. The inverter simulation model and experimental platform are built, and the proposed method for IGBT open-circuit fault diagnosis is simulated and experimentally studied. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed open-circuit fault diagnosis method for IGBT.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"735 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78767639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330836
Silvia Colnago, M. Mauri, L. Piegari
Hybrid electric vehicles are considered to be the future of the mobility, in particular fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are believed to be a promising solution. As for every hybrid system, a good energy management strategy is fundamental to improve the efficiency and preserve the sources. This paper presents a new, simple energy management strategy, developed for the IEEE VTS Motor Challenge 2020, an international contest focused on the energy management of a fuel cell/ lead acid battery/ ultracapacitor electric vehicle.
{"title":"Energy Management Strategy for a Fuel cell/Lead acid battery/ Ultracapacitor hybrid electric vehicle","authors":"Silvia Colnago, M. Mauri, L. Piegari","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330836","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid electric vehicles are considered to be the future of the mobility, in particular fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are believed to be a promising solution. As for every hybrid system, a good energy management strategy is fundamental to improve the efficiency and preserve the sources. This paper presents a new, simple energy management strategy, developed for the IEEE VTS Motor Challenge 2020, an international contest focused on the energy management of a fuel cell/ lead acid battery/ ultracapacitor electric vehicle.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72685363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330936
Chen Ke, Guo Wei, Gan Weiwei, W. Wentao, Hou Zhaowen
Electric locomotives are required to operate at low constant speed when loading heavy cargo pack. A low constant speed control strategy for heavy haul locomotives based on variable parameter PI regulator is proposed in this paper. Acceleration and speed signals of the vehicle motor are obtained by a Luenberger observer, to correct parameters of the torque PI controller. And the alternating current electric locomotives adopt the indirect stator-quantities control strategy to achieve low constant speed control. Experiments are carried out on vehicles, the lowest speed of the vehicle is set at 0. 5km/h and the speed error is less than 0.1km/h. Results show that the proposed control strategy achieves intended purpose and promise application values.
{"title":"Low constant speed control of heavy haul electric locomotives based on variable parameter PI Regulator","authors":"Chen Ke, Guo Wei, Gan Weiwei, W. Wentao, Hou Zhaowen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330936","url":null,"abstract":"Electric locomotives are required to operate at low constant speed when loading heavy cargo pack. A low constant speed control strategy for heavy haul locomotives based on variable parameter PI regulator is proposed in this paper. Acceleration and speed signals of the vehicle motor are obtained by a Luenberger observer, to correct parameters of the torque PI controller. And the alternating current electric locomotives adopt the indirect stator-quantities control strategy to achieve low constant speed control. Experiments are carried out on vehicles, the lowest speed of the vehicle is set at 0. 5km/h and the speed error is less than 0.1km/h. Results show that the proposed control strategy achieves intended purpose and promise application values.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"127 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84960453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330885
Yongliang Li, Changlu Zhao, Ying Huang, Xu Wang, Fen Guo, Long Yang
Aiming at the problem of regenerative braking energy recovery control for extended range electric vehicles, a front-rear braking force distribution strategy that maximizes braking energy recovery is proposed on the premise of ensuring vehicle braking stability and safety in this paper; then a regenerative braking energy recovery strategy based on fuzzy control is designed. In addition, the membership function of the fuzzy controller is optimized by particle swarm optimization with taking the braking energy recovery rate as the target. Finally, a quasi-static model of the whole vehicle simulation is established on the Simulink-Cruise joint simulation platform, and the simulation is performed under the NEDC, FTP72 and Ja1015 operating conditions. The simulation results show that the designed regenerative braking energy recovery control strategy has an energy recovery rate of 53.5%, 43.9% and 56.1% in the above three operating conditions, and the battery charging power does not exceed the maximum charging power in the extended range mode, proving a good control performance.
{"title":"Study on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy for Extended Range Electric Vehicles","authors":"Yongliang Li, Changlu Zhao, Ying Huang, Xu Wang, Fen Guo, Long Yang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330885","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the problem of regenerative braking energy recovery control for extended range electric vehicles, a front-rear braking force distribution strategy that maximizes braking energy recovery is proposed on the premise of ensuring vehicle braking stability and safety in this paper; then a regenerative braking energy recovery strategy based on fuzzy control is designed. In addition, the membership function of the fuzzy controller is optimized by particle swarm optimization with taking the braking energy recovery rate as the target. Finally, a quasi-static model of the whole vehicle simulation is established on the Simulink-Cruise joint simulation platform, and the simulation is performed under the NEDC, FTP72 and Ja1015 operating conditions. The simulation results show that the designed regenerative braking energy recovery control strategy has an energy recovery rate of 53.5%, 43.9% and 56.1% in the above three operating conditions, and the battery charging power does not exceed the maximum charging power in the extended range mode, proving a good control performance.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85242715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330941
M. Carrasco, A. López-de-Heredia, I. Villar
This paper presents a comparison of two fault-tolerant control strategies in order to ensure a good performance after an open-phase fault. The analysed strategies are Minimum Losses (ML) and Maximum Torque (MT), which are compared analytically and in simulation, in terms of stator copper losses and achievable torque. This analysis has been carried out under two different conditions: maintain post-fault torque as in pre-fault operation or maintain post-fault phase current under the rated value. Both fault-tolerant control strategies have been validated and compared in Matlab/Simulink tool in the full speed operation range, considering a nine-phase IPMSM with symmetric and Fractional Slot Concentrated windings (FSCW).
{"title":"Comparison of Fault-tolerant control strategies for a nine-phase IPMSM-FSCW","authors":"M. Carrasco, A. López-de-Heredia, I. Villar","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330941","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparison of two fault-tolerant control strategies in order to ensure a good performance after an open-phase fault. The analysed strategies are Minimum Losses (ML) and Maximum Torque (MT), which are compared analytically and in simulation, in terms of stator copper losses and achievable torque. This analysis has been carried out under two different conditions: maintain post-fault torque as in pre-fault operation or maintain post-fault phase current under the rated value. Both fault-tolerant control strategies have been validated and compared in Matlab/Simulink tool in the full speed operation range, considering a nine-phase IPMSM with symmetric and Fractional Slot Concentrated windings (FSCW).","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76712764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330915
Bảo-Huy Nguyễn, J. Trovão, Samir Jemeϊ, L. Boulon, A. Bouscayrol
This paper proposes a challenge on the development of energy management strategy (EMS) for a dual-motor all-wheel drive (AWD) electric vehicle (EV). This challenge follows the success of the previous four IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge 2017-2020. The challenge welcomes participants from both academic and industrial sectors. An urban EV available at the University of Sherbrooke is used as a reference. The AWD traction configuration is considered as a combination of two electrical machines installed in the front and rear axles of the vehicle. Their associated inverters are supplied by a Lithium-ion battery. The objective of the challenge is the EMS that leads to the minimal state-of-charge of the battery for a given driving cycle A downloadable MATLAB/Simulink model and control of the vehicle organized by using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) are provided. The top-scored participated teams will be distinguished and invited to present their EMSs in a special session of the IEEE-VPPC 2021.
{"title":"IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge 2021 - Energy Management of A Dual-Motor All-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle","authors":"Bảo-Huy Nguyễn, J. Trovão, Samir Jemeϊ, L. Boulon, A. Bouscayrol","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330915","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a challenge on the development of energy management strategy (EMS) for a dual-motor all-wheel drive (AWD) electric vehicle (EV). This challenge follows the success of the previous four IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge 2017-2020. The challenge welcomes participants from both academic and industrial sectors. An urban EV available at the University of Sherbrooke is used as a reference. The AWD traction configuration is considered as a combination of two electrical machines installed in the front and rear axles of the vehicle. Their associated inverters are supplied by a Lithium-ion battery. The objective of the challenge is the EMS that leads to the minimal state-of-charge of the battery for a given driving cycle A downloadable MATLAB/Simulink model and control of the vehicle organized by using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) are provided. The top-scored participated teams will be distinguished and invited to present their EMSs in a special session of the IEEE-VPPC 2021.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81158530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330908
Josu Olmos, I. Gandiaga, D. Lopez, Xabier Larrea, T. Nieva, I. Aizpuru
This study analyzes the life cycle costs of railway projects involving hybrid diesel-electric multiple units, focusing on the influence of lithium-ion battery technologies and energy management strategies. Specifically, 3 lithium-ion battery technologies and 6 energy management strategies are proposed, leading to a sensitivity analysis composed of 18 cases. In addition, for each case an approach for the optimal sizing of the diesel generator and lithium-ion battery is proposed. A scenario based on a real railway line is introduced and the results are compared to a traditional diesel-electric multiple unit. Potential life cycle cost savings of 16.0% are obtained when deploying a global optimization-based energy management strategy and LTO batteries.
{"title":"In-depth Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Li-ion Battery-based Hybrid Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit","authors":"Josu Olmos, I. Gandiaga, D. Lopez, Xabier Larrea, T. Nieva, I. Aizpuru","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330908","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the life cycle costs of railway projects involving hybrid diesel-electric multiple units, focusing on the influence of lithium-ion battery technologies and energy management strategies. Specifically, 3 lithium-ion battery technologies and 6 energy management strategies are proposed, leading to a sensitivity analysis composed of 18 cases. In addition, for each case an approach for the optimal sizing of the diesel generator and lithium-ion battery is proposed. A scenario based on a real railway line is introduced and the results are compared to a traditional diesel-electric multiple unit. Potential life cycle cost savings of 16.0% are obtained when deploying a global optimization-based energy management strategy and LTO batteries.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85516847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330886
E. Hittinger, A. Bouscayrol, E. Castex
In this work, we search for the lowest-Net Present Cost (NPC) charging infrastructure plan for a university campus. The campus expects an ongoing shift towards EVs and wants to supply zero-carbon electricity for EVs as a way to manage the emissions of vehicles coming to campus. We study what infrastructure the university would want to build and when, given factors like project economy of scale (suggesting larger projects) and cost declines in most technologies over time (suggesting delaying deployment). Results suggest that the economic balance between these factors calls for large expansion projects with 5-15 years in between, with each new expansion of a larger scale than the previous one, and a tendency to delay projects to reduce NPC. While this analysis was focused on a university campus, the same challenges apply to cities or nations converting to EV fleets and suggests that “lumpy” infrastructure additions may be a logical response to continual adoption to EVs.
{"title":"Economics of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in a Campus Setting","authors":"E. Hittinger, A. Bouscayrol, E. Castex","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330886","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we search for the lowest-Net Present Cost (NPC) charging infrastructure plan for a university campus. The campus expects an ongoing shift towards EVs and wants to supply zero-carbon electricity for EVs as a way to manage the emissions of vehicles coming to campus. We study what infrastructure the university would want to build and when, given factors like project economy of scale (suggesting larger projects) and cost declines in most technologies over time (suggesting delaying deployment). Results suggest that the economic balance between these factors calls for large expansion projects with 5-15 years in between, with each new expansion of a larger scale than the previous one, and a tendency to delay projects to reduce NPC. While this analysis was focused on a university campus, the same challenges apply to cities or nations converting to EV fleets and suggests that “lumpy” infrastructure additions may be a logical response to continual adoption to EVs.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"155 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86044414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330924
J. A. López-Ibarra, Haizea Gaztañnaga, J. Anttila, P. Rahkola, M. Ranta, M. Pihlatie
The main research areas on electro mobility converge from the same simulation tool as research method, the power flow simulation model. The simulation of electric buses is fast and relatively accurate way for energy efficiency studies. This is the reaso that a validated model with real data from an electric bus is crucial. This paper aims to develop a methodology for validating the power train model of a vehicle. A sequential approach has been proposed starting from the dynamometer speed and acceleration profiles determination from the dynamometer. Taking the dynamometer data as a reference the backward model wheel forces constants and powertrain efficiencies are determined. Finally, once the bakcward model has been validated the forward model is validated using the backward model as a reference.
{"title":"Electric Bus Forward and Backward Models Validation Methodology Based on Dynamometer Tests Measurements","authors":"J. A. López-Ibarra, Haizea Gaztañnaga, J. Anttila, P. Rahkola, M. Ranta, M. Pihlatie","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330924","url":null,"abstract":"The main research areas on electro mobility converge from the same simulation tool as research method, the power flow simulation model. The simulation of electric buses is fast and relatively accurate way for energy efficiency studies. This is the reaso that a validated model with real data from an electric bus is crucial. This paper aims to develop a methodology for validating the power train model of a vehicle. A sequential approach has been proposed starting from the dynamometer speed and acceleration profiles determination from the dynamometer. Taking the dynamometer data as a reference the backward model wheel forces constants and powertrain efficiencies are determined. Finally, once the bakcward model has been validated the forward model is validated using the backward model as a reference.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73173517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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