Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330918
J. Cao, Xiaoyong Zhang, P. Rao, Shuai Zhou, Feng-wu Zhou, Qing Zhang
In the paper, a three-phase Delta-Delta LLC resonant converter is introduced. Furthermore, the characteristics of resonant tank without or with phase-shedding are analyzed based on FHA method. Finally, the performance of a 16kW DC/DC converter designed for 750V input and 150V output is evaluated and peak efficiency up to 98.9% is implemented.
{"title":"Design of Three-Phase Delta-Delta LLC Resonant Converter","authors":"J. Cao, Xiaoyong Zhang, P. Rao, Shuai Zhou, Feng-wu Zhou, Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330918","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, a three-phase Delta-Delta LLC resonant converter is introduced. Furthermore, the characteristics of resonant tank without or with phase-shedding are analyzed based on FHA method. Finally, the performance of a 16kW DC/DC converter designed for 750V input and 150V output is evaluated and peak efficiency up to 98.9% is implemented.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79914906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330968
E. Masclef, E. Castex, S. Miaux, A. Bouscayrol, L. Boulon
The CUMIN interdisciplinary programme aims to develop electro-mobility on a French campus. An international team, eCAMPUS, has been developed to extend this programme to other campuses. In order to co-construct this project with campus users, an electro-mobility Living Lab is implemented. This Living Lab is unique and innovative because it is common to the two sites studied by the eCAMPUS team: the main campus of the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières in Canada and the campus of the Cité Scientifique of the Université de Lille in France. The development phases of this living Lab are discussed in this paper. It aims to identify and analyse the different dimensions of electro-mobility while involving users in the electrification of mobility on their campus. To do so, the Living Lab relies on the social acceptability process and sees it as a long-term consultation process.
{"title":"The electro-mobility Living Lab developped by eCAMPUS","authors":"E. Masclef, E. Castex, S. Miaux, A. Bouscayrol, L. Boulon","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330968","url":null,"abstract":"The CUMIN interdisciplinary programme aims to develop electro-mobility on a French campus. An international team, eCAMPUS, has been developed to extend this programme to other campuses. In order to co-construct this project with campus users, an electro-mobility Living Lab is implemented. This Living Lab is unique and innovative because it is common to the two sites studied by the eCAMPUS team: the main campus of the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières in Canada and the campus of the Cité Scientifique of the Université de Lille in France. The development phases of this living Lab are discussed in this paper. It aims to identify and analyse the different dimensions of electro-mobility while involving users in the electrification of mobility on their campus. To do so, the Living Lab relies on the social acceptability process and sees it as a long-term consultation process.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"224 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80080321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330899
F. Tournez, R. Vincent, W. Lhomme, A. Richert, A. Bouscayrol, M. Ahmed, B. Lemaire-Semail, A. Lievre
The transformations of conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-powered vehicles into electrified vehicles are of growing interest. The retrofit hybridization of a Peugeot 308 SW passenger car is studied. For this purpose, a complete hybridization system is added to the rear axle of the vehicle. As a result, the control of the initial ICE-powered vehicle has to be updated. The aim of this paper is to deduce the potential fuel saving thanks to this hybridization. The simulation results show an energy saving of at least 9% and potential consumption reduction on a Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC).
{"title":"Fuel saving of rear based retrofit hybridization from front based engine vehicle","authors":"F. Tournez, R. Vincent, W. Lhomme, A. Richert, A. Bouscayrol, M. Ahmed, B. Lemaire-Semail, A. Lievre","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330899","url":null,"abstract":"The transformations of conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-powered vehicles into electrified vehicles are of growing interest. The retrofit hybridization of a Peugeot 308 SW passenger car is studied. For this purpose, a complete hybridization system is added to the rear axle of the vehicle. As a result, the control of the initial ICE-powered vehicle has to be updated. The aim of this paper is to deduce the potential fuel saving thanks to this hybridization. The simulation results show an energy saving of at least 9% and potential consumption reduction on a Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC).","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"146 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80551284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330959
Jin Zhang, Ya-Xiong Wang, Hongwen He, Yao Wang
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) appears as a green energy to solve the environmental and energy problems in the automotive industry. Temperature changes in PEMFC affect fuel cell’s efficiency and lifetime. If the stack temperature is too low, the electrochemical reaction rate slows down, leading to inefficiency and shortening the working life of the stack. However, too high stack temperature may dry the membrane and decrease proton conductivity, or even destroy the membrane. Therefore, to avoid stack temperature fluctuations and maintain proper stack temperature, a thermal management-oriented model of the vehicular water-cooled PEMFC is presented, which is based on electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics. A PI associated with an ON/OFF feedback controller is designed to control the output mass flow rates of the circulating water pump and the radiator fans. To test the efficacy of the proposed model and controller, different load currents including typical driving cycles are applied. The results indicate that the stack temperature well tracks the reference temperature, and the temperature difference of cooling water in and out of the stack is less than 6°C.
{"title":"Active Thermal Management for an Automotive Water-Cooled Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell by Using Feedback Control","authors":"Jin Zhang, Ya-Xiong Wang, Hongwen He, Yao Wang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330959","url":null,"abstract":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) appears as a green energy to solve the environmental and energy problems in the automotive industry. Temperature changes in PEMFC affect fuel cell’s efficiency and lifetime. If the stack temperature is too low, the electrochemical reaction rate slows down, leading to inefficiency and shortening the working life of the stack. However, too high stack temperature may dry the membrane and decrease proton conductivity, or even destroy the membrane. Therefore, to avoid stack temperature fluctuations and maintain proper stack temperature, a thermal management-oriented model of the vehicular water-cooled PEMFC is presented, which is based on electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics. A PI associated with an ON/OFF feedback controller is designed to control the output mass flow rates of the circulating water pump and the radiator fans. To test the efficacy of the proposed model and controller, different load currents including typical driving cycles are applied. The results indicate that the stack temperature well tracks the reference temperature, and the temperature difference of cooling water in and out of the stack is less than 6°C.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90265569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330909
Xiao Ju, Yuan Cheng, Mingliang Yang, K. Yao, Ling Ding, S. Cui
In the early design stage of electric drive system, electric machine performance and controller performance usually cannot be considered at the same time. The torque and speed range of traction machine is large, and the harmonic loss caused by current harmonic generated by PWM power supply will not be ignored. The working point of electric vehicle traction machine changes frequently. The current harmonics vary with the working point because the electric machine magnetic field saturation degree is different. In order to solve this problem, a simulation model for fast prediction of harmonic current at each working point is established in this paper. Firstly, the analytical models of SiC device and machine loss are analyzed. Then, based on the experimental prototype parameters, the finite element model of the machine is established, and the dq axes current of different working points are extracted. Based on the field circuit coupling method, a system level simulation analysis model is built, which can realize the current harmonic extraction and loss calculation at different working points. Finally, the effectiveness of the model is verified by selecting the corresponding work points. The results show that the optimized switching frequency can further reduce the system loss. Compared with the traditional Si devices, the high switching frequency of SiC is beneficial to further reduce the harmonic loss.
{"title":"Loss analysis and calculation of IPMSM with SiC inverter based on field circuit coupling method","authors":"Xiao Ju, Yuan Cheng, Mingliang Yang, K. Yao, Ling Ding, S. Cui","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330909","url":null,"abstract":"In the early design stage of electric drive system, electric machine performance and controller performance usually cannot be considered at the same time. The torque and speed range of traction machine is large, and the harmonic loss caused by current harmonic generated by PWM power supply will not be ignored. The working point of electric vehicle traction machine changes frequently. The current harmonics vary with the working point because the electric machine magnetic field saturation degree is different. In order to solve this problem, a simulation model for fast prediction of harmonic current at each working point is established in this paper. Firstly, the analytical models of SiC device and machine loss are analyzed. Then, based on the experimental prototype parameters, the finite element model of the machine is established, and the dq axes current of different working points are extracted. Based on the field circuit coupling method, a system level simulation analysis model is built, which can realize the current harmonic extraction and loss calculation at different working points. Finally, the effectiveness of the model is verified by selecting the corresponding work points. The results show that the optimized switching frequency can further reduce the system loss. Compared with the traditional Si devices, the high switching frequency of SiC is beneficial to further reduce the harmonic loss.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84771582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330869
Ramy Georgious, Sarah Saeed, Jorge García, P. García
This work explores the use of dual-carrier switching modulation schemes for bidirectional buck-boost converters. The buck-boost scheme is utilized as the power converter topology to interface a storage system to a DC-link in electrical vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This topology has the ability to protect the energy storage devices in case of the short-circuit fault at the DC-link. The proposed control strategy decreases the switching losses of the converter under the standard modulation scheme, and also improves the dynamic response of the system by adjusting the static characteristics. The target control is validated through simulations.
{"title":"Switching Schemes of the Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter for Energy Storage System","authors":"Ramy Georgious, Sarah Saeed, Jorge García, P. García","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330869","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the use of dual-carrier switching modulation schemes for bidirectional buck-boost converters. The buck-boost scheme is utilized as the power converter topology to interface a storage system to a DC-link in electrical vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This topology has the ability to protect the energy storage devices in case of the short-circuit fault at the DC-link. The proposed control strategy decreases the switching losses of the converter under the standard modulation scheme, and also improves the dynamic response of the system by adjusting the static characteristics. The target control is validated through simulations.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"204 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80310939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330903
S. Chada, Ankith Purbai, D. Görges, Achim Ebert, R. Teutsch
This paper proposes an ecological adaptive cruise control (EACC) strategy to minimize the energy consumption of an electric vehicle using two linear model predictive controllers (MPCs). In the absence of a preceding vehicle, the first MPC uses the upcoming traffic light signal phase and timing (SPaT) information to track an optimal green-wave velocity to reach the next traffic light signal during green phase. For the preceding vehicle in range scenario, the second MPC follows the leading vehicle by maintaining a desired inter-vehicle distance and strictly adheres to road speed limits. If the upcoming traffic light signal phase is changing to red, the controller uses the SPaT information to plan an energy-efficient stop near the traffic light signal. To evaluate the performance of the proposed strategy, both controllers are tested in a realistic scenario against a baseline controller and furthermore their energy saving benefits are explored. Finally, investigations on computation time reveal that the proposed strategy is capable for online implementation.
{"title":"Ecological Adaptive Cruise Control for Urban Environments using SPaT Information","authors":"S. Chada, Ankith Purbai, D. Görges, Achim Ebert, R. Teutsch","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330903","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an ecological adaptive cruise control (EACC) strategy to minimize the energy consumption of an electric vehicle using two linear model predictive controllers (MPCs). In the absence of a preceding vehicle, the first MPC uses the upcoming traffic light signal phase and timing (SPaT) information to track an optimal green-wave velocity to reach the next traffic light signal during green phase. For the preceding vehicle in range scenario, the second MPC follows the leading vehicle by maintaining a desired inter-vehicle distance and strictly adheres to road speed limits. If the upcoming traffic light signal phase is changing to red, the controller uses the SPaT information to plan an energy-efficient stop near the traffic light signal. To evaluate the performance of the proposed strategy, both controllers are tested in a realistic scenario against a baseline controller and furthermore their energy saving benefits are explored. Finally, investigations on computation time reveal that the proposed strategy is capable for online implementation.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"6 2 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78621397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330889
E. Amaya, H. Chiacchiarini, C. D. Angelo
Hybrid energy storage systems can be designed to satisfy energy requirements of the vehicle while keeping operating and degradation costs at a minimum. The IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge proposed by IEEE VTS in 2020 is focused on minimizing the operation and degradation costs of the Electrical Chain Components Evaluation vehicle (ECCE). The vehicle includes a fuel cell, battery and ultracapacitors as power and energy sources and reservoirs. This work proposes an energy management system based on behavior rules oriented to solve the proposed problem. The work describes the implemented rules, the reasons of its existence, and the obtained simulation results. This strategy was ranked in third place.
{"title":"Energy Managment System Designed for Reducing Operational Costs of a Hybrid Fuel Cell-Battery-Ultracapacitor Vehicle","authors":"E. Amaya, H. Chiacchiarini, C. D. Angelo","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330889","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid energy storage systems can be designed to satisfy energy requirements of the vehicle while keeping operating and degradation costs at a minimum. The IEEE VTS Motor Vehicles Challenge proposed by IEEE VTS in 2020 is focused on minimizing the operation and degradation costs of the Electrical Chain Components Evaluation vehicle (ECCE). The vehicle includes a fuel cell, battery and ultracapacitors as power and energy sources and reservoirs. This work proposes an energy management system based on behavior rules oriented to solve the proposed problem. The work describes the implemented rules, the reasons of its existence, and the obtained simulation results. This strategy was ranked in third place.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"81 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76000153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330863
J. Zelic, Luka Novaković, Ivana Klindo, G. Gruosso
The spread of electric vehicles is strongly connected to the development of new charging technologies and their impact on the electricity distribution networks. This impact can be of different types: uncoordinated power absorption from the electricity grid, introduction of disturbances due to battery chargers, uncontrolled use of charging systems as a source of energy, interference with protection devices, creation of sub-nets powered by the battery even in the event of disconnection from the grid. It becomes important to have a test scenario where these strategies can be implemented. In this paper a framework based on Hardware in The loop (HIL) simulations is presented for the study of the impact of charging technologies on power grids, protections and as a test environment for coordination and supervision algorithms.
{"title":"Hardware in the loop Framework for analysis of Impact of Electrical Vehicle Charging Devices on Distribution network","authors":"J. Zelic, Luka Novaković, Ivana Klindo, G. Gruosso","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330863","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of electric vehicles is strongly connected to the development of new charging technologies and their impact on the electricity distribution networks. This impact can be of different types: uncoordinated power absorption from the electricity grid, introduction of disturbances due to battery chargers, uncontrolled use of charging systems as a source of energy, interference with protection devices, creation of sub-nets powered by the battery even in the event of disconnection from the grid. It becomes important to have a test scenario where these strategies can be implemented. In this paper a framework based on Hardware in The loop (HIL) simulations is presented for the study of the impact of charging technologies on power grids, protections and as a test environment for coordination and supervision algorithms.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"359 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76418215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330861
Berk Celik, A. Verdicchio, T. Letrouvé
This paper presents an optimum renewable energysources (RES) and energy storage system (ESS) sizing for multiple railway substations. The sizing is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem which aims to optimize three objective functions: load shaving, RES and ESS capacities. Load shaving level of substation is defined as the percentage of power consumption reduction compared to maximum peak power demand. The formulated problem is solved using memetic algorithm for several load shaving levels in five railway substations in France. Results showed that 50% load shaving can be achieved with an affordable installation while high resource capacities are required for islanding.
{"title":"Sizing of renewable energy and storage resources in railway substations according to load shaving level","authors":"Berk Celik, A. Verdicchio, T. Letrouvé","doi":"10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an optimum renewable energysources (RES) and energy storage system (ESS) sizing for multiple railway substations. The sizing is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem which aims to optimize three objective functions: load shaving, RES and ESS capacities. Load shaving level of substation is defined as the percentage of power consumption reduction compared to maximum peak power demand. The formulated problem is solved using memetic algorithm for several load shaving levels in five railway substations in France. Results showed that 50% load shaving can be achieved with an affordable installation while high resource capacities are required for islanding.","PeriodicalId":6851,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72775982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：