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A Review: On Smart Materials Based on Some Polysaccharides; within the Contextual Bigger Data, Insiders, “Improvisation” and Said Artificial Intelligence Trends 基于多糖的智能材料研究进展背景下的大数据、内部人士、“即兴”和人工智能趋势
Pub Date : 2019-04-04 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2019.102004
S. Rebouillat, F. Pla
Smart Materials are along with Innovation attributes and Artificial Intelligence among the most used “buzz” words in all media. Central to their practical occurrence, many talents are to be gathered within new contextual data influxes. Has this, in the last 20 years, changed some of the essential fundamental dimensions and the required skills of the actors such as providers, users, insiders, etc.? This is a preliminary focus and prelude of this review. As an example, polysaccharide materials are the most abundant macromolecules present as an integral part of the natural system of our planet. They are renewable, biodegradable, carbon neutral with low environmental, health and safety risks and serve as structural materials in the cell walls of plants. Most of them are used, for many years, as engineering materials in many important industrial processes, such as pulp and papermaking and manufacture of synthetic textile fibres. They are also used in other domains such as conversion into biofuels and, more recently, in the design of processes using polysaccharide nanoparticles. The main properties of polysaccharides (e.g. low density, thermal stability, chemical resistance, high mechanical strength…), together with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, durability and uniformity, allow their use for manufacturing smart materials such as blends and composites, electroactive polymers and hydrogels which can be obtained 1) through direct utilization and/or 2) after chemical or physical modifications of the polysaccharides. This paper reviews recent works developed on polysaccharides, mainly on cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin, chitosans, alginates, and their by-products (blends and composites), with the objectives of manufacturing smart materials. It is worth noting that, today, the fundamental understanding of the molecular level interactions that confer smartness to polysaccharides remains poor and one can predict that new experimental and theoretical tools will emerge to develop the necessary understanding of the structure-property-function relationships that will enable polysaccharide-smartness to be better understood and controlled, giving rise to the development of new and innovative applications such as nanotechnology, foods, cosmetics and medicine (e.g. controlled drug release and regenerative medicine) and so, opening up major commercial markets in the context of green chemistry.
智能材料与创新属性和人工智能一起成为所有媒体中最常用的“热门”词汇。对于它们的实际发生来说,许多人才将在新的上下文数据流中聚集。在过去的20年里,这是否改变了供应商、用户、内部人员等参与者的一些基本维度和所需技能。?这是本次审查的初步重点和前奏。例如,多糖材料是作为地球自然系统的一个组成部分存在的最丰富的大分子。它们可再生、可生物降解、碳中和的,环境、健康和安全风险低,可作为植物细胞壁的结构材料。多年来,它们中的大多数被用作许多重要工业过程的工程材料,如纸浆和造纸以及合成纺织纤维的制造。它们还用于其他领域,如转化为生物燃料,以及最近使用多糖纳米颗粒的工艺设计。多糖的主要特性(如低密度、热稳定性、耐化学性、高机械强度…),以及它们的生物相容性、生物降解性、功能性、耐用性和均匀性,使它们能够用于制造智能材料,如共混物和复合物,其可以1)通过直接利用和/或2)在多糖的化学或物理修饰后获得。本文综述了近年来在多糖方面的研究进展,主要是在纤维素、半纤维素、甲壳素、壳聚糖、褐藻酸盐及其副产物(共混物和复合物)方面,目的是制造智能材料。值得注意的是,如今,对赋予多糖智能的分子水平相互作用的基本理解仍然很差,可以预测,新的实验和理论工具将出现,以发展对结构-性质-功能关系的必要理解,从而使多糖智能得到更好的理解和控制,促进了纳米技术、食品、化妆品和医学(如控制药物释放和再生医学)等新的创新应用的发展,在绿色化学的背景下开辟了主要的商业市场。
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引用次数: 9
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium ampeloprasum Leaves Extract and Its Antifungal Activity 蒜叶提取物合成纳米银及其抗真菌活性研究
Pub Date : 2019-01-09 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2019.101002
Samiyah Saeed Al-Zahrani, S. Al-Garni
Development of natural based nanomaterial immense interest of researchers involved in eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. This research set out to investigate the potential of Allium ampeloprasum leaves extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and evaluate their antifungal activity against some toxigenic strains of Aspergillus isolates. In order to achieve this, AgNPs were prepared using plant extracts at room temperature and the formation of AgNPs was visually detected after the color changed to dark brown within few minutes. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using the UV-vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of AgNPs with a maximum peak at 437 nm due to the Plasmon resonance. The main active reduction agents were detected by Fourier Transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antifungal activity of AgNPs was investigated by agar well diffusion method, which revealed inhibition zones of 8 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, 11 mm and 14 mm against Aspergillus flavus 1, A. parasiticus, A. flavus 2, A. ochraceus, and A. niger. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined using micro broth dilution method. MIC values of AgNPs ranged from 652 - 2500 μg/ml. The fungi treated with AgNPs, were examined with (SEM), it was observed that the treated fungi were damaged. These results suggest that AgNPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach to control toxigenic fungi.
天然纳米材料的开发对参与纳米颗粒生态友好生物合成的研究人员产生了极大的兴趣。本研究旨在研究大葱叶提取物合成银纳米颗粒(AgNPs)的潜力,并评估其对曲霉菌分离株的抗真菌活性。为了实现这一点,在室温下使用植物提取物制备AgNPs,并在几分钟内颜色变为深棕色后目视检测AgNPs的形成。使用UV-vis光谱对生物合成的AgNPs进行表征,其证实了由于等离子体共振而在437nm处形成具有最大峰值的AgNPs。用傅立叶透射红外光谱(FTIR)对主要活性还原剂进行了检测。此外,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纳米颗粒进行了表征。通过琼脂扩散法研究了AgNPs的抗真菌活性,发现其对黄曲霉1、寄生曲霉、黄曲霉2、赭曲霉和黑曲霉的抑制区分别为8mm、10mm、11mm、11mm和14mm。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。AgNPs的MIC值在652-2500μg/ml之间。用扫描电镜(SEM)检查用AgNPs处理的真菌,观察到处理后的真菌受到损伤。这些结果表明,AgNPs有潜力作为一种理想的环保方法来控制产毒真菌。
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引用次数: 9
Antimicrobial and Catalytic Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) Leaves Extract 月桂叶提取物制备绿色纳米银的抗菌和催化活性
Pub Date : 2019-01-09 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2019.101003
A. Al-Ghamdi
In this study, bay laurel extract (BLE) used as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The green-prepared AgNPs investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Formation of AgNPs monitored at ambient temperature by a change in color from the starting solution to dark brown. Green synthesis AgNps were investigated for antimicrobial activity. The microorganisms employed were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. lbicans and Aspergillus. The susceptibility of microorganisms against the six AgNPs solutions was determined using the disk diffusion method. The catalytic activity of the prepared AgNPs (sample, d) for basic brown 1 dye was investigated. The results showed the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak of the AgNPs appeared at approximately 415 - 440 nm. XRD revealed peaks at 38.2, 44.16, 64.24 and 77.22 Ɵ, and the intensity of these peaks enhanced when using microwave curing compared to ambient temperature. SEM and TEM results showed that the silver nano particles have a spherical shape and the particle size for samples is less than 34 nm. FTIR spectroscopy measurements showed the binding of organic compounds on the surface of the silver nanoparticles. Highest antibacterial activity was enhanced with increasing of AgNPs dose and with increasing of extract ration against most of microorganisms except. Removal of basic brown 1 dye by the prepared AgNPs indicated complete dye removal after 8 h.
在本研究中,月桂提取物(BLE)作为还原剂和封端剂用于合成银纳米颗粒(AgNPs)。使用紫外-可见光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、能量分散X射线扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对绿色制备的AgNPs进行了研究。通过从起始溶液到深棕色的颜色变化在环境温度下监测AgNP的形成。研究了绿色合成AgNps的抗菌活性。所用的微生物有大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳杆菌和曲霉菌。使用圆盘扩散法测定微生物对六种AgNPs溶液的易感性。研究了所制备的AgNPs(样品,d)对碱性棕色1染料的催化活性。结果表明,AgNPs的特征表面等离子体共振峰出现在415-440nm附近。XRD显示在38.2、44.16、64.24和77.22Ɵ处有峰,与环境温度相比,使用微波固化时这些峰的强度增强。SEM和TEM结果表明,银纳米粒子呈球形,样品的粒径小于34nm。FTIR光谱测量显示有机化合物结合在银纳米颗粒的表面上。随着AgNPs用量的增加和提取物比例的增加,对除外的大多数微生物的最高抗菌活性均增强。制备的AgNPs对碱性棕色1染料的去除表明8小时后染料完全去除。
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引用次数: 8
Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies on the Bio Adsorption of Textile Industrial Effluents onto Chitosan Nanoparticle from Macolor Niger (White Snapper) 壳聚糖纳米颗粒对纺织工业废水生物吸附的等温线和热力学研究
Pub Date : 2019-01-09 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2019.101001
Gokulalakshmi Elayaperumal, Bhaskaran Sathyapriya, M. Chinnathambi
Fish scale wastes are generally discarded in the environment through fish processing industries and local market vendors. It is one of the excellent and efficient renewable bioproducts. Consequently, a number of bioactive compounds have been identified including bioactive peptides, collagen, chitosan, and gelatin which are commercially marketed. The current study involves the extraction and generation of chitosan nanoparticles from fish scales. The synthesized chitosan nanosubstances were categorized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The viability of utilizing fish scales as an economical bio-adsorbent for elimination of textile dye was studied on industrial effluent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the dye adsorption of chitosan nanoparticles before and after the dye treatment. With chitosan nanoparticle treatment of the textile effluents, removal of COD was improved to 80% and the turbidity removal efficiency was improved up to 90%. Thus, the present study provides an excellent bio-adsorbent chitosan nanoparticle generated from fish scales which have potential application as an adsorbent in bioremediation like wastewater treatment.
鱼鳞废物一般通过鱼类加工业和当地市场摊贩丢弃在环境中。它是一种优良、高效的可再生生物制品。因此,许多生物活性化合物已被确定,包括生物活性肽、胶原蛋白、壳聚糖和明胶,并已上市销售。目前的研究涉及从鱼鳞中提取和制备壳聚糖纳米颗粒。利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对合成的壳聚糖纳米物质进行了分类。研究了鱼鳞作为一种经济的生物吸附剂在工业废水中去除纺织染料的可行性。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了壳聚糖纳米颗粒在染料处理前后对染料的吸附性能。壳聚糖纳米颗粒处理纺织废水,COD去除率可达80%,浊度去除率可达90%。因此,本研究为鱼鳞制备的壳聚糖纳米颗粒提供了一种优良的生物吸附剂,在废水处理等生物修复中具有潜在的应用前景。
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引用次数: 2
Peristaltic Blood Flow with Gold Nanoparticles on a Carreau Nanofluid through a Non-Darcian Porous Medium Carreau纳米流体上金纳米粒子在非达西多孔介质中的潜血流动
Pub Date : 2018-10-08 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2018.94019
N. Eldabe, G. Moatimid, A. El-shekhipy, N. F. Aballah
The article investigates the influences of a variable thermal conductivity and wall slip on a peristaltic motion of Carreau nanofluid. The model is concerned with heat and mass transfer inside asymmetric channel. The blood is considered as the base Carreau non-Newtonian fluid and gold (Au) as nanoparticles stressed upon. The Fronchiener effect of the non-Darcian medium is taken in consideration. The system is stressed upon a strong magnetic field and the Hall currents are completed. The problem is modulated mathematically by a system of non-linear partial differential equations which describe the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration. The system is reformulated under the approximation of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. It is solved on using multi-step differential transform method (Ms-DTM) as a semi-analytical method. A gold nanoparticle has increased the temperature distribution which is of great importance in destroying the cancer cells.
本文研究了变导热系数和壁面滑移对卡罗纳米流体蠕动运动的影响。该模型考虑了非对称通道内的传热传质问题。血液被认为是非牛顿流体,而金(Au)被认为是纳米粒子。考虑了非达西介质的弗朗奇纳效应。系统在强磁场的作用下,霍尔电流完成。这个问题是由一个描述流体速度、温度和浓度的非线性偏微分方程系统在数学上调制的。在长波长低雷诺数近似下,对系统进行了重新表述。采用多步微分变换法(Ms-DTM)作为半解析方法进行求解。金纳米粒子增加了温度分布,这对消灭癌细胞非常重要。
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引用次数: 10
Synthetic Three-Dimensional Scaffold for Application in the Regeneration of Bone Tissue 三维合成支架在骨组织再生中的应用
Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2018.94016
D. J. Coletta, L. Missana, Talita Martins, M. V. Jammal, Luciano Andrés García, Nayla Farez, Tomas De Glee, J. Issa, S. Feldman
Bone tissue engineering aims to use biodegrade able scaffolds to replace damaged tissue. This scaffold must be gradually degraded and replaced by tissue as similar as possible to the original one. In this work a hybrid porous scaffold containing chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol and bioactive glass was successfully obtained and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The scaffold presented satisfactory pore size range and open interconnected pores, which are essential for tissue ingrowth. A cytotoxicity assay showed that this biomaterial allows adequate cell viability, so that it was considered suitable for an in vivo experiment. Promising results were obtained with the implant of the scaffold in an experimental model of a New Zealand rabbit femur bone lesion. Clinical and biochemical parameters measured such as complete blood count, total serum proteins, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were similar between animals in the control group at all time periods studied. Histological and histometric studies showed that the scaffold was coated with a cement-like substance, exhibiting many areas of mineralized structures. Very few osteocyte-like cells or lining-like cells were found inside the amorphous mineralized deposit. In vivo results allow us to consider this scaffold as a promising biomaterial to be applied in bone tissue engineering.
骨组织工程旨在使用可生物降解的支架来替代受损的组织。这种支架必须逐渐降解,并被与原始支架尽可能相似的组织所取代。本研究成功制备了一种含有壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和生物活性玻璃的杂化多孔支架,并用扫描电镜对其进行了表征。支架具有良好的孔径范围和开放的相互连接的孔,这是组织向内生长所必需的。细胞毒性试验表明,这种生物材料允许足够的细胞活力,因此它被认为适合体内实验。在新西兰兔大腿骨病变实验模型中植入支架获得了令人满意的结果。临床生化指标如全血细胞计数、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶在研究的各个时期对照组动物之间相似。组织学和组织计量学研究表明,支架被一种水泥样物质覆盖,显示出许多矿化结构区域。在无定形矿化沉积物中很少发现骨细胞样细胞或衬里样细胞。体内实验结果使我们认为这种支架是一种很有前途的生物材料,可以应用于骨组织工程。
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引用次数: 2
Surface Modification of PEEK and Its Osteoconductivity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties PEEK的表面改性及其骨导性和抗炎性能
Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2018.93013
K. Kuroda, Kenta Igarashi, H. Kanetaka, M. Okido
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is known as one of the “super-engineering plastics” and is used as an intervertebral disk spacer in the body. PEEK has a hydrophobic surface (water contact angle (WCA) > 80°) and high chemical resistance, and it is thus difficult to perform any surface treatment, such as hydrophilization. In this study, we aimed to form a hydrophilic surface on PEEK without coating layers by using hydroprocessing (aqueous solution processing), and we examined the osteoconductivity and anti-inflammatory properties of surface-treated PEEK in vivo compared with Ti implants. The WCA value of PEEK reached ~20° using a combination of immersion in a solution of >16.2 M H2SO4 and ultraviolet irradiation (172 nm). In in vivo testing, the hydrophilization of PEEK by surface modification without a coating layer improved the osteoconductivity and anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between the bone-implant contact ratio and the WCA values of the surface-modified PEEK agreed well with that of the surface-treated Ti.
聚醚醚酮(PEEK)被称为“超级工程塑料”之一,被用作体内的椎间盘垫片。PEEK具有疏水性表面(水接触角(WCA)>80°)和高耐化学性,因此很难进行任何表面处理,如亲水化。在本研究中,我们旨在通过加氢处理(水溶液处理)在PEEK上形成亲水性表面,而不需要涂层,并与Ti植入物相比,我们在体内检测了表面处理的PEEK的骨传导性和抗炎特性。将PEEK浸入>16.2M H2SO4的溶液中并进行紫外线照射(172nm),其WCA值达到~20°。在体内测试中,PEEK在没有涂层的情况下通过表面改性的亲水化改善了骨传导性和抗炎特性。表面改性PEEK的骨-植入物接触比与WCA值之间的关系与表面处理Ti的关系非常一致。
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引用次数: 9
Three Dimensional In Vitro Culture of Murine Secondary Follicles in a Defined Synthetic Matrix 小鼠次生卵泡在特定合成基质中的体外三维培养
Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2018.93014
Md. Asaduzzman, X. Cui, Hu Zhang, F. Young
Ovarian follicle growth in three dimensional (3D) matrices in vitro has limitations: a) matrices don’t expand as follicles grow, b) requirements for enzyme-mediated retrieval, and c) animal-derived components prevent clinical application. Therefore, we evaluated N-Isopropylacrylamide (SFX-1), a novel synthetic 3D culture matrix, for follicle culture. Groups of three murine secondary follicles were encapsulated in 50 μL of DMEM/F12-1%ITS-10%FCS (DMEM/F12) or SFX-1 (3:2 v/v DMEM/F12) or Matrigel (1:1 DMEM/F12) and cultured for 48 h. Matrigel contains growth factors but SFX-1 has no animal-derived factors. Each culture condition was examined in 6 wells containing 18 follicles, in four replicate experiments (n = 4). Photomicrographs were used to determine follicle diameters and morphological integrity. Follicles were Live-Dead (LD) stained or disaggregated to generate cells for viability assessment using Trypan Blue (TB). Estradiol, progesterone and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in conditioned media were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunoassay. All culture conditions supported similar increases in follicle diameter. DMEM/F12 did not maintain morphological integrity which prevented follicle retrieval after 48 h; 25% were retrieved from DMEM/F12, but 44% and 41% follicles were retrieved from SFX-1 and Matrigel respectively. Follicles retrieved from Matrigel could not be disaggregated, which prevented TB viability assessment. LD estimations of viable cells/follicle were lower than TB, but culture conditions had no effect on viability; SFX-1 64% ± 8% and DMEM/F12 69% ± 9%. SFX-1 and Matrigel supported similar levels of progesterone synthesis, only Matrigel supported estrogen synthesis, but none of the culture conditions supported AMH production. SFX-1 was not cytotoxic and was comparable to Matrigel. Further development of SFX-1 for use with human follicles is supported.
卵巢卵泡在体外三维(3D)基质中生长存在局限性:a)基质不随卵泡生长而膨胀,b)需要酶介导的检索,c)动物源性成分妨碍临床应用。因此,我们评估了n -异丙基丙烯酰胺(SFX-1),一种新的合成3D培养基质,用于卵泡培养。将3组小鼠次级卵泡包埋于50 μL DMEM/F12-1% its -10% fcs (DMEM/F12)或SFX-1 (3:2 v/v DMEM/F12)或Matrigel (1:1 DMEM/F12)中,培养48 h。Matrigel含有生长因子,SFX-1不含动物源性因子。每种培养条件分别在6个含有18个卵泡的孔中进行4次重复实验(n = 4)。利用显微照片测定卵泡直径和形态完整性。对卵泡进行活死(LD)染色或分解,生成细胞,用台盼蓝(TB)进行活力评估。采用酶联免疫法测定条件培养基中的雌二醇、黄体酮和抗苗勒管激素(AMH)。所有培养条件都支持类似的卵泡直径增加。DMEM/F12未保持形态完整性,导致48 h后无法取出卵泡;从DMEM/F12中提取25%的卵泡,从SFX-1和Matrigel中分别提取44%和41%的卵泡。从Matrigel提取的卵泡不能分解,这阻碍了结核病生存能力的评估。活细胞/卵泡的LD值低于TB,但培养条件对活细胞/卵泡的存活率没有影响;SFX-1 64%±8%,DMEM/F12 69%±9%。SFX-1和Matrigel支持相似水平的黄体酮合成,只有Matrigel支持雌激素合成,但没有培养条件支持AMH的产生。SFX-1无细胞毒性,与Matrigel相当。支持SFX-1用于人类卵泡的进一步开发。
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引用次数: 6
Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of α and β Wollastonite Bioceramics Soaked in a Simulated Body Fluid α和β硅灰石生物陶瓷在模拟体液中的生物活性评价
Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2018.93015
L. A. Núñez-Rodríguez, M. A. Encinas-Romero, A. Gómez-Álvarez, J. Valenzuela-García, Guillermo C. Tiburcio-Munive
Dense natural wollastonite bioceramics (CaSiO3) were prepared by a sintering method, varying the pressing load and sintering temperature, in order to obtain different phases of wollastonite, and different physical properties in the materials. The products were characterized by TGA-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, TEM and XPS techniques. The results indicate the presence of two polymorphic phases of wollastonite, the β-wollastonite and α-wollastonite with a transition temperature of the β phase to α phase at approximately 1250℃. These materials were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) during 1, 2 and 3 weeks, to study their solubility and bioactivity. The effect of different wollastonite phases on the solubility of Ca and Si, as well as the capacity of producing layers of “newly formed apatite” on the surfaces of these materials in SBF solution were analyzed.
采用烧结法制备了致密的天然硅灰石生物陶瓷(CaSiO3),通过改变压制载荷和烧结温度,获得了硅灰石不同相、不同物性的材料。采用tg - dta、XRD、FT-IR、SEM-EDS、TEM和XPS等技术对产物进行了表征。结果表明,硅灰石存在β-硅灰石和α-硅灰石两种多晶相,β相向α相转变温度约为1250℃。将这些材料在模拟体液(SBF)中浸泡1、2和3周,研究其溶解度和生物活性。分析了硅灰石不同相对Ca和Si溶解度的影响,以及在SBF溶液中硅灰石材料表面生成“新形成的磷灰石”层的能力。
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引用次数: 13
Discovery of Unusual Highly Branched Galactomannan from Seeds of Desmanthus illinoensis 从伊氏Desmanthus illinoensis种子中发现一种罕见的高支链半乳甘露聚糖
Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.4236/JBNB.2018.92009
M. Tako, Y. Tamaki, T. Teruya
A galactomannan was isolated from seeds of a leguminous plant, Desmanthus illinoensis, which is grown in Okinawa, Japan. D-Galactose (molar ratio, 1.0) and D-mannose (0.82) were identified via High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography Coupled with a Pulse Amperometric Detector. The molecular mass and specific rotation were estimated to be 1000 kDa and +53.8°, respectively. The infrared spectrum indicated that the galactomannan was involved in both α- and β-linkages, and two types of α-linkages were detected at 814 and 830 cm-1. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the majority of the β-D-mannan main chain was substituted with mono α-D-galactose or α-D-galacto-disaccharide-side chains. Methylation analysis was used to identify 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (molar ratio, 3.3), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- D-galactose (1.0) and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (3.1). Specifically, unique 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl D-galactose residue was identified from mass spectrum. The results suggested that the galactomannan was 1,4-linked-β-D-mannan substituted with α-D-galactose or 1,6-linked-α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains at C-6 on the main chain. The galactomannan isolated from D. illinoensis was an unusual highly branched polysaccharide, and its chemical structure was proposed. This work is the first to report on the galactomannan involving 1,6-linked α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains in addition to α-D-galactose mono side chains.
一种半乳甘露聚糖是从生长在日本冲绳的一种豆科植物Desmanthus illinoensis的种子中分离出来的。D-半乳糖(摩尔比为1.0)和D-甘露糖(0.82)通过高效阴离子交换色谱法和脉冲安培检测器进行鉴定。分子质量和比旋度估计分别为1000kDa和+53.8°。红外光谱表明,半乳甘露聚糖参与了α-和β-键,在814和830cm-1处检测到两种类型的α-键。1H-和13C-NMR谱表明,β-D-甘露聚糖主链的大部分被单α-D-半乳糖或α-D-半乳糖-二糖链取代。甲基化分析用于鉴定2,3,4,6-四-O-甲基-D-半乳糖(摩尔比为3.3)、2,3,4-三-O-甲基-D半乳糖(1.0)和2,3-二-O-甲基-D-甘露糖(3.1)。具体而言,从质谱中鉴定出独特的2,3,4-三甲基-O-甲基D-半乳糖残基。结果表明,半乳甘露聚糖是由α-D-半乳糖取代的1,4-连接的-β-D-甘露聚糖或主链C-6上的1,6-连接的-α-D-半乳糖二糖侧链。从山核桃中分离得到的半乳甘露聚糖是一种不寻常的高度支化的多糖,并提出了其化学结构。这项工作首次报道了涉及1,6-连接的α-D-半乳糖二糖侧链以及α-D-半乳糖单侧链的半乳甘露聚糖。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
生物材料与纳米技术(英文)
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