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In order to effectively improve the accuracy of measurement data from the ultrasonic evaporation sensor (UES), research is conducted on evaluating the measurement uncertainty of the UES.The UES calibration results for the AG2.0 model are used as an example and are looked at using the Monte Carlo method (MCM), the adaptive Monte Carlo method (AMCM), and the guide to the expression uncertainty in measurement (GUM). This is done to see how well the different evaluation methods work in this area. Firstly, the basic principles of MCM, AMCM, and GUM are introduced, respectively. Then, the UES's working principle and calibration process are looked at. A measurement model that fits is made, and the 60 mm calibration point is used to get calibration results. Finally, MCM, AMCM, and GUM are used to carry out measurement uncertainty on the calibration results, respectively. The results show that those evaluated by MCM and AMCM are basically similar; however, AMCM requires much fewer simulations than MCM (only 3% of those required by MCM). The GUM's applicability has not been verified. Therefore, in uncertainty evaluation in this field, both AMMC and MCM have similar effects, but AMCM's ability to save program running resources and improve evaluation efficiency is significantly better than that offered by MCM. It is recommended to use AMCM, as GUM is no longer applicable for evaluating measurement uncertainty in this field.

This study addresses the growing need for precise static low-force measurement in industries and metrology, driven by technological advancements and a trend toward miniaturization. Existing commercially available static force transducers can do force measurements with precision but these transducers face significant challenges in their development for low force measurement due to the irregular shapes of the spring element. Additionally, in the literature, some low-force sensors are also described for static low-force measurement but they possess poor metrology characteristics such as linearity, repeatability, and reproducibility which impacts their overall performance. The use of such low-force sensors in static low force measurements related applications such as microhardness testing, tactile sensing, and automation assembly systems may lead to low product trustworthiness. To address these challenges, this study presents the design of a simple-shaped cross-beam low-force transducer specifically for static force measurement in the 5 N range. The study begins with the design of cross beam spring element whose deflection under 5 N is analyzed by analytical and computational means. For the computational analysis, Ansys software of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used. For the analytical analysis, an analytical expression is derived to study the deflection. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed cross-beam strain gauge force transducer exhibits good metrological performance in the low-force range.

The stable isotopes ratio and elemental composition in the mangrove leaves are excellent indicators for coastal marine pollution. The present study investigated the composition of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in mangrove leaves to identify the source of pollution and energy to the mangroves in the creek ecosystem of Mumbai Harbour Bay. The oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of leaf water were estimated to understand the relative contribution of freshwater and seawater to the mangrove's water source. The Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur contents were found to vary from 37.79 to 42.55% (Average: 40.06 ± 1.54%), 2.13–3.79% (Average: 2.94 ± 0.45%) and 0.37–0.81% (Average: 0.53 ± 0.14%) in the mangrove leaves, respectively. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were found to vary from − 30.43 to − 28.41‰ (Average: − 29.46 ± 0.74‰) and from − 2.67 to 5.54‰ (Average: 2.21 ± 3.20%), respectively. The δ¹⁸O and δ²H values were found to vary from − 2.7 to 0.83‰ and − 6.86 to 5.43‰ with an average of − 0.94 ± 0.83 and − 2.03 ± 3.52‰ respectively. According to the observed δ¹⁸O and δ²H values, mangroves in the northern part had a relatively higher contribution of freshwater input compared to southern part of the study area. The lower values of δ¹⁵N towards the northern end of the creek indicate a relatively higher contribution of nitrogen from industrial discharges. Similar values of δ¹³C in mangrove in the region suggest a common source of carbon. Mangroves found near discharge locations have different elemental composition and δ¹⁵N values compared to those mangroves that are not located near discharge location. These differences can be used as potential markers to identify the coastal marine pollution. The results of the present study may be used for developing rational approaches for protection and conservation of the mangrove ecosystem in the bay.

The ionosphere is often disturbed by irregularity phenomenon known as Medium Scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (MSTIDs) which appear as oscillating waves causing fluctuation in the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC). This paper provides a methodology to precisely identify MSTIDs using dual frequency NavIC measurements. A network of three stations situated geographically apart by ~ 30 km and forming a triangle was established in the northern part (at around 77° E, 28° N) of Indian region. The method is then used on the dual frequency NavIC measurements observed at the three stations to precisely determine the MSTIDs occurred during 2020. The present paper brings out for the first time the occurrence statistics of the MSTIDs derived using the NavIC measurements obtained from NavIC network in India. This paper also provides statistics for the characteristics of observed MSTIDs such as propagation direction, horizontal phase velocity, period and amplitude obtained using NavIC for the first time.

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of ground-based and satellite based clouds and the earth’s radiant energy system (CERES) retrieved Solar UVA (315–400 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) radiations across eight diverse stations in India. Utilizing data from ground-based instruments set-up by India Meteorological Department and satellite platform CERES providing the larger spatial coverage, the research aims to assess the consistency and reliability of solar radiation measurements. The selected stations represent varied geographical and climatic conditions, allowing for a thorough evaluation of the UVA and UVB radiation levels over the regions. We have also studied the CERES-retrieved aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD) to see the impact of columnar aerosols on the UV radiation. The observed data for UVA and UVB fluxes were compared with CERES-derived data over the period of one year at all the stations and corrected using linear offset bias correction method. The comparisons show significant correlation values (~ 0.72–0.97) over all the stations. The Mean Bias Deviation (MBD in %) lies in range 0 to − 2.48% for UVA and 0 to -3.03% for UVB suggesting that the observed data was slightly underestimated by the satellite data. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD in %) varies from 8 to 22% for UVA flux and 9–26% for UVB flux. We have also studied the impact of AOD which shows the inverse-linear relation with UVA/B radiations, with unit increase in AOD leading to a decrease of 1.29–19.07 Wm⁻² for UVA flux and 0.01–0.47 Wm⁻² for UVB flux across all the stations. Further, we have also studied the diurnal, monthly and seasonal variation of UVA and UVB along with AOD across all the stations. The 10-years trend analysis for UVA shows the negative linear trend in the range of 0.014–0.048 Wm⁻² years⁻¹ whereas a negligible trend of 0.0001–0.001 Wm⁻² years⁻¹ is observed in UVB, at all the stations except at Srinagar, where both UVA and UVB fluxes has shown the positive trend of 0.055 Wm⁻² years⁻¹ and 0.002 Wm⁻² years⁻¹, respectively. The AOD shows a positive trend ranging from 0.001 years⁻¹ to 0.016 years⁻¹across all sites, except at Srinagar it shows a negative trend with 0.002 years⁻¹. The results indicate the inverse relation between UV flux and AOD.

This study presents a robust framework for improving Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) operations using a Risk Priority Number (RPN) approach, integrated with an action plan to address the complexities involved in managing STPs. A study was conducted on 30 MLD STP plant focusing on quantitative assessments for metrological enhancement of reliability and efficiency of components. 37 critical components and implementable actionable solutions that significantly enhance the plants’ performance are identified. The study demonstrated the average improvement of 61.1% in the availability of STP operations. The mathematical modeling, accurate measurements provided by metrology and quality related issues like FMEA, offer valuable insights into the optimization of STP operations, ensuring sustainable and economical viable wastewater management solutions. Additionally, the research framework confirms that the treated water quality complies with regulatory standards, including turbidity and contamination levels.

The User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) accuracy of NavIC satellites performs better than 20 m based on operational orbit determination (OD) from sixteen IRIMS one-way range measurements, and two-way range measurements using four IRCDR stations. These stations are geographically located within India and a few outside. The NavIC-OD is carried-out by applying a weighted least square batch estimation algorithm.The present work performs a study to estimate the position instantaneously using trilateration by extending network of tracking stations with a sufficiently Long Baseline Tracking Stations (LBTS) in such a way that minimum four number of LBTS will have simultaneous access to any NavIC satellite. The Gauss–Newton Method is employed to estimate the position instantaneously. Further, LBTS stations tracking data are simulated to enhance the NavIC broadcast ephemeris by carrying out real time OD with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).

Noise pollution is the occurrence of undesired or disruptive sound within the environment, which hampers regular activities and has a detrimental impact on quality of life. This study presents a comprehensive monitoring and geospatial analysis of urban noise pollution in Nagpur city for working and non-working days. The noise assessment includes uniformly distributed noise generating sources (highway, railway, major and minor roads) and receptors (residential, silence, commercial and industrial) considering land use land cover pattern of the city. Noise mapping was performed on GIS platform based on the various indices for identification of hotspots during day and night time. The findings indicate higher annoyance levels during day time of working day, particularly in residential and silence zones as well as along the highways and railways. The study underscores the need for the establishment of noise limits for mixed land-use patterns and strategic noise mapping with mitigation measures for viable city planning and management.

The study of visual communication and its role in conveying information through visual elements is crucial in aiding the comprehension of complex concepts. Computer imaging involves installing an operating system (OS), applications, and settings on new devices, with cloud-based methods streamlining the process and reducing overhead. As modern society becomes more reliant on digital technology, the complexity of information systems continues to grow, further emphasizing the importance of computer technology. This paper focuses on the integration of computer imaging technology and visual communication approaches. The proposed image processing system has been widely adopted and is now considered a key component of advanced, practical research. The importance of computer graphics in enhancing the quality and impact of visual communication has been fully acknowledged. Works produced using modern graphic image processing techniques have the potential to significantly influence viewers' perceptions. The study explores the impact of computer graphics and image technology on the development of visual communication, providing valuable data for innovative city applications. Additionally, the paper delves into the critical role of computer graphics and image technology in realizing various aspects of visual communication prototypes. For performance analysis, quality metrics such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) are utilized, along with reliability metrics like Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-Score. The proposed approach achieves superior efficiency compared to other methods. The performance results include MSE of 13%, PSNR of 40 dB, SSIM of 0.72, CNR of 39 dB, Accuracy of 98.76%, Precision of 98.64%, Recall of 97.56%, and an F1-Score of 97.87%.

HVAC&R systems focused on ensuring comfort standards in indoor temperature and air quality. Room thermostats are user interfaces of the HVAC&R systems. In this article, we will examine the factors that affect indoor air temperature measurements of room thermostats’ internal temperature sensors. With this work, we will create an algorithm that reduces the deflection on temperature measurements of room thermostats. During this study, we will inspect deviations between temperature measurements from room thermostats and reference sensors. We will apply some tests to understand the cause of the deviations and develop an algorithm to eliminate them. We will repeat tests until find the best algorithms that clear all errors in room thermostats’ temperature measurements. As a consequence of the tests, we discovered that the internal temperature sensor of the room thermostat can be affected by electronic component heating. Based on this information, we applied different tests and created a time-based pattern that shows the deviation of temperature measurements, and we created an algorithm based on that.