This paper presents the results of a study on the vegetation of the thermally active postmining heap “Ruda” in Zabrze (Poland). The aims of the study were: (i) to show the differentiation of the vegetation that has developed as a result of the thermal activity, and (ii) to determine the effect of thermal activity of the spoil heap on species richness and species diversity of the vegetation. Twelve plant communities were recorded on the heap. Thermal activity has a statistically significant impact on species richness (Z = 2.13, p = 0.03) and species diversity (Z = 2.29, p = 0.02). The species composition of plant communities reflects the habitat conditions, which are conditioned by thermal activity. As the distance from a zone with increased thermal activity increases, the degree of the spontaneous succession of vegetation and the complexity of the vegetation increase. Moreover, the share of annual species and kenophytes decreases in favor of perennial plants and apophytes. The number of plant communities (from four to eight), their species richness (number of species from 15 to 22) and species diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index from 1.81 to 2.19) also increase. A DCA analysis showed an increase in the shading, humidity and pH of the substrate, and the thickness of the dead organic matter within the gradient of the thermal activity.
本文介绍了对波兰扎布热采后热活动堆“鲁达”植被的研究结果。研究的目的是:(1)显示由于热活动而形成的植被的分化;(2)确定废土堆热活动对植被物种丰富度和物种多样性的影响。在堆上记录了12个植物群落。热活动对物种丰富度(Z = 2.13, p = 0.03)和物种多样性(Z = 2.29, p = 0.02)均有显著影响。植物群落的物种组成反映了生境条件，而生境条件受热活动的制约。随着离热活动增强区距离的增加，植被的自然演替程度和植被的复杂性也随之增加。此外，一年生植物和kenophytes所占的份额减少，有利于多年生植物和apophytes。植物群落数量(从4个增加到8个)、物种丰富度(从15个增加到22个)和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从1.81增加到2.19)均有所增加。DCA分析表明，在热活动梯度范围内，基材的遮阳、湿度和pH值增加，死有机质厚度增加。
{"title":"Effect of thermal activity on the differentiation of the vegetation of the “Ruda” postmining heap in Zabrze (Poland)","authors":"R. Hanczaruk, A. Kompała‐Bąba","doi":"10.5586/aa.1783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1783","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a study on the vegetation of the thermally active postmining heap “Ruda” in Zabrze (Poland). The aims of the study were: (i) to show the differentiation of the vegetation that has developed as a result of the thermal activity, and (ii) to determine the effect of thermal activity of the spoil heap on species richness and species diversity of the vegetation. Twelve plant communities were recorded on the heap. Thermal activity has a statistically significant impact on species richness (Z = 2.13, p = 0.03) and species diversity (Z = 2.29, p = 0.02). The species composition of plant communities reflects the habitat conditions, which are conditioned by thermal activity. As the distance from a zone with increased thermal activity increases, the degree of the spontaneous succession of vegetation and the complexity of the vegetation increase. Moreover, the share of annual species and kenophytes decreases in favor of perennial plants and apophytes. The number of plant communities (from four to eight), their species richness (number of species from 15 to 22) and species diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index from 1.81 to 2.19) also increase. A DCA analysis showed an increase in the shading, humidity and pH of the substrate, and the thickness of the dead organic matter within the gradient of the thermal activity.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42139683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The onion (Allium cepa) is a vegetable used extensively all over the world both for culinary purposes as well as in medicine. Its medicinal values are due to the high levels of biologically-active compounds present within the bulb. There are various phytochemicals of therapeutic importance found in A. cepa. Quercetin, a flavonoid, is one of these phytochemicals and it is a potent antioxidant. Allium cepa is a dietary supplement and is beneficial for diverse ailments, thus justifying its status as a valuable medicinal plant. Due to its medicinal significance, elicitation of total antioxidants and quercetin levels have been attempted to enhance their production in tissue callus cultures. This study reports in vitro enhancement of total antioxidants and quercetin in A. cepa using methyl jasmonate as an elicitor. A reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used with an isocratic system and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 1% v/v acetic acid (60%:40% v/v). The detection wavelength was 362 nm and the retention time 8.79 minutes. Total antioxidant and quercetin contents were maximal with 100 µM of methyl jasmonate in leaf tissue callus cultures at 84.61 ±6.03% and 0.81 ±0.03 mg g−1 dry cell weight, respectively. They decreased with further increases of methyl jasmonate at 200 µM. The increase in total antioxidant and quercetin contents were 2.3- and 13.9-fold, respectively. The optimization of methyl jasmonate as an elicitor, as well as the determination of a suitable concentration in A. cepa in callus cultures, will be helpful for enhanced production of various other secondary metabolites of therapeutic significance. This could be beneficial for the pharmaceutical and neutraceutical industries for herbal drug formulations.
洋葱(Allium cepa)是一种在世界各地广泛使用的蔬菜，既用于烹饪，也用于医学。其药用价值是由于球茎内存在高水平的生物活性化合物。在cepa中发现了多种具有重要治疗意义的植物化学物质。槲皮素，一种类黄酮，是这些植物化学物质之一，是一种有效的抗氧化剂。葱是一种膳食补充剂，对多种疾病有益，因此证明了它作为一种有价值的药用植物的地位。由于其药用意义，总抗氧化剂和槲皮素水平的激发已被试图提高其在组织愈伤组织培养中的生产。本研究报道了以茉莉酸甲酯为激发剂，体外增强菟丝子中总抗氧化剂和槲皮素的活性。采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)，等压体系，流速为1.0 mL min - 1，流动相为乙腈:1% v/v乙酸(60%:40% v/v)。检测波长为362 nm，保留时间为8.79 min。当茉莉酸甲酯含量为100µM时，叶片组织愈伤组织中总抗氧化剂和槲皮素含量最高，分别为84.61±6.03%和0.81±0.03 mg g−1干细胞重。在200µM浓度下，随着茉莉酸甲酯浓度的进一步增加，它们逐渐减少。总抗氧化剂和槲皮素含量分别增加了2.3倍和13.9倍。优化茉莉酸甲酯作为诱导子的条件，确定适宜的茉莉酸甲酯浓度，将有助于提高其他具有治疗意义的次生代谢产物的产生。这可能有利于制药和中性制药行业的草药配方。
{"title":"Enhancement of total antioxidants and flavonoid (quercetin) by methyl jasmonate elicitation in tissue cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.)","authors":"M. S. Iqbal, Z. Iqbal, M. Ansari","doi":"10.5586/aa.1784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1784","url":null,"abstract":"The onion (Allium cepa) is a vegetable used extensively all over the world both for culinary purposes as well as in medicine. Its medicinal values are due to the high levels of biologically-active compounds present within the bulb. There are various phytochemicals of therapeutic importance found in A. cepa. Quercetin, a flavonoid, is one of these phytochemicals and it is a potent antioxidant. Allium cepa is a dietary supplement and is beneficial for diverse ailments, thus justifying its status as a valuable medicinal plant. Due to its medicinal significance, elicitation of total antioxidants and quercetin levels have been attempted to enhance their production in tissue callus cultures. This study reports in vitro enhancement of total antioxidants and quercetin in A. cepa using methyl jasmonate as an elicitor. A reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used with an isocratic system and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 1% v/v acetic acid (60%:40% v/v). The detection wavelength was 362 nm and the retention time 8.79 minutes. Total antioxidant and quercetin contents were maximal with 100 µM of methyl jasmonate in leaf tissue callus cultures at 84.61 ±6.03% and 0.81 ±0.03 mg g−1 dry cell weight, respectively. They decreased with further increases of methyl jasmonate at 200 µM. The increase in total antioxidant and quercetin contents were 2.3- and 13.9-fold, respectively. The optimization of methyl jasmonate as an elicitor, as well as the determination of a suitable concentration in A. cepa in callus cultures, will be helpful for enhanced production of various other secondary metabolites of therapeutic significance. This could be beneficial for the pharmaceutical and neutraceutical industries for herbal drug formulations.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47387496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flowering and nectar release in Acer pseudoplatanus were investigated between 2011 and 2013. The micromorphology of the floral and nectary elements was observed using a scanning electron microscope and the anatomy of nectaries was examined by light microscopy. The inflorescence of the sycamore was found to contain flowers, which were functionally male or functionally female. The life-span of the former was on average 5 days, whereas the latter lived on average 4 days. Both types of A. pseudoplatanus flowers had yellow-green nectaries with a similar structure. The nectary tissue formed an elliptical or circular layer located on the receptacle surface between the petals and the pistil. The filament bases were located within the nectary recesses but were not fused with this organ. The nectary margins were slightly undulated. The outer diameter of the nectary was in 3.0–3.25 mm and the thickness of the nectary tissue was in the range of 532–1,023 μm. The nectary of the sycamore flower comprised a single layer of epidermal cells and several layers of secretory parenchyma cells. The average depth of epidermal cells was 16.8 μm. The stomata, which were involved in the secretion process, were arranged unevenly on the nectary surface and were surrounded by six–eight epidermal cells. Visible droplets of nectar accumulated on the nectary surface and thus they were easily accessible to insects. The average weight of nectar from 10 flowers was 16.54 mg (range: 11.0–23.75 mg) and the content of sugars in the nectar was found to be in the range of 23.5–50%, with an average of 37.3%. The calculated weight of sugars in the nectar from 10 flowers was on average 6.11 mg and so the average sugar yield from one sycamore tree was estimated to be 0.65 kg.
{"title":"Flowering, nectar secretion, and structure of the nectary in the flowers of Acer pseudoplatanus L.","authors":"M. Dmitruk","doi":"10.5586/aa.1787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1787","url":null,"abstract":"Flowering and nectar release in Acer pseudoplatanus were investigated between 2011 and 2013. The micromorphology of the floral and nectary elements was observed using a scanning electron microscope and the anatomy of nectaries was examined by light microscopy. The inflorescence of the sycamore was found to contain flowers, which were functionally male or functionally female. The life-span of the former was on average 5 days, whereas the latter lived on average 4 days. Both types of A. pseudoplatanus flowers had yellow-green nectaries with a similar structure. The nectary tissue formed an elliptical or circular layer located on the receptacle surface between the petals and the pistil. The filament bases were located within the nectary recesses but were not fused with this organ. The nectary margins were slightly undulated. The outer diameter of the nectary was in 3.0–3.25 mm and the thickness of the nectary tissue was in the range of 532–1,023 μm. The nectary of the sycamore flower comprised a single layer of epidermal cells and several layers of secretory parenchyma cells. The average depth of epidermal cells was 16.8 μm. The stomata, which were involved in the secretion process, were arranged unevenly on the nectary surface and were surrounded by six–eight epidermal cells. Visible droplets of nectar accumulated on the nectary surface and thus they were easily accessible to insects. The average weight of nectar from 10 flowers was 16.54 mg (range: 11.0–23.75 mg) and the content of sugars in the nectar was found to be in the range of 23.5–50%, with an average of 37.3%. The calculated weight of sugars in the nectar from 10 flowers was on average 6.11 mg and so the average sugar yield from one sycamore tree was estimated to be 0.65 kg.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43346279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growing plants for biofuel production on marginal lands is of major importance in many developing countries. As a biomass source, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a most adaptable plastic crop, forming extensive ground cover and vegetative biomass, providing a very high productivity over a short period of time. This study investigated the effects of cultivation (type of growing conditions and N fertilization rates) on biomass yields and changes in the structure of the switchgrass phytocenosis in different types of cropping systems. The biomass yields in stripe and mixed crops were higher than in single crops in the third year of cultivation. Switchgrass plants in intercrops were characterized by a greater height and number of shoots per unit area compared to mixed crops and monocultures. Biomass yields increased with each year of this research. The maximum biomass yields were attained with 30 kg ha−1 of N fertilization and the minimum yields where there was no fertilization.
在许多发展中国家，在边缘土地上种植用于生物燃料生产的植物非常重要。柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum L.)作为一种生物质来源，是适应性最强的塑料作物，形成广泛的地被和营养生物量，在短时间内提供非常高的生产力。研究了不同栽培方式(生长条件类型和施氮量)对柳枝稷生物量产量和植物群落结构变化的影响。种植第3年时，条纹和混作的生物量产量均高于单作。间作柳枝稷的株高和单位面积芽数均高于混作和单作。这项研究的生物量产量逐年增加。施氮30 kg ha - 1时生物量产量最高，不施氮时产量最低。
{"title":"Effect of cultivation technology on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) productivity in marginal lands in Ukraine","authors":"A. Taranenko, M. Kulyk, M. Galytska, S. Taranenko","doi":"10.5586/aa.1786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1786","url":null,"abstract":"Growing plants for biofuel production on marginal lands is of major importance in many developing countries. As a biomass source, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a most adaptable plastic crop, forming extensive ground cover and vegetative biomass, providing a very high productivity over a short period of time. This study investigated the effects of cultivation (type of growing conditions and N fertilization rates) on biomass yields and changes in the structure of the switchgrass phytocenosis in different types of cropping systems. The biomass yields in stripe and mixed crops were higher than in single crops in the third year of cultivation. Switchgrass plants in intercrops were characterized by a greater height and number of shoots per unit area compared to mixed crops and monocultures. Biomass yields increased with each year of this research. The maximum biomass yields were attained with 30 kg ha−1 of N fertilization and the minimum yields where there was no fertilization.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45743185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil fertility decline is one of the factors that result in low productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae Lindl.,) in Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N rate and time of application on growth, yield, and quality of turmeric crops in Ethiopia. The trial consisted of five N rates: 0, 46, 69, 92, 115 kg ha−1, and five split application times: full dose at emergence, two times (1/2), three times (1/3), four times (1/4), and five times (1/5) equally split applications, arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Plant heights, tiller number per plant, pseudo-stem girth, mother and finger rhizome numbers and weights, fresh rhizome yield, oleoresin and essential oil contents – all were significantly affected by the interaction effects of N rate and time of application. The three times split application of 115 kg N ha−1 produced higher values of these crop characteristics. This application rate also produced a better yield and quality than did two times of application, the most commonly used practice. Therefore, turmeric producers in southwestern Ethiopia should apply 115 kg N ha−1 in three equally split applications to improve turmeric yield and quality.
土壤肥力下降是导致埃塞俄比亚姜黄（Curcuma longa，Zingiberaceae Lindl.，）生产力低下的因素之一。在埃塞俄比亚进行了一项试验，以确定施氮量和施氮时间对姜黄作物生长、产量和质量的影响。试验包括五种施氮量：0、46、69、92、115 kg ha−1，以及五次分次施用：羽化时全剂量、两次（1/2）、三次（1/3）、四次（1/4）和五次（1/5）等分施用，以三次重复的分块设计排列。株高、单株分蘖数、假茎围、母根和指根的数量和重量、鲜根产量、油树脂和精油含量——都受到施氮量和施氮时间的交互作用的显著影响。分三次施用115 kg N ha−1可产生更高的这些作物特性值。这种施用速率也比最常用的两次施用产生了更好的产量和质量。因此，埃塞俄比亚西南部的姜黄生产商应分三次施用115 kg N ha−1，以提高姜黄产量和质量。
{"title":"Growth, yield, and quality responses of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) to nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing of its application","authors":"Behailu Mekonnen, W. Garedew","doi":"10.5586/aa.1781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1781","url":null,"abstract":"Soil fertility decline is one of the factors that result in low productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae Lindl.,) in Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N rate and time of application on growth, yield, and quality of turmeric crops in Ethiopia. The trial consisted of five N rates: 0, 46, 69, 92, 115 kg ha−1, and five split application times: full dose at emergence, two times (1/2), three times (1/3), four times (1/4), and five times (1/5) equally split applications, arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Plant heights, tiller number per plant, pseudo-stem girth, mother and finger rhizome numbers and weights, fresh rhizome yield, oleoresin and essential oil contents – all were significantly affected by the interaction effects of N rate and time of application. The three times split application of 115 kg N ha−1 produced higher values of these crop characteristics. This application rate also produced a better yield and quality than did two times of application, the most commonly used practice. Therefore, turmeric producers in southwestern Ethiopia should apply 115 kg N ha−1 in three equally split applications to improve turmeric yield and quality.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43264257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have isolated germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones with an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, dehydrocostus lactone (DHCL), costunolide, santamarine, and a novel compound denoted artabolide [3-hydroxy-4,6,7(H)-germacra-1(10),11(13)-dien-6,12-olide] from oriental medicinal Asteraceae plants as novel naturally occurring inhibitors of polar auxin transport detected by the radish hypocotyl bioassay. To investigate the mode of action of natural sesquiterpene lactones on the inhibition of polar auxin transport as well as its relation to the growth of seedlings, the function of DHCL on growth and auxin dynamics in etiolated pea seedlings was studied intensively. DHCL reduced polar auxin transport in a dose-dependent manner together with the inhibition of the accumulation of mRNA of PsAUX1 and PsPIN1 genes encoding influx and efflux carrier proteins of auxin, respectively. DHCL applied to the apical hook region as a lanolin paste substantially inhibited elongation growth in the subapical region of epicotyls in intact etiolated pea seedlings, coupled with a significant reduction of endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). DHCL also revealed the inhibition of IAA-induced cell elongation in etiolated pea epicotyl segments by affecting IAA-induced changes in the mechanical properties of cell walls. These facts suggest that germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones with an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety affect the expression of PsAUX1 and PsPINs genes, and then inhibit polar auxin transport and reduce endogenous levels of IAA necessary for stem growth in etiolated pea seedlings. These compounds are also suggested to show the inhibitory effects on auxin action in pea stem growth.
{"title":"Dehydrocostus lactone, a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor, inhibits epicotyl growth by interacting with auxin in etiolated Pisum sativum seedlings","authors":"Yuta Toda, K. Okada, J. Ueda, K. Miyamoto","doi":"10.5586/aa.1779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1779","url":null,"abstract":"We have isolated germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones with an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, dehydrocostus lactone (DHCL), costunolide, santamarine, and a novel compound denoted artabolide [3-hydroxy-4,6,7(H)-germacra-1(10),11(13)-dien-6,12-olide] from oriental medicinal Asteraceae plants as novel naturally occurring inhibitors of polar auxin transport detected by the radish hypocotyl bioassay. To investigate the mode of action of natural sesquiterpene lactones on the inhibition of polar auxin transport as well as its relation to the growth of seedlings, the function of DHCL on growth and auxin dynamics in etiolated pea seedlings was studied intensively. DHCL reduced polar auxin transport in a dose-dependent manner together with the inhibition of the accumulation of mRNA of PsAUX1 and PsPIN1 genes encoding influx and efflux carrier proteins of auxin, respectively. DHCL applied to the apical hook region as a lanolin paste substantially inhibited elongation growth in the subapical region of epicotyls in intact etiolated pea seedlings, coupled with a significant reduction of endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). DHCL also revealed the inhibition of IAA-induced cell elongation in etiolated pea epicotyl segments by affecting IAA-induced changes in the mechanical properties of cell walls. These facts suggest that germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones with an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety affect the expression of PsAUX1 and PsPINs genes, and then inhibit polar auxin transport and reduce endogenous levels of IAA necessary for stem growth in etiolated pea seedlings. These compounds are also suggested to show the inhibitory effects on auxin action in pea stem growth.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41257424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Švécarová, B. Navrátilová, P. Hašler, V. Ondřej
The aim of the research was to establish an efficient procedure for in vitro micropropagation in order to obtain numbers of identical plants for in vitro polyploidization of Humulus lupulus (2n = 20), using antimicrotubule agent oryzalin. For this purpose, the polyploidization was carried out for H. lupulus Osvald’s clones 31, 74, 114, and for ‘Sladek’ cultivar. The two experimental methods – the cultivation of nodal segments on medium with different concentrations of oryzalin (1, 5, and 10 µM) for 2 weeks and the irrigation of nodal segments with oryzalin (10 and 20 µM) for 24 and 48 h were chosen for inducing for polyploid plantlets of H. lupulus. This procedure provided tetraploids, which were identified by flow cytometry using internal standardization method and confirmed using chromosome counting of methaphasic cells from the root tips and morphological observations. The influence of chromosome doubling was also verified with stomata characterization. The polyploid plants were propagated for next evaluation, rooting and transfer to nonsterile conditions and into field. After chromosome doubling, using some different concentration of oryzalin, some plantlets became tetraploids, no mixoploids were detected. The highest efficiency of polyploidization was achieved for clone 72 after 2-week treatment of oryzalin supplemented medium. On the other hand, for method based on the irrigation of nodal segments with oryzalin, the most efficient conditions were treatment with 10 µM and 20 µM oryzalin for 24 and 48 h, respectively.
{"title":"Artificial induction of tetraploidy in Humulus lupulus L. using oryzalin","authors":"M. Švécarová, B. Navrátilová, P. Hašler, V. Ondřej","doi":"10.5586/AA.1764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1764","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to establish an efficient procedure for in vitro micropropagation in order to obtain numbers of identical plants for in vitro polyploidization of Humulus lupulus (2n = 20), using antimicrotubule agent oryzalin. For this purpose, the polyploidization was carried out for H. lupulus Osvald’s clones 31, 74, 114, and for ‘Sladek’ cultivar. The two experimental methods – the cultivation of nodal segments on medium with different concentrations of oryzalin (1, 5, and 10 µM) for 2 weeks and the irrigation of nodal segments with oryzalin (10 and 20 µM) for 24 and 48 h were chosen for inducing for polyploid plantlets of H. lupulus. This procedure provided tetraploids, which were identified by flow cytometry using internal standardization method and confirmed using chromosome counting of methaphasic cells from the root tips and morphological observations. The influence of chromosome doubling was also verified with stomata characterization. The polyploid plants were propagated for next evaluation, rooting and transfer to nonsterile conditions and into field. After chromosome doubling, using some different concentration of oryzalin, some plantlets became tetraploids, no mixoploids were detected. The highest efficiency of polyploidization was achieved for clone 72 after 2-week treatment of oryzalin supplemented medium. On the other hand, for method based on the irrigation of nodal segments with oryzalin, the most efficient conditions were treatment with 10 µM and 20 µM oryzalin for 24 and 48 h, respectively.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46207951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Krzepiłko, R. Prażak, B. Skwaryło-Bednarz, J. Molas
Iodine is indispensable in the diet of humans and other mammals and iodine deficiencies cause serious illnesses. The content of iodine in food (with the exception of marine foodstuffs) does not meet the nutritional needs of humans, and for this reason prophylactic iodination of salt is currently carried out in many countries. Biofortification of plants with iodine can become a widespread, alternative means of supplying iodine-rich foods. In the present study, we discuss the main issues related to the cultivation of plants enriched with iodine. We describe the effect of various forms of iodine fertilizer on crops, such as natural iodine sources, organic iodine, iodate and iodide salts, as well as ways of biofortifying crops: fertigation, foliar and soil application, and by hydroponics. Effective biofortification of plants with iodine increases its concentration to levels corresponding to human nutritional requirements whilst preserving the desirable eating qualities of the plants. Because each species reacts in a specific manner to a particular chemical form of iodine application, fertilization and cultivation methods, and other conditions, the development of proper cultivation technologies is essential to bring about widespread biofortification with iodine.
{"title":"Agronomic biofortification as a means of enriching plant foodstuffs with iodine","authors":"A. Krzepiłko, R. Prażak, B. Skwaryło-Bednarz, J. Molas","doi":"10.5586/AA.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1766","url":null,"abstract":"Iodine is indispensable in the diet of humans and other mammals and iodine deficiencies cause serious illnesses. The content of iodine in food (with the exception of marine foodstuffs) does not meet the nutritional needs of humans, and for this reason prophylactic iodination of salt is currently carried out in many countries. Biofortification of plants with iodine can become a widespread, alternative means of supplying iodine-rich foods. In the present study, we discuss the main issues related to the cultivation of plants enriched with iodine. We describe the effect of various forms of iodine fertilizer on crops, such as natural iodine sources, organic iodine, iodate and iodide salts, as well as ways of biofortifying crops: fertigation, foliar and soil application, and by hydroponics. Effective biofortification of plants with iodine increases its concentration to levels corresponding to human nutritional requirements whilst preserving the desirable eating qualities of the plants. Because each species reacts in a specific manner to a particular chemical form of iodine application, fertilization and cultivation methods, and other conditions, the development of proper cultivation technologies is essential to bring about widespread biofortification with iodine.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43764040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Klimek-Kopyra, A. Kliszcz, Anna Ślizowska, D. Kot
In the cooler regions of Europe, the success of winter pea cultivation depends strongly on proper plant development before winter. Previous research has suggested that plants need to develop short internodes and at least their first two leaves before the arrival of frost. However, this stage of growth is sometimes not reached in the event of late sowing, due to factors such as unpredictable weather conditions or the delayed harvest of a previous crop. An effective solution may be the application of plant growth regulators before the sowing of seeds. The aim of this study was to assess the seedling developmental characteristics of winter pea dependent on biostimulator applications in low temperature conditions (4°C). Seven different winter pea cultivars were treated with three biostimulants: Asahi SL, Kelpak SL, and Primus B. After 21 days of seedling development, basic biometrical characteristics were measured (length and weight of shoots and roots). It was found that ‘Enduro’ and ‘Aviron’ showed greatest root development, regardless of the applied biostimulants. The highest germination was achieved by ‘Aviron’. The efficiency of biostimulators on the cultivars tested was low, although slightly better results were found for Asahi SL in combination with ‘Enduro’ and ‘Aviron’.
{"title":"Application of biostimulants influences shoot and root characteristics of seedlings of winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)","authors":"A. Klimek-Kopyra, A. Kliszcz, Anna Ślizowska, D. Kot","doi":"10.5586/AA.1771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1771","url":null,"abstract":"In the cooler regions of Europe, the success of winter pea cultivation depends strongly on proper plant development before winter. Previous research has suggested that plants need to develop short internodes and at least their first two leaves before the arrival of frost. However, this stage of growth is sometimes not reached in the event of late sowing, due to factors such as unpredictable weather conditions or the delayed harvest of a previous crop. An effective solution may be the application of plant growth regulators before the sowing of seeds. The aim of this study was to assess the seedling developmental characteristics of winter pea dependent on biostimulator applications in low temperature conditions (4°C). Seven different winter pea cultivars were treated with three biostimulants: Asahi SL, Kelpak SL, and Primus B. After 21 days of seedling development, basic biometrical characteristics were measured (length and weight of shoots and roots). It was found that ‘Enduro’ and ‘Aviron’ showed greatest root development, regardless of the applied biostimulants. The highest germination was achieved by ‘Aviron’. The efficiency of biostimulators on the cultivars tested was low, although slightly better results were found for Asahi SL in combination with ‘Enduro’ and ‘Aviron’.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48026137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the first time in history outside of Latin America, deadly wheat blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum (MoT) emerged in the 2015–2016 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) season of Bangladesh. Bangladesh, a country in South Asia, has a population of nearly 160 million, of which 24.3% are classified as poor. Consequently, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency are highly prevalent, particularly among school going children and lactating women. Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), with the technical support of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, has developed and released a new wheat ‘BARI Gom 33’. The new wheat is a zinc-enriched (Zn) biofortified wheat, resistant to the deadly wheat blast disease. ‘BARI Gom 33’ provides 5–8% more yield than the check varieties in Bangladesh. Rapid dissemination of it in Bangladesh, therefore, can not only combat wheat blast but also mitigate the problem of Zn deficiency and ensure income for resource-poor wheat farmers. Importantly, a large portion of the current wheat area in India and Pakistan is vulnerable to wheat blast, due to the similarities of the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh. As wheat blast is mainly a seed-borne disease, a rapid scaling out of the new wheat in Bangladesh can reduce the probability of MoT intrusion in India and Pakistan, and thereby generate positive externalities to the food security of more than 1 billion people in South Asia. This study explains the development process of ‘BARI Gom 33’; the status of malnutrition in Bangladesh, and the possible economic gain from a rapid scaling out of ‘BARI Gom 33’ in Bangladesh. A few policies are recommended based on the discussions.
{"title":"Mitigating the twin problems of malnutrition and wheat blast by one wheat variety, ‘BARI Gom 33’, in Bangladesh","authors":"A. Hossain, K. Mottaleb, M. Farhad, N. Barma","doi":"10.5586/AA.1775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1775","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in history outside of Latin America, deadly wheat blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum (MoT) emerged in the 2015–2016 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) season of Bangladesh. Bangladesh, a country in South Asia, has a population of nearly 160 million, of which 24.3% are classified as poor. Consequently, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency are highly prevalent, particularly among school going children and lactating women. Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), with the technical support of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, has developed and released a new wheat ‘BARI Gom 33’. The new wheat is a zinc-enriched (Zn) biofortified wheat, resistant to the deadly wheat blast disease. ‘BARI Gom 33’ provides 5–8% more yield than the check varieties in Bangladesh. Rapid dissemination of it in Bangladesh, therefore, can not only combat wheat blast but also mitigate the problem of Zn deficiency and ensure income for resource-poor wheat farmers. Importantly, a large portion of the current wheat area in India and Pakistan is vulnerable to wheat blast, due to the similarities of the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh. As wheat blast is mainly a seed-borne disease, a rapid scaling out of the new wheat in Bangladesh can reduce the probability of MoT intrusion in India and Pakistan, and thereby generate positive externalities to the food security of more than 1 billion people in South Asia. This study explains the development process of ‘BARI Gom 33’; the status of malnutrition in Bangladesh, and the possible economic gain from a rapid scaling out of ‘BARI Gom 33’ in Bangladesh. A few policies are recommended based on the discussions.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48640921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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