Pub Date : 2025-05-28DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01954-3
Qaneeta Younas, Khurram Siraj, Thomas Osipowicz, Samia Naeem, Yakai Zhao, Cheng Cheh Tan, Shazia Bashir, Tanveer Ashraf, Saba Mushtaq, Muhammad Shahzad Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Mustafa Dastageer, Breara Muhammad Hussain
Mechanically polished Gun-metal (G-metal) alloy specimens were irradiated using a 2 MeV Au+ beam of Pelletron Linear Accelerator. The range of Au+ fluence was 5 × 1011 to 1 × 1014 Au+/cm2. XRD patterns revealed the crystallographic peaks of Cu, Zn, and Sn. Harris analysis demonstrated that the Au+ fluence strongly influenced the preference of crystal plane alignment. The structural attributes like crystallite size, strain, etc. change as the Au+ fluence varies. Due to the low depth of ion-induced defects region, the estimation of ion irradiated material surface hardening is difficult. So, the technique of nanoindentation used in this work proves helpful for estimating the surface hardness of ion irradiated material. The surface hardness of specimens varied with the Au+ fluence and indentation depth. A significant increase in surface roughness, nanoindentation surface hardness, and elastic modulus values was observed at 5 × 1013 Au+/cm2 irradiation. Moreover, the surface hardness improves with decreasing crystallite size, reflecting the Hall-Petch relation. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) were used for elemental analysis of specimens before and after Au+ irradiation.
{"title":"Impact of Gold Ions on Nanohardness and Various Characteristics of G-metal Alloy Surface","authors":"Qaneeta Younas, Khurram Siraj, Thomas Osipowicz, Samia Naeem, Yakai Zhao, Cheng Cheh Tan, Shazia Bashir, Tanveer Ashraf, Saba Mushtaq, Muhammad Shahzad Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Mustafa Dastageer, Breara Muhammad Hussain","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01954-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01954-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mechanically polished Gun-metal (G-metal) alloy specimens were irradiated using a 2 MeV Au<sup>+</sup> beam of Pelletron Linear Accelerator. The range of Au<sup>+</sup> fluence was 5 × 10<sup>11</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>14</sup> Au<sup>+</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup>. XRD patterns revealed the crystallographic peaks of Cu, Zn, and Sn. Harris analysis demonstrated that the Au<sup>+</sup> fluence strongly influenced the preference of crystal plane alignment. The structural attributes like crystallite size, strain, etc. change as the Au<sup>+</sup> fluence varies. Due to the low depth of ion-induced defects region, the estimation of ion irradiated material surface hardening is difficult. So, the technique of nanoindentation used in this work proves helpful for estimating the surface hardness of ion irradiated material. The surface hardness of specimens varied with the Au<sup>+</sup> fluence and indentation depth. A significant increase in surface roughness, nanoindentation surface hardness, and elastic modulus values was observed at 5 × 10<sup>13</sup> Au<sup>+</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup> irradiation. Moreover, the surface hardness improves with decreasing crystallite size, reflecting the Hall-Petch relation. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) were used for elemental analysis of specimens before and after Au<sup>+</sup> irradiation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3560 - 3576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-27DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01957-0
Chang Liu, Shaojie Gu, Yasuhiro Kimura, Yang Ju, Yuhki Toku
Electric current treatment has recently emerged as a novel, ultrafast, and efficient post-processing technique for additively manufactured (AM) materials. However, the choice of current—whether direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)—varies, and its specific influence on the microstructure remains unclear. Therefore, this study conducts the first comparative investigation of the effects of AC and DC on the microstructure of AM Ti-6Al-4V under the same energy conditions. The results indicate that AC and DC currents can enhance plasticity and reduce hardness by coarsening the α/α’ grains in AM Ti-6Al-4 V alloys, achieving a good balance between plasticity and strength. The primary difference between the two is their effect on the evolution of β phase grains during the current application. Based on finite element analysis, the athermal effect of DC is ~ 2.27 times that of AC due to its continuous unidirectional application. This result closely aligns with the experimental results, where the β grain migration velocity under DC conditions is about 2.25 times that of AC. This study provides guidance for applying electric current treatment to other AM materials and offers a reference for selecting optimal current types and strategies for processing dual- and multiphase materials.
Graphical Abstract
电流处理作为一种新型、超快速、高效的增材制造（AM）材料后处理技术，近年来逐渐兴起。然而，电流的选择是直流电（DC）还是交流电（AC）是不同的，其对微观结构的具体影响尚不清楚。因此，本研究首次对相同能量条件下交流和直流对AM Ti-6Al-4V微观结构的影响进行了对比研究。结果表明：交流和直流电流可以使AM ti - 6al - 4v合金的α/α′晶粒变粗，从而提高合金的塑性，降低合金的硬度，达到塑性与强度的良好平衡；两者的主要区别在于它们在当前应用过程中对β相晶粒演化的影响。基于有限元分析，直流电由于连续单向应用，其非热效应是交流的约2.27倍。实验结果表明，直流条件下β晶粒迁移速度约为交流条件下的2.25倍。该研究为电流处理在其他AM材料中的应用提供了指导，并为双相和多相材料加工中选择最佳电流类型和策略提供了参考。图形抽象
{"title":"Comparative Study of Direct and Alternating Currents on the Microstructure Evolution of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V","authors":"Chang Liu, Shaojie Gu, Yasuhiro Kimura, Yang Ju, Yuhki Toku","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01957-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01957-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electric current treatment has recently emerged as a novel, ultrafast, and efficient post-processing technique for additively manufactured (AM) materials. However, the choice of current—whether direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)—varies, and its specific influence on the microstructure remains unclear. Therefore, this study conducts the first comparative investigation of the effects of AC and DC on the microstructure of AM Ti-6Al-4V under the same energy conditions. The results indicate that AC and DC currents can enhance plasticity and reduce hardness by coarsening the α/α’ grains in AM Ti-6Al-4 V alloys, achieving a good balance between plasticity and strength. The primary difference between the two is their effect on the evolution of β phase grains during the current application. Based on finite element analysis, the athermal effect of DC is ~ 2.27 times that of AC due to its continuous unidirectional application. This result closely aligns with the experimental results, where the β grain migration velocity under DC conditions is about 2.25 times that of AC. This study provides guidance for applying electric current treatment to other AM materials and offers a reference for selecting optimal current types and strategies for processing dual- and multiphase materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3506 - 3520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-025-01957-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The feeble wear resistance of H13 steel processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) significantly affect its service life. In this work, the densification behaviour, microstructural evolution and wear resistance of LPBF processed WC-Co reinforced H13 steels is investigated with focus on the effect of WC-Co content. The results reveal that the microstructure of H13 changes from cellular structure to columnar coexistence structure with the addition of WC-Co. Meanwhile, the addition of WC-Co refines the grains and induces massive dislocations in the H13 matrix. Due to the in-situ reaction between WC-Co particles and H13 steel, a (W, M)C2 (M = Co, Cr, Mn, V) gradient interface layer is formed between WC-Co and H13, which effectively enhances the interface bonding and ameliorates the density of the sample. With increasing WC-Co content, the interface layer become finer and more uniform while exhibiting a corresponding increase in Vickers hardness. When the content of WC-Co is 3%, the Vickers hardness reaches the maximum of 846.8 HV. Wear test reveal that 3%WC-Co/H13 exhibited the lowest values of friction coefficient (0.59) and wear rate (0.77 × 10− 7 mm3/Nm). This is attributed to the (W, M)C2 interface layer can act as a buffer to slow down the wear of the grinding ball on the sample. Besides, the high hardness WC-Co particles play a role of pinning the skeleton, which enhances the strength of the friction surface, improves the wear resistance of the composite sample. Moreover, the underlying wear mechanisms of printed samples are compared and discussed.
{"title":"Microstructure and Properties of WC-Co Reinforced H13 Steel Composites Prepared via Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Chunli Cui, Qiaoyun Shen, Dongxiang Wang, Zhenhua Hao, Rulong Ma, Pei Wang, Yongchun Shu, Jilin He","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01966-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01966-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The feeble wear resistance of H13 steel processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) significantly affect its service life. In this work, the densification behaviour, microstructural evolution and wear resistance of LPBF processed WC-Co reinforced H13 steels is investigated with focus on the effect of WC-Co content. The results reveal that the microstructure of H13 changes from cellular structure to columnar coexistence structure with the addition of WC-Co. Meanwhile, the addition of WC-Co refines the grains and induces massive dislocations in the H13 matrix. Due to the in-situ reaction between WC-Co particles and H13 steel, a (W, M)C<sub>2</sub> (M = Co, Cr, Mn, V) gradient interface layer is formed between WC-Co and H13, which effectively enhances the interface bonding and ameliorates the density of the sample. With increasing WC-Co content, the interface layer become finer and more uniform while exhibiting a corresponding increase in Vickers hardness. When the content of WC-Co is 3%, the Vickers hardness reaches the maximum of 846.8 HV. Wear test reveal that 3%WC-Co/H13 exhibited the lowest values of friction coefficient (0.59) and wear rate (0.77 × 10<sup>− 7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm). This is attributed to the (W, M)C<sub>2</sub> interface layer can act as a buffer to slow down the wear of the grinding ball on the sample. Besides, the high hardness WC-Co particles play a role of pinning the skeleton, which enhances the strength of the friction surface, improves the wear resistance of the composite sample. Moreover, the underlying wear mechanisms of printed samples are compared and discussed.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3606 - 3622"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01961-4
Mustafa Umar, Shanmugasundaram Jayasathyakawin, Abraham Maria Jackson, Ganesan Balaji, Paulraj Sathiya
The materials based on magnesium (Mg) have a distinctive feature of being biodegradable in the bodies of humans and other animals. Surgical bioimplants made of Mg-based alloys are a significant alternative for traumatology and orthopaedic treatments as they are biodegradable, intrinsically biocompatible, and have a density comparable to bone. As a result, the combination of bioimplant design and application-specific manufacturing procedures made possible by additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing approach in use today. However, this method encounters a slew of distinctive challenges brought on by the attributes of Mg-based alloys, including their lower vaporization temperature, higher combustion potential and strong chemical reactivity. This review provides a thorough analysis of various additive manufacturing methods, including laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), and wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), employed in the production of biomedical implants using Mg-based alloys. It also explores the mechanical properties, microstructure, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of these implants, along with various post-AM treatments. The potential and extensiveness of Mg-based products are explored and emphasized, and limitations and concerns related to AM processes were identified from the prospects of bioimplant design, characteristics, and applications.
{"title":"Additive Processes for Biodegradable Mg Alloys: A Review","authors":"Mustafa Umar, Shanmugasundaram Jayasathyakawin, Abraham Maria Jackson, Ganesan Balaji, Paulraj Sathiya","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01961-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01961-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The materials based on magnesium (Mg) have a distinctive feature of being biodegradable in the bodies of humans and other animals. Surgical bioimplants made of Mg-based alloys are a significant alternative for traumatology and orthopaedic treatments as they are biodegradable, intrinsically biocompatible, and have a density comparable to bone. As a result, the combination of bioimplant design and application-specific manufacturing procedures made possible by additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing approach in use today. However, this method encounters a slew of distinctive challenges brought on by the attributes of Mg-based alloys, including their lower vaporization temperature, higher combustion potential and strong chemical reactivity. This review provides a thorough analysis of various additive manufacturing methods, including laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), and wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), employed in the production of biomedical implants using Mg-based alloys. It also explores the mechanical properties, microstructure, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of these implants, along with various post-AM treatments. The potential and extensiveness of Mg-based products are explored and emphasized, and limitations and concerns related to AM processes were identified from the prospects of bioimplant design, characteristics, and applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3475 - 3505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01953-4
Pavel Salvetr, Josef Hodek, Matouš Uhlík, Pavel Novák, Jaromír Dlouhý, Michal Brázda
Industry applications of duplex stainless steels require a two-phase microstructure with a nearly balanced austenite-ferrite content to achieve good mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. The most widespread additive manufacturing method such as laser powder bed fusion provides nearly fully ferritic microstructures due to the very high cooling rate, and the post-processing heat treatment must be performed. In contrast, other additive manufacturing methods, such as directed deposition methods, reach lower cooling rates and enable to obtain an equal ferrite–austenite ratio directly in the microstructure of the as-built state. In this work, the super duplex stainless steel SAF 2507 was deposited by directed energy deposition. The process parameters, namely, the laser power, laser beam spot, and powder feed rate, were varied to investigate the impact of the energy area density on the microstructure and tensile properties. A decrease in the energy area density caused an increase in the austenite content of 48 vol% and a numerical simulation of the sample temperature distribution inside the block during deposition, explaining the relationship between the amount of in situ formed austenite and the deposition parameters, was provided. Simultaneously, the deposition rate increased by more than five times. In contrast, the samples deposited at a higher building rate are characterized by greater porosity and lower elongation values in the vertical direction. The effect of the deposition parameters on the yield strength is low.
{"title":"Influence of Deposition Parameters on the Building rate, In-Situ Formation of Austenite and Tensile Properties of SAF 2507 SDSS Fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition","authors":"Pavel Salvetr, Josef Hodek, Matouš Uhlík, Pavel Novák, Jaromír Dlouhý, Michal Brázda","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01953-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01953-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Industry applications of duplex stainless steels require a two-phase microstructure with a nearly balanced austenite-ferrite content to achieve good mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. The most widespread additive manufacturing method such as laser powder bed fusion provides nearly fully ferritic microstructures due to the very high cooling rate, and the post-processing heat treatment must be performed. In contrast, other additive manufacturing methods, such as directed deposition methods, reach lower cooling rates and enable to obtain an equal ferrite–austenite ratio directly in the microstructure of the as-built state. In this work, the super duplex stainless steel SAF 2507 was deposited by directed energy deposition. The process parameters, namely, the laser power, laser beam spot, and powder feed rate, were varied to investigate the impact of the energy area density on the microstructure and tensile properties. A decrease in the energy area density caused an increase in the austenite content of 48 vol% and a numerical simulation of the sample temperature distribution inside the block during deposition, explaining the relationship between the amount of in situ formed austenite and the deposition parameters, was provided. Simultaneously, the deposition rate increased by more than five times. In contrast, the samples deposited at a higher building rate are characterized by greater porosity and lower elongation values in the vertical direction. The effect of the deposition parameters on the yield strength is low.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 11","pages":"3172 - 3189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-025-01953-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01967-y
Deepak Kumar Gupta, Rahul S. Mulik
This study investigates the influence of welding parameters, such as welding current, torch speed, and wire feed speed on the bead geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties of the WAAM-made Inconel 825. A detailed analysis, including hardness, toughness, tensile strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), was performed. The fabricated wall exhibited defect-free deposition with a primarily γ-phase (austenitic) matrix and equiaxed grains. Optimal parameters in pulse mode (98 A peak current, 79 A base current, 120 mm/min torch speed, and 540 mm/min wire feed speed) provide a hardness of 242 ± 6 HV, toughness of 129 ± 5 J, yield stress of 312 ± 5 Mpa, ultimate tensile stress of 598 ± 9 Mpa, and % elongation of 66 ± 3% throughout the wall, with a ductile fracture. The findings demonstrate almost isotropic mechanical behaviour, contributing to improved process control in WAAM of Inconel 825. WAAM-fabricated Inconel 825 exhibited ~ 42% higher hardness than the wrought Inconel.
{"title":"Selection of Process Parameters and its Effect on Bead Geometry, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructure of Inconel 825 Fabricated Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Deepak Kumar Gupta, Rahul S. Mulik","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01967-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01967-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of welding parameters, such as welding current, torch speed, and wire feed speed on the bead geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties of the WAAM-made Inconel 825. A detailed analysis, including hardness, toughness, tensile strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), was performed. The fabricated wall exhibited defect-free deposition with a primarily γ-phase (austenitic) matrix and equiaxed grains. Optimal parameters in pulse mode (98 A peak current, 79 A base current, 120 mm/min torch speed, and 540 mm/min wire feed speed) provide a hardness of 242 ± 6 HV, toughness of 129 ± 5 J, yield stress of 312 ± 5 Mpa, ultimate tensile stress of 598 ± 9 Mpa, and % elongation of 66 ± 3% throughout the wall, with a ductile fracture. The findings demonstrate almost isotropic mechanical behaviour, contributing to improved process control in WAAM of Inconel 825. WAAM-fabricated Inconel 825 exhibited ~ 42% higher hardness than the wrought Inconel.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3744 - 3760"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultrasonic rolling strengthening technique (URST) is a vital method for enhancing surface properties and extending the service life. The exploration strives to investigate micro-process of URST applied to quenched 42CrMo steel. Through ultrasonic rolling strengthening experiments and advanced microstructural analysis methods such as EBSD, the study systematically reveals role about URST associated mechanical behaviors. The results indicate that URST significantly refines surface grains, transforming grain boundaries with a steep misorientation into boundaries with slight misorientation, plus the proportion in low-angle grain increasing from 44.8 to 65.7%. Surface texture also evolves during the process, shifting from a dominant < 101 > orientation to < 111 > and < 001 > orientations, with < 001>-oriented grains becoming more prevalent. The dislocation density dramatically increases, with the maximum dislocation density rising from 18.97 × 1014/m2 to 43.03 × 1014/m2. Additionally, URST induces the formation of α-fiber and Goss textures while promoting dynamic recrystallization. The interplay between dynamic recrystallization and dislocation accumulation is identified as a key factor driving grain evolution and surface performance enhancement. The findings contribute in-depth micro-process of URST plus offer valuable guidance for refining the surface attributes of 42CrMo steel plus other materials.
{"title":"Study on the Micro-Mechanism of Ultrasonic Rolling Strengthening of Quenched 42CrMo Steel","authors":"Haojie Wang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Xiangyi Hu, Yingjian Tian","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01959-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01959-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ultrasonic rolling strengthening technique (URST) is a vital method for enhancing surface properties and extending the service life. The exploration strives to investigate micro-process of URST applied to quenched 42CrMo steel. Through ultrasonic rolling strengthening experiments and advanced microstructural analysis methods such as EBSD, the study systematically reveals role about URST associated mechanical behaviors. The results indicate that URST significantly refines surface grains, transforming grain boundaries with a steep misorientation into boundaries with slight misorientation, plus the proportion in low-angle grain increasing from 44.8 to 65.7%. Surface texture also evolves during the process, shifting from a dominant < 101 > orientation to < 111 > and < 001 > orientations, with < 001>-oriented grains becoming more prevalent. The dislocation density dramatically increases, with the maximum dislocation density rising from 18.97 × 10<sup>14</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> to 43.03 × 10<sup>14</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, URST induces the formation of α-fiber and Goss textures while promoting dynamic recrystallization. The interplay between dynamic recrystallization and dislocation accumulation is identified as a key factor driving grain evolution and surface performance enhancement. The findings contribute in-depth micro-process of URST plus offer valuable guidance for refining the surface attributes of 42CrMo steel plus other materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3808 - 3823"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The thermal history during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing is significantly influenced by variations in laser power and scanning speed, which can be optimised to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated components. Herein, we systematically examined the impact of laser power and scanning speed on the mechanical properties, wear performance, and magnetic susceptibility of a Ti35Nb15Zr (at%) alloy. The present findings reveal that increasing both the laser power and scanning speed leads to a more uniform distribution of coarse and fine grains within the alloy, an increase in the yield strength from 1241.46 to 1258.19 MPa, and an increase in the elongation from 6.81 to 7.87%. At a fixed scanning speed, augmenting the laser power results in an increase in the average grain size from 15.92 μm to 19.63 μm and a decrease in the content of unfused Nb from 0.63 to 0.154%, which results in an increase in the elongation of the samples from 6.81 to 8.36%, and an increase in the wear resistance by 28.96%. The presence of lack of fusion in the T3515 alloy leads to a decrease in the ductility, and additionally the elevated heat input strengthens the alignment of the < 001 > crystallographic texture, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the alloy.
{"title":"Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Wear Performance and Magnetic Susceptibility of Ti-35Nb-15Zr (at%) Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Jun Zhou, Pengcheng Lv, Buwei Xiao, Yurong Wang, Ting Long, Xiaoyu Liang, Yu Long, Huidong Hou","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01958-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01958-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal history during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing is significantly influenced by variations in laser power and scanning speed, which can be optimised to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated components. Herein, we systematically examined the impact of laser power and scanning speed on the mechanical properties, wear performance, and magnetic susceptibility of a Ti35Nb15Zr (at%) alloy. The present findings reveal that increasing both the laser power and scanning speed leads to a more uniform distribution of coarse and fine grains within the alloy, an increase in the yield strength from 1241.46 to 1258.19 MPa, and an increase in the elongation from 6.81 to 7.87%. At a fixed scanning speed, augmenting the laser power results in an increase in the average grain size from 15.92 μm to 19.63 μm and a decrease in the content of unfused Nb from 0.63 to 0.154%, which results in an increase in the elongation of the samples from 6.81 to 8.36%, and an increase in the wear resistance by 28.96%. The presence of lack of fusion in the T3515 alloy leads to a decrease in the ductility, and additionally the elevated heat input strengthens the alignment of the < 001 > crystallographic texture, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the alloy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3788 - 3807"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01965-0
Xuezhao Wang, Ping Zhang, Xiaomin Jiang, Youqiang Wang
This study systematically investigates the dynamic mechanical response and microstructural evolution of extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys under high-strain-rate conditions, focusing on the effects of varying Gd contents (6.5–8.5 wt%) and strain rate variations (1000–4000 s⁻¹) and using microscopic detection methods such as metallographic microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The dynamic mechanical properties of the alloys were analyzed under different strain rates using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing. The results reveal that as Gd content increases, the grain size of the alloy first decreases and then increases. The alloy with 7.5 wt% Gd exhibited the smallest and most uniform grains, averaging approximately 12.4 μm. In terms of dynamic impact performance, all alloys demonstrated strong mechanical properties. At 6.5 wt% Gd, the alloy achieved a compressive strength of 603 MPa at a strain rate of 4000 s⁻¹. Increasing Gd content to 7.5 wt% raised the compressive strength to 625 MPa, while further increasing Gd to 8.5 wt% resulted in a compressive strength of around 616 MPa. Across all Gd levels, fracture typically occurred along the 45° shear plane relative to the impact direction. Regarding deformation mechanisms, significant variations were observed depending on Gd content and strain rate. At lower strain rates, the number of twins first decreased and then increased with higher Gd content. At higher strain rates, slip and dynamic recrystallization became the dominant mechanisms. The 7.5 wt% Gd alloy exhibited the highest degree of dynamic recrystallization and the finest grain structure, resulting in the best overall dynamic impact performance. This research provides valuable theoretical and experimental insights for optimizing the design and performance of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys under high-strain-rate conditions.
{"title":"Influence of Gd Content on the Microstructure and Dynamic Impact Mechanical Behavior of Extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloys","authors":"Xuezhao Wang, Ping Zhang, Xiaomin Jiang, Youqiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01965-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01965-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study systematically investigates the dynamic mechanical response and microstructural evolution of extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys under high-strain-rate conditions, focusing on the effects of varying Gd contents (6.5–8.5 wt%) and strain rate variations (1000–4000 s⁻¹) and using microscopic detection methods such as metallographic microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The dynamic mechanical properties of the alloys were analyzed under different strain rates using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing. The results reveal that as Gd content increases, the grain size of the alloy first decreases and then increases. The alloy with 7.5 wt% Gd exhibited the smallest and most uniform grains, averaging approximately 12.4 μm. In terms of dynamic impact performance, all alloys demonstrated strong mechanical properties. At 6.5 wt% Gd, the alloy achieved a compressive strength of 603 MPa at a strain rate of 4000 s⁻¹. Increasing Gd content to 7.5 wt% raised the compressive strength to 625 MPa, while further increasing Gd to 8.5 wt% resulted in a compressive strength of around 616 MPa. Across all Gd levels, fracture typically occurred along the 45° shear plane relative to the impact direction. Regarding deformation mechanisms, significant variations were observed depending on Gd content and strain rate. At lower strain rates, the number of twins first decreased and then increased with higher Gd content. At higher strain rates, slip and dynamic recrystallization became the dominant mechanisms. The 7.5 wt% Gd alloy exhibited the highest degree of dynamic recrystallization and the finest grain structure, resulting in the best overall dynamic impact performance. This research provides valuable theoretical and experimental insights for optimizing the design and performance of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys under high-strain-rate conditions.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3592 - 3605"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-2Nd-xEr-0.5Zr alloy were systematically studied. The effect of Er addition on the microstructure of as-cast alloy was discussed by calculating the mismatch degree, and the strengthening mechanism of aged alloy was expounded from the aspects of fine grain strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The mismatches between (100), (110), and (111) planes of Mg5Gd and (0001) plane of α-Mg were 0.95, 2.33, and 1.65%, respectively. Calculations demonstrate that Mg5Gd can serve as an effective core for α-Mg nucleation. The addition of the Er element can replace Gd atom to form Mg5 (Gd, Er) phase, which increases the effective heterogeneous nucleation core, thus refining the grains. In addition, the number of β′ precipitates increases after aging treatment, which better hinders the dislocation movement and improves the performance. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Mg-8Gd-2Nd-3Er-0.5Zr alloy can reach 313, 319, 307 and 287 MPa at 25, 200, 250 and 300 °C, respectively. The fracture morphology has a large number of dissociation surfaces and tearing edges, showing brittle fracture.
{"title":"Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Mg-8Gd-2 Nd-xEr-0.5Zr Alloy","authors":"Yidan Ma, Quanan Li, Xiaoya Chen, Zhuolin Li, Nana Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01964-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01964-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-2Nd-<i>x</i>Er-0.5Zr alloy were systematically studied. The effect of Er addition on the microstructure of as-cast alloy was discussed by calculating the mismatch degree, and the strengthening mechanism of aged alloy was expounded from the aspects of fine grain strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The mismatches between (100), (110), and (111) planes of Mg<sub>5</sub>Gd and (0001) plane of α-Mg were 0.95, 2.33, and 1.65%, respectively. Calculations demonstrate that Mg<sub>5</sub>Gd can serve as an effective core for α-Mg nucleation. The addition of the Er element can replace Gd atom to form Mg<sub>5</sub> (Gd, Er) phase, which increases the effective heterogeneous nucleation core, thus refining the grains. In addition, the number of β′ precipitates increases after aging treatment, which better hinders the dislocation movement and improves the performance. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Mg-8Gd-2Nd-3Er-0.5Zr alloy can reach 313, 319, 307 and 287 MPa at 25, 200, 250 and 300 °C, respectively. The fracture morphology has a large number of dissociation surfaces and tearing edges, showing brittle fracture.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 12","pages":"3684 - 3696"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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