Uniform deposition across large areas of an organic layer is one of the challenges for the industrial application of solution-based organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). In this paper, we propose an organic thin film deposition method for OLED using a micro multi-nozzle jet coating process. The developed micro multi-nozzle jet head consists of eighteen nozzles (100 μm diameter), a side suction line, inlets, and a nozzle protection outer hole. To demonstrate organic thin film deposition for OLED lighting device fabrication, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solution was used as a hole injection layer (HIL). Thickness uniformity of the PEDOT:PSS thin film was analyzed by regulating the jetting pressure. Through single-path coating of twelve successive stable column-jet flows, PEDOT:PSS organic film of 26 mm width was coated on an ITO substrate at 1 m/s head speed. The PEDOT:PSS thin film of 24.25 ± 1.55 nm (CV = 6.39%) thickness was obtained by the proposed coating method. For the feasibility test, OLED lighting devices with emission areas of 20 mm × 20 mm and 70 mm × 70 mm were successfully fabricated using PEDOT:PSS films deposited by a micro multi-nozzle jet coating method.
大面积有机层的均匀沉积是基于溶液的有机发光二极管(OLED)工业应用的挑战之一。在本文中，我们提出了一种有机发光二极管的有机薄膜沉积方法，采用微多喷嘴喷射镀膜工艺。所研制的微型多喷嘴射流头由18个直径为100 μm的喷嘴、侧吸管、进气道和喷嘴保护外孔组成。为了证明有机薄膜沉积用于OLED照明器件的制造，使用聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS)溶液作为孔注入层(HIL)。通过调节喷射压力，分析了PEDOT:PSS薄膜的厚度均匀性。通过连续12个稳定柱射流的单路涂覆，以1m /s的头速将26 mm宽的PEDOT:PSS有机薄膜涂覆在ITO基板上。采用该方法获得了厚度为24.25±1.55 nm (CV = 6.39%)的PEDOT:PSS薄膜。为验证其可行性，采用微喷嘴喷射镀膜方法制备了发光面积分别为20 mm × 20 mm和70 mm × 70 mm的OLED照明器件。
{"title":"Micro multi-nozzle jet coating of organic thin film for organic light-emitting diode lighting devices","authors":"Shin, Kwon-Yong, Kang, Mingyu, Cho, Kwan Hyun, Kang, Kyung-Tae, Lee, Sang-Ho","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00137-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00137-0","url":null,"abstract":"Uniform deposition across large areas of an organic layer is one of the challenges for the industrial application of solution-based organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). In this paper, we propose an organic thin film deposition method for OLED using a micro multi-nozzle jet coating process. The developed micro multi-nozzle jet head consists of eighteen nozzles (100 μm diameter), a side suction line, inlets, and a nozzle protection outer hole. To demonstrate organic thin film deposition for OLED lighting device fabrication, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solution was used as a hole injection layer (HIL). Thickness uniformity of the PEDOT:PSS thin film was analyzed by regulating the jetting pressure. Through single-path coating of twelve successive stable column-jet flows, PEDOT:PSS organic film of 26 mm width was coated on an ITO substrate at 1 m/s head speed. The PEDOT:PSS thin film of 24.25 ± 1.55 nm (CV = 6.39%) thickness was obtained by the proposed coating method. For the feasibility test, OLED lighting devices with emission areas of 20 mm × 20 mm and 70 mm × 70 mm were successfully fabricated using PEDOT:PSS films deposited by a micro multi-nozzle jet coating method.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work proposes a method for fabricating metallic Al particles in aqueous solution. An aqueous colloidal solution was prepared from an aqueous aluminum nitrate nonahydrate solution by electrolysis using metallic Al plates as the anode and cathode under ultrasonic irradiation in water at 25–45 °C. The sizes of the particles in the colloidal solutions prepared at 25, 35, and 45 °C were 76.3, 77.0, and 84.7 nm, respectively. The powder obtained from the colloidal solution prepared at 25 °C was not crystalline. By contrast, the powders obtained from the colloidal solutions prepared at 35 and 45 °C had a crystal structure of cubic Al and crystal sizes of 55.7 and 59.3 nm, respectively. Thus, elevated temperatures promoted both particle growth and crystal growth, which was explained by higher temperatures increasing the frequency and energy of particle collisions. The metallic Al particles were chemically stable in both an aqueous solution and the ambient atmosphere. The chemically stable metallic Al particles are expected to be used as sources for fabricating materials related to fuels, energy storage, and pigments.
{"title":"Synthesis of metallic aluminum particles by electrolysis in aqueous solution","authors":"Hosoya, Takefumi, Yonezawa, Takehiro, Yamauchi, Noriko, Nakashima, Kouichi, Kobayashi, Yoshio","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00141-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00141-4","url":null,"abstract":"The present work proposes a method for fabricating metallic Al particles in aqueous solution. An aqueous colloidal solution was prepared from an aqueous aluminum nitrate nonahydrate solution by electrolysis using metallic Al plates as the anode and cathode under ultrasonic irradiation in water at 25–45 °C. The sizes of the particles in the colloidal solutions prepared at 25, 35, and 45 °C were 76.3, 77.0, and 84.7 nm, respectively. The powder obtained from the colloidal solution prepared at 25 °C was not crystalline. By contrast, the powders obtained from the colloidal solutions prepared at 35 and 45 °C had a crystal structure of cubic Al and crystal sizes of 55.7 and 59.3 nm, respectively. Thus, elevated temperatures promoted both particle growth and crystal growth, which was explained by higher temperatures increasing the frequency and energy of particle collisions. The metallic Al particles were chemically stable in both an aqueous solution and the ambient atmosphere. The chemically stable metallic Al particles are expected to be used as sources for fabricating materials related to fuels, energy storage, and pigments.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00142-3
Jeongtae Kim, Sungil Kim, Y. Joung, Jiyeon Choi, Chiwan Koo
{"title":"Two-step hybrid process of movable part inside glass substrate using ultrafast laser","authors":"Jeongtae Kim, Sungil Kim, Y. Joung, Jiyeon Choi, Chiwan Koo","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00142-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00142-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65886856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00140-5
Chae, Uikyu, Park, Jeongsoo, Kim, Jeong-Geun, Yu, Hyun-Yong, Cho, Il-Joo
LC CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with tunable inductors are essential for high-performance, multi-band communication systems, such as IoT applications and 5G communication. However, VCOs that use CMOS tunable inductors have difficulty in achieving high RF performance due to the low Q-factor of the inductor. In addition, previously reported CMOS VCOs integrated with MEMS inductors have used CMOS switches for tuning frequency bands, but they also had large signal losses on the switch. Herein, we propose a CMOS VCO that is integrated with a MEMS tunable inductor that tunes the frequency band with three MEMS switches. The proposed MEMS tunable inductor enables us to achieve high RF performance due to the suspended structure, and RF MEMS switches enable lower signal loss than CMOS switches. In this work, we successfully fabricated the proposed CMOS VCO integrated with a MEMS tunable inductor using the flip-chip bonding process, and we measured oscillation frequencies according to the actuation of the three switches. The oscillation powers were measured as − 3.03 dBm @ 1.39 GHz, − 5.80 @ 1.98 GHz, − 7.44 dBm @ 2.81 GHz, and − 8.77 dBm @ 3.68 GHz.
{"title":"CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator with high-performance MEMS tunable inductor","authors":"Chae, Uikyu, Park, Jeongsoo, Kim, Jeong-Geun, Yu, Hyun-Yong, Cho, Il-Joo","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00140-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00140-5","url":null,"abstract":"LC CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with tunable inductors are essential for high-performance, multi-band communication systems, such as IoT applications and 5G communication. However, VCOs that use CMOS tunable inductors have difficulty in achieving high RF performance due to the low Q-factor of the inductor. In addition, previously reported CMOS VCOs integrated with MEMS inductors have used CMOS switches for tuning frequency bands, but they also had large signal losses on the switch. Herein, we propose a CMOS VCO that is integrated with a MEMS tunable inductor that tunes the frequency band with three MEMS switches. The proposed MEMS tunable inductor enables us to achieve high RF performance due to the suspended structure, and RF MEMS switches enable lower signal loss than CMOS switches. In this work, we successfully fabricated the proposed CMOS VCO integrated with a MEMS tunable inductor using the flip-chip bonding process, and we measured oscillation frequencies according to the actuation of the three switches. The oscillation powers were measured as − 3.03 dBm @ 1.39 GHz, − 5.80 @ 1.98 GHz, − 7.44 dBm @ 2.81 GHz, and − 8.77 dBm @ 3.68 GHz.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colloidal Silver nano-particles were grown at room temperature using leaf extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum. The silver nanoparticles suspended in the solution were found to be stable for over a period of 2 months. Structural, optical and photo catalytic behavior of the suspended silver (Ag) nano-particles (NPs) was characterized. From TEM analysis the size of the silver nanoparticles was estimated to be 25–30 nm. Our findings suggest that the ratio between the molarity of AgNO3 and the volume of leaf extract does not have any role in controlling the size of the Ag nano-particles. These green synthesized Ag nano-particles exhibit degradation of the carcinogenic organic pollutant sulforhodamine B in absence of light.
{"title":"Efficacy in degradation of carcinogenic pollutant sulforhodamine B by green synthesized silver nanoparticles","authors":"Jayakrishnan, Ramakrishnan, Joseph, Anju, Thomas, Vinoy","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00138-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00138-z","url":null,"abstract":"Colloidal Silver nano-particles were grown at room temperature using leaf extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum. The silver nanoparticles suspended in the solution were found to be stable for over a period of 2 months. Structural, optical and photo catalytic behavior of the suspended silver (Ag) nano-particles (NPs) was characterized. From TEM analysis the size of the silver nanoparticles was estimated to be 25–30 nm. Our findings suggest that the ratio between the molarity of AgNO3 and the volume of leaf extract does not have any role in controlling the size of the Ag nano-particles. These green synthesized Ag nano-particles exhibit degradation of the carcinogenic organic pollutant sulforhodamine B in absence of light.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00139-y
Kwon, Jae-Myeong, Yang, Sung-Pyo, Jeong, Ki-Hun
Conventional pain assessment methods such as patients’ self-reporting restrict the possibility of easy pain monitoring while pain serves as an important role in clinical practice. Here we report a pain assessment method via 3D face reading camera assisted by dot pattern illumination. The face reading camera module (FRCM) consists of a stereo camera and a dot projector, which allow the quantitative measurement of facial expression changes without human subjective judgement. The rotational offset microlens arrays (roMLAs) in the dot projector form a uniform dense dot pattern on a human face. The dot projection facilitates evaluating three-dimensional change of facial expression by improving 3D reconstruction results of non-textured facial surfaces. In addition, the FRCM provides consistent pain rating from 3D data, regardless of head movement. This pain assessment method can provide a new guideline for precise, real-time, and continuous pain monitoring.
{"title":"Stereoscopic facial imaging for pain assessment using rotational offset microlens arrays based structured illumination","authors":"Kwon, Jae-Myeong, Yang, Sung-Pyo, Jeong, Ki-Hun","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00139-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00139-y","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional pain assessment methods such as patients’ self-reporting restrict the possibility of easy pain monitoring while pain serves as an important role in clinical practice. Here we report a pain assessment method via 3D face reading camera assisted by dot pattern illumination. The face reading camera module (FRCM) consists of a stereo camera and a dot projector, which allow the quantitative measurement of facial expression changes without human subjective judgement. The rotational offset microlens arrays (roMLAs) in the dot projector form a uniform dense dot pattern on a human face. The dot projection facilitates evaluating three-dimensional change of facial expression by improving 3D reconstruction results of non-textured facial surfaces. In addition, the FRCM provides consistent pain rating from 3D data, regardless of head movement. This pain assessment method can provide a new guideline for precise, real-time, and continuous pain monitoring.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present work, gas sensor arrays consisted of four different sensing materials based on CuO and their depositions on the MEMS microheaters were designed, fabricated and characterized. The sensor array is consisted with CuO, CuO with Pt NPs, ZnO–CuO and ZnO–CuO with Au NPs and their gas sensing properties are characterized for detection of exhaled breath-related VOCs. Through MEMS microheaters, power consumption is considered for application to healthcare devices which requires ultrasensitive acetone gas sensitivity. Also, using the principal component analysis, it enables to discriminate acetone gas, a biomarker for fat burning during diet, with other VOCs gases. The device would be applicable for on-site diet monitoring in the field of mobile healthcare.
{"title":"A highly smart MEMS acetone gas sensors in array for diet-monitoring applications","authors":"Lee, Jae Eun, Lim, Chan Kyu, Song, Hyunjoon, Choi, Sung-Yool, Lee, Dae-Sik","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00136-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00136-1","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, gas sensor arrays consisted of four different sensing materials based on CuO and their depositions on the MEMS microheaters were designed, fabricated and characterized. The sensor array is consisted with CuO, CuO with Pt NPs, ZnO–CuO and ZnO–CuO with Au NPs and their gas sensing properties are characterized for detection of exhaled breath-related VOCs. Through MEMS microheaters, power consumption is considered for application to healthcare devices which requires ultrasensitive acetone gas sensitivity. Also, using the principal component analysis, it enables to discriminate acetone gas, a biomarker for fat burning during diet, with other VOCs gases. The device would be applicable for on-site diet monitoring in the field of mobile healthcare.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00135-2
Pooja P. Kanade, Nomin-Erdene Oyunbaatar, Dongwook Lee
{"title":"Effects of low temperature on electrophysiology and mechanophysiology of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs)","authors":"Pooja P. Kanade, Nomin-Erdene Oyunbaatar, Dongwook Lee","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00135-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00135-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65886817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00134-3
Prakash, Hrishikesh Shashi, Maroju, Pranay Amruth, Boppudi, Naga Sai Sriteja, Balapure, Aniket, Ganesan, Ramakrishnan, Ray Dutta, Jayati
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) based technology has been shown to possess enormous potential in the viral nucleic acid diagnosis. Despite significant advancement in this domain, the existing literature reveals the diversity in the conditions employed for hybridization and tagging of thiolated nucleic acid probes over the Au NPs. Here we employ the probe sequence derived from the Hepatitis C virus to identify the optimal hybridization and thiol-Au NP tagging conditions. In a typical polymerase chain reaction, the probes are initially subjected to flash heating at elevated temperatures to obtain efficient annealing. Motivated by this, in the current study, the hybridization between the target and the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) has been studied at 65 °C with and without employing flash heating at temperatures from 75 to 95 °C. Besides, the efficiency of the thiolated ASO’s tagging over the Au NPs with and without citrate buffer has been explored. The study has revealed the beneficial role of flash heating at 95 °C for efficient hybridization and the presence of citrate buffer for rapid and effective thiol tagging over the Au NPs. The combinatorial effect of these conditions has been found to be advantageous in enhancing the sensitivity of ratiometric genosensing using Au NPs.
{"title":"Influence of citrate buffer and flash heating in enhancing the sensitivity of ratiometric genosensing of Hepatitis C virus using plasmonic gold nanoparticles","authors":"Prakash, Hrishikesh Shashi, Maroju, Pranay Amruth, Boppudi, Naga Sai Sriteja, Balapure, Aniket, Ganesan, Ramakrishnan, Ray Dutta, Jayati","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00134-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00134-3","url":null,"abstract":"Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) based technology has been shown to possess enormous potential in the viral nucleic acid diagnosis. Despite significant advancement in this domain, the existing literature reveals the diversity in the conditions employed for hybridization and tagging of thiolated nucleic acid probes over the Au NPs. Here we employ the probe sequence derived from the Hepatitis C virus to identify the optimal hybridization and thiol-Au NP tagging conditions. In a typical polymerase chain reaction, the probes are initially subjected to flash heating at elevated temperatures to obtain efficient annealing. Motivated by this, in the current study, the hybridization between the target and the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) has been studied at 65 °C with and without employing flash heating at temperatures from 75 to 95 °C. Besides, the efficiency of the thiolated ASO’s tagging over the Au NPs with and without citrate buffer has been explored. The study has revealed the beneficial role of flash heating at 95 °C for efficient hybridization and the presence of citrate buffer for rapid and effective thiol tagging over the Au NPs. The combinatorial effect of these conditions has been found to be advantageous in enhancing the sensitivity of ratiometric genosensing using Au NPs.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00133-4
Choi, SungHak, Kang, BongSu, Shimanouchi, Toshinori, Kim, Keesung, Jung, HoSup
Bicelle is one of the most stable phospholipid assemblies, which has tremendous applications in the research areas for drug delivery or structural studies of membrane proteins owing to its bio-membrane mimicking characteristics and high thermal stability. However, the conventional preparation method for bicelle demands complicated manufacturing processes and a long time so that the continuous synthesis method of bicelle using microfluidic chip has been playing an important role to expand its feasibility. We verified the general availability of hydrodynamic focusing method with microfluidic chip for bicelle synthesis using various kinds of lipids which have a phase transition temperature ranged from − 2 to 41 °C. Bicelle can be formed only when the inside temperature of microfluidic chip was over the phase transition temperature. Moreover, the concentration condition for bicelle formation varied depending on the lipids. Furthermore, the transition process characteristics from bicelle to vesicle were analyzed by effective q-value, mixing time and dilution condition. We verified that the size of transition vesicles was controlled according to the effective q-value, mixing time, and temperature.
{"title":"Continuous preparation of bicelles using hydrodynamic focusing method for bicelle to vesicle transition","authors":"Choi, SungHak, Kang, BongSu, Shimanouchi, Toshinori, Kim, Keesung, Jung, HoSup","doi":"10.1186/s40486-021-00133-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-021-00133-4","url":null,"abstract":"Bicelle is one of the most stable phospholipid assemblies, which has tremendous applications in the research areas for drug delivery or structural studies of membrane proteins owing to its bio-membrane mimicking characteristics and high thermal stability. However, the conventional preparation method for bicelle demands complicated manufacturing processes and a long time so that the continuous synthesis method of bicelle using microfluidic chip has been playing an important role to expand its feasibility. We verified the general availability of hydrodynamic focusing method with microfluidic chip for bicelle synthesis using various kinds of lipids which have a phase transition temperature ranged from − 2 to 41 °C. Bicelle can be formed only when the inside temperature of microfluidic chip was over the phase transition temperature. Moreover, the concentration condition for bicelle formation varied depending on the lipids. Furthermore, the transition process characteristics from bicelle to vesicle were analyzed by effective q-value, mixing time and dilution condition. We verified that the size of transition vesicles was controlled according to the effective q-value, mixing time, and temperature.","PeriodicalId":704,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nano Systems Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138520619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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