Micro and Nano Systems Letters最新文献

Multiple lesions in the same vessel is one of the most common situations found in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, this complicates not only the assessment of the severity of each one but also their treatment. To date, the effect of multiple stenoses on different parameters has been simulated by numerical studies. Few others have implemented in vitro platforms for their investigation. However, visualization of thrombosis formation in this kind of lesion is still needed. This in vitro study monitors the formation of thrombus inside microchannels having one, two, and three stenoses. Whole blood was perfused through each channel at high shear rates (> 12,000 s⁻¹), generating thrombosis. Flow changes across each lesion as well as the final percentage of aggregations were monitored. Thus, the location where total occlusion could be produced was found to be the first stenosis for all the cases. Less flow reaching the second and third stenoses was observed which demonstrates that aggregations were growing at the first one. This was verified by measuring the percentage of aggregations at the end of the test.

The development of high-performance strain sensors has attracted significant attention in the field of smart wearable devices. However, stretchable strain sensors usually suffer from a trade-off between sensitivity and sensing range. In this study, we investigate a highly sensitive and stretchable piezoresistive strain sensor composed of a hybrid film of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and 2D graphene that forms a percolation network on Ecoflex substrate by spray coating. The mass of spray-coated MWCNT and graphene and their mass ratio are modulated to overcome the trade-off between strain sensitivity and sensing range. We experimentally found that a stable percolation network is formed by 0.18 mg of MWCNTs (coating area of 200 mm²), with a maximum gauge factor (GF) of 1,935.6 and stretchability of 814.2%. By incorporating the 0.36 mg of graphene into the MWCNT film (i.e., a mass ratio of 1:2 between MWCNT and graphene), the GF is further improved to 12,144.7 in a strain range of 650–700%. This high GF is caused by the easy separation of the graphene network under the applied strain due to its two-dimensional (2D) shape. High stretchability originates from the high aspect ratio of MWCNTs that bridges the randomly distributed graphenes, maintaining a conductive network even under sizeable tensile strain. Furthermore, a small difference in work function between MWCNT and graphene and their stable percolation network enables sensitive UV light detection even under a significant strain of 300% that cannot be achieved by sensors composed of MWCNT- or graphene-only. The hybrids of MWCNT and graphene provide an opportunity to achieve high-performance stretchable devices.

To overcome the limitations of muscle-based prostheses, studies on nerve-based prostheses for sensory feedback have recently been reported. To develop such prostheses, intrafascicular electrodes, a type of peripheral nerve interface, are essentially used to connect the nervous system and external systems. Through these electrodes, sensory feedback to induce sensations in patients is possible. To evoke natural sensations, precise recordings of nerve signals should precede sensory feedback, in order to identify patterns of sensory signals in the nerve and to mimic these patterns in stimulating the nerve. For this purpose, we previously developed a PDMS-based flexible penetrating microelectrode array (FPMA). In the current study, we verified the ability of the FPMA to record sensory nerve signals. The FPMA implanted in the rabbit sciatic nerve was able to record spontaneous neural signals, and the recorded signals were separated into action potential units. In addition, sensory nerve signals synchronized with ankle movement were successfully recorded, demonstrating that the FPMA is a useful peripheral neural interface capable of recording high-resolution sensory signals.

In this study, a pneumatic dispenser driven by a flexible membrane with a capacitive-type sensor using an SLA-type 3D printer was fabricated. It was confirmed that a single droplet in the range of approximately 400–450 nL could be ejected from the current processed 200-μm-diameter nozzle. The deformation varied according to the magnitude and time of the positive pressure applied to the membrane sensor. In addition, the signals of the normal dispensing and abnormal states, in which the solution was not ejected when the inlet pressure was removed, were measured and compared. The base capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) value decreased when the inlet pressure was removed. Thus, it was able to confirm the feasibility of monitoring the normal and abnormal ejection status of the pneumatic dispenser.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles derived from cells that transport biomaterials between cells through biofluids. Due to their biological role and components, they are considered as potential drug carriers and for diagnostic applications. Today's advanced nanotechnology enables single-particle-level analysis that was difficult in the past due to its small size below the diffraction limit. Single EV analysis reveals the heterogeneity of EVs, which could not be discovered by various ensemble analysis methods. Understanding the characteristics of single EVs enables more advanced pathological and biological researches. This review focuses on the advanced techniques employed for EV analysis at the single particle level and describes the principles of each technique.

Metal oxide-based sensors have been widely used to detection biomarkers in exhaled breath for identification of various diseases such as asthma, diabetes, halitosis, and lung cancer. Herein, we proposed one step hydrothermal method for the preparation of SnO₂ nanospheres and reduced graphene oxide incorporated SnO₂ nanospheres for the detection of two important biomarkers such as decane and heptane from the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients. The as prepared materials are investigated in detail through various analytical techniques and the findings are consistent with each other. The sensing response of the proposed sensors were systematically investigated to enhance their sensing performance as a function of operating temperatures and gas concentration, and different analyte gases. The sensors showed maximum sensing response toward heptane and decane compared to other interfering gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, acetone, ethanol, and methanol at 125 °C. The proposed sensors exhibit excellent detection range as low as 1 ppm with appreciably fast response and recovery time. Lung cancer patients may be easily screened using the proposed sensor, by detecting decane and heptane in their exhaled breath.

During deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), microscale etch masks with small opening such as trenches or holes suffer from limited aspect ratio because diffusion of reactive ions and free radicals become progressively difficult as the number of DRIE cycle increases. For this reason, high aspect ratio structures of microscale trenches or holes are not readily available with standard DRIE recipes and microscale holes are more problematic than trenches due to omnidirectional confinement. In this letter, we propose an optimization for fabrication of high aspect ratio microscale hole arrays with an improved cross-sectional etch profile. Bias voltage and inductively coupled plasma power are considered as optimization parameters to promote the bottom etching of the high aspect ratio hole array. In addition, flow rates of octafluorocyclobutane (C(_{4})F(_{8})) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF(_{6})) for passivation and depassivation steps, respectively, are considered as optimization parameters to reduce the etch undercut. As a result of optimization, the aspect ratio of 20 is achieved for 1.3 μm-diameter hole array and etch area reduction at the bottom relative to the top is improved to 21%.

A microarray detection method based on on-chip signal amplification using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was developed to visualize pathogenic genes. Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrate for microarrays was treated with oxygen plasma to induce hydrophilic surface properties. The capture probe DNA was immobilized on the COC surface by UV irradiation. The 3ʹ end of the capture probe DNA immobilized on the COC surface was modified with a phosphate group to provide resistance against the TdT reaction. Therefore, the TdT reaction was triggered only when the capture probe DNA acquired the target gene, and biotin-11-deoxyuridine triphosphate (b-dUTP) was continuously added to the 3ʹ end of the target gene. Thereafter, streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (s-AuNPs) tagged the poly uridine tails by the biotin–streptavidin interaction. The visual signal was amplified by silver enhancement in the presence of the s-AuNPs. The usefulness of this detection method was confirmed by analyzing four pathogens and allowing their visual identification.

Silicon wet bulk micromachining is the most widely used technique for the fabrication of diverse microstructures such as cantilevers, cavities, etc. in laboratory as well as in industry for micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) application. Although, increasing the throughput remains inevitable, and can be done by increasing the etching rate. Furthermore, freestanding structure release time can be reduced by the improved undercutting rate at convex corners. In this work, we have investigated the etching characteristics of a non-conventional etchant in the form of hydroxylamine (NH₂OH) added sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. This research is focused on Si{100} wafer as this orientation is largely used in the fabrication of planer devices (e.g., complementary metal-oxide semiconductors) and microelectromechanical systems (e.g., inertial sensors). We have performed a systematic and parametric analysis without and with 12% NH₂OH in 10 M NaOH for improved etching characteristics such as etch rate, undercutting at convex corners, and etched surface morphology. 3D scanning laser microscope is used to measure average surface roughness (R_a), etch depth (d), and undercutting length (l). Morphology of the etched Si{100} surface is examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The addition of NH₂OH in NaOH solution remarkably exhibited a two-fold increment in the etching rate of a Si{100} surface. Furthermore, the addition of NH₂OH significantly improves the etched surface morphology and undercutting at convex corners. Undercutting at convex corners is highly prudent for the quick release of microstructures from the substrate. In addition, we have studied the effect of etchant age on etching characteristics. Results presented in this article are of large significance for engineering applications in both academic and industrial laboratories.

Soft devices that are mechanically flexible and stretchable are considered as the building blocks for various applications ranging from wearable devices to robotics. Among the many candidate materials for constructing soft devices, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have been actively investigated owing to their outstanding characteristics, including their intrinsic flexibility, tunable conductivity, and potential for large-area processing. In particular, hybrids of CNTs and graphene can improve the performance of soft devices and provide them with novel capabilities. In this review, the advances in CNT-graphene hybrid-based soft electrodes, transistors, pressure and strain sensors, and actuators are discussed, highlighting the performance improvements of these devices originating from the synergistic effects of the hybrids of CNT and graphene. The integration of multidimensional heterogeneous carbon nanomaterials is expected to be a promising approach for accelerating the development of high-performance soft devices. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are summarized, from the processing of hybrid materials to the system-level integration of multiple components.