Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021695
Fizza Iftikhar, A. Asghar, Maha Khan
In today's continuous volatile dynamic environment, this study has examined empirically how environmental awareness and green marketing have an important role in forming the consumers' conscious and green attitude towards buying behavior of green products. A cross[1]sectional survey was designed, and convenience sampling was used. The relation between environmental awareness and green marketing has been tested for causality using statistical interference. The model is tested based on the online survey results of 26 individual customers from Lahore Pakistan by using SPSS. Five-point Likert scale was used to measure the constructs of environmental awareness, green marketing, and conscious-green consumers buying intention of green products. The findings of the research illustrate that environmental awareness and green marketing both influences customers buying behavior towards conscious and purchasing green products. The key findings of this research show a positive relationship between environmental awareness and green marketing. This study conveys important implications for organizations. Companies that influence their consumers to buy their products must market themselves as green. Green marketing campaigns by the companies can inspire millions of people, especially those living in developing countries like Pakistan to be environmentally conscious and vice versa. Environmentally conscious people can be triggered by green marketing communications to have purchase intention of green products. The shift of consumers being conscious and having an intention towards Purchasing Green products, especially after Covid 19 in developing countries makes this study an important one.
{"title":"The Impact of Green Marketing and Environmental Awareness on Consumers Green and Conscious Consumption of Green Products","authors":"Fizza Iftikhar, A. Asghar, Maha Khan","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06021695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06021695","url":null,"abstract":"In today's continuous volatile dynamic environment, this study has examined empirically how environmental awareness and green marketing have an important role in forming the consumers' conscious and green attitude towards buying behavior of green products. A cross[1]sectional survey was designed, and convenience sampling was used. The relation between environmental awareness and green marketing has been tested for causality using statistical interference. The model is tested based on the online survey results of 26 individual customers from Lahore Pakistan by using SPSS. Five-point Likert scale was used to measure the constructs of environmental awareness, green marketing, and conscious-green consumers buying intention of green products. The findings of the research illustrate that environmental awareness and green marketing both influences customers buying behavior towards conscious and purchasing green products. The key findings of this research show a positive relationship between environmental awareness and green marketing. This study conveys important implications for organizations. Companies that influence their consumers to buy their products must market themselves as green. Green marketing campaigns by the companies can inspire millions of people, especially those living in developing countries like Pakistan to be environmentally conscious and vice versa. Environmentally conscious people can be triggered by green marketing communications to have purchase intention of green products. The shift of consumers being conscious and having an intention towards Purchasing Green products, especially after Covid 19 in developing countries makes this study an important one.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90277799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021706
S. Alam, S. Shah
Knowledge management is considered one of the significant factors in service organizations that help the service organizations to improve their performance, and lack of it can actually cause major economic losses. The main idea of this research work is to explore the relationship that how ostracism produces a negative impact on knowledge sharing and a positive impact on knowledge hiding, in the context of a diversified environment of service organizations in Pakistan. In ostracism, the employees are excluded and sidelined by other employees within the organization. This reduces the overall productivity of the employees and they cannot better add towards achieving the goals of the firm. This also impacts the knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding behaviors of the individuals as well.
{"title":"Impact of Workplace Ostracism on the Knowledge Flow in the employees of Service Sector of Pakistan","authors":"S. Alam, S. Shah","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06021706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06021706","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge management is considered one of the significant factors in service organizations that help the service organizations to improve their performance, and lack of it can actually cause major economic losses. The main idea of this research work is to explore the relationship that how ostracism produces a negative impact on knowledge sharing and a positive impact on knowledge hiding, in the context of a diversified environment of service organizations in Pakistan. In ostracism, the employees are excluded and sidelined by other employees within the organization. This reduces the overall productivity of the employees and they cannot better add towards achieving the goals of the firm. This also impacts the knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding behaviors of the individuals as well.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79459801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021753
Javeria Jahangir, Naheed Bashir
The current study is designed to find out the nature and level of the fifth generation warfare in Pakistan. Pakistan is facing security challenges on account of terrorism and regional security. It is the time to understand the latest trends in the Fifth generation warfare war and implications for Pakistan. Threats to Pakistan’s stability by the hostile countries and their proxies by using 5GW and its ramification needed to be deeply analyzed. The objectives of this study are the conception of the term, comparison between different generations of warfare, mechanisms and techniques used in it and implications on the security of Pakistan and response strategies. Qualitative research design was implemented with data collection from secondary sources. The findings of the study show that the concept of 5GW is very difficult to comprehend and define, yet it has been grasped differently. The all generations of warfare are basically on two major areas i.e. targeting certain type of ideology and developing modern technology and warfare equipment’s. The study concluded that Pakistan is currently facing higher level of fifth generation warfare from India mainly in four major domains i.e. conventional war, diplomatic challenges, misinformation and economic suppression. The findings of the current study are of prime importance for framing a constructive policy in order to counter the 5GW threats. By delineating key issues and challenges, this research presents some recommendation to improve the countering strategies regarding 5GW in the context of Pakistan.
{"title":"Fifth Generation and Hybrid Warfare: Response Strategy of Pakistan","authors":"Javeria Jahangir, Naheed Bashir","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06021753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06021753","url":null,"abstract":"The current study is designed to find out the nature and level of the fifth generation warfare in Pakistan. Pakistan is facing security challenges on account of terrorism and regional security. It is the time to understand the latest trends in the Fifth generation warfare war and implications for Pakistan. Threats to Pakistan’s stability by the hostile countries and their proxies by using 5GW and its ramification needed to be deeply analyzed. The objectives of this study are the conception of the term, comparison between different generations of warfare, mechanisms and techniques used in it and implications on the security of Pakistan and response strategies. Qualitative research design was implemented with data collection from secondary sources. The findings of the study show that the concept of 5GW is very difficult to comprehend and define, yet it has been grasped differently. The all generations of warfare are basically on two major areas i.e. targeting certain type of ideology and developing modern technology and warfare equipment’s. The study concluded that Pakistan is currently facing higher level of fifth generation warfare from India mainly in four major domains i.e. conventional war, diplomatic challenges, misinformation and economic suppression. The findings of the current study are of prime importance for framing a constructive policy in order to counter the 5GW threats. By delineating key issues and challenges, this research presents some recommendation to improve the countering strategies regarding 5GW in the context of Pakistan. ","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85020430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021773
Sameen Naqvi, Pakeeza Abbas, Zheng Shiyong
Online games are now a prosperous industry. Despite the popularity of online games, game developers confront the challenge how to boost up the player’s cognitive behavior. To tackle this significant challenge, game developers found the cause To address this challenge, this study investigates the impact of three types of variables, namely, immersion, progression, and socialization, on cognitive behavior. Drawing from the Stimulus, Organism, and response theory, the authors propose that Immersion, progression, and achievement leades the cognitive behavior by evoking the emotions of achievement. Using the survey data collected from online game players, our study reveals that immersion, progression, and socialization significantly affects the cognitive behavior through achievement. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
{"title":"Influence Of Online Gaming User Preferences On Cognitive Behavior With Mediation Effect Of Emotions","authors":"Sameen Naqvi, Pakeeza Abbas, Zheng Shiyong","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06021773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06021773","url":null,"abstract":"Online games are now a prosperous industry. Despite the popularity of online games, game developers confront the challenge how to boost up the player’s cognitive behavior. To tackle this significant challenge, game developers found the cause To address this challenge, this study investigates the impact of three types of variables, namely, immersion, progression, and socialization, on cognitive behavior. Drawing from the Stimulus, Organism, and response theory, the authors propose that Immersion, progression, and achievement leades the cognitive behavior by evoking the emotions of achievement. Using the survey data collected from online game players, our study reveals that immersion, progression, and socialization significantly affects the cognitive behavior through achievement. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79375207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021683
Fahim Mukhtar, Maayda Shahid, S. Khokhar
Constant rise in inflation rate as compared to income of many household coupled with several other fluctuating economic conditions leads to the issue of financial stress. Due to these instabilities, people find it difficult to create balance between work and personal life and acquisition of new knowledge. The literature review has revealed that there exists a relationship between the financial condition and work-life balance as well as between financial condition and new knowledge acquisition. This study attempts to investigate that how much one variable causes its influence on another variable especially for salaried class households working in organization. Salaried class is highly hit because of Covid-19 pandemic and is suffering from constant increase in inflation. The Government of Pakistan has also given a little relief to salaried class in the recent budget. The data is collected through self-administered questionnaires from the individuals working in IT organizations of Lahore. IT industry is chosen because of the constant change in technology. The learning factor is maximum in this sector and employees can be given work at any time because they know how to use technology which can disturb work life balance. However, because of financial instability and less job opportunities employers can take extra advantage of their employees. The findings of this study reveal that financial conditions significantly affect work-life balance; thereby, increasing the possibility of acquiring new knowledge.
{"title":"Impact of Financial Condition on Work Life Balance and New Knowledge Acquisition: A Case of Pakistan","authors":"Fahim Mukhtar, Maayda Shahid, S. Khokhar","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06021683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06021683","url":null,"abstract":"Constant rise in inflation rate as compared to income of many household coupled with several other fluctuating economic conditions leads to the issue of financial stress. Due to these instabilities, people find it difficult to create balance between work and personal life and acquisition of new knowledge. The literature review has revealed that there exists a relationship between the financial condition and work-life balance as well as between financial condition and new knowledge acquisition. This study attempts to investigate that how much one variable causes its influence on another variable especially for salaried class households working in organization. Salaried class is highly hit because of Covid-19 pandemic and is suffering from constant increase in inflation. The Government of Pakistan has also given a little relief to salaried class in the recent budget. The data is collected through self-administered questionnaires from the individuals working in IT organizations of Lahore. IT industry is chosen because of the constant change in technology. The learning factor is maximum in this sector and employees can be given work at any time because they know how to use technology which can disturb work life balance. However, because of financial instability and less job opportunities employers can take extra advantage of their employees. The findings of this study reveal that financial conditions significantly affect work-life balance; thereby, increasing the possibility of acquiring new knowledge.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74009714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06011681
H. Malik, Muzamil Mehmood
Sustainable development is an emerging field of research. Sustainable leadership is an effective leadership style but to enhance its effect authentic leadership, which is a new field of effective leadership. Authentic leadership is a multi-dimensional theory, and it has a resemblance to transformational leadership theory. Authentic leadership is a general term, and it can consolidate transformational, charismatic, servant, spiritual, or other forms of leadership styles. Organizational learning is something new introduced by modern management and leadership styles as a strategic tool to improve competitiveness and to even out the organization’s success and compatibility. This research examines methods of implanting sustainable and authentic leadership into sustainable development goals (SDGs) and examined the mediating role of organizational learning between sustainable leadership and SDGs (economic performance, environmental performance, and social performance) as well as the mediating role of organizational learning between authentic leadership and SDGs. The data in this study was collected from the manufacturing industries of Pakistan using a convenient sampling technique. IBM SPSS Statistics tool was used to analyze the data. The results show (a) sustainable leadership has a positive impact on organizational learning (b) authentic leadership has a positive impact on organizational learning (c) organizational learning mediates the relationship between sustainable leadership and SDGs (d) organizational learning mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and economic performance. (e) Organizational learning mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and social performance. The present study offered a detailed study of dynamic capabilities and sustainable development. Effective leadership and management styles are proposed for organizations to combat sustainable development challenges.
{"title":"Impact of Authentic Leadership, Sustainable Leadership on Sustainable Growth with Mediating Role of Organizational Learning","authors":"H. Malik, Muzamil Mehmood","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06011681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06011681","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development is an emerging field of research. Sustainable leadership is an effective leadership style but to enhance its effect authentic leadership, which is a new field of effective leadership. Authentic leadership is a multi-dimensional theory, and it has a resemblance to transformational leadership theory. Authentic leadership is a general term, and it can consolidate transformational, charismatic, servant, spiritual, or other forms of leadership styles. Organizational learning is something new introduced by modern management and leadership styles as a strategic tool to improve competitiveness and to even out the organization’s success and compatibility. This research examines methods of implanting sustainable and authentic leadership into sustainable development goals (SDGs) and examined the mediating role of organizational learning between sustainable leadership and SDGs (economic performance, environmental performance, and social performance) as well as the mediating role of organizational learning between authentic leadership and SDGs. The data in this study was collected from the manufacturing industries of Pakistan using a convenient sampling technique. IBM SPSS Statistics tool was used to analyze the data. The results show (a) sustainable leadership has a positive impact on organizational learning (b) authentic leadership has a positive impact on organizational learning (c) organizational learning mediates the relationship between sustainable leadership and SDGs (d) organizational learning mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and economic performance. (e) Organizational learning mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and social performance. The present study offered a detailed study of dynamic capabilities and sustainable development. Effective leadership and management styles are proposed for organizations to combat sustainable development challenges.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81352369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06011680
Hajra Noor, N. Zafar, Fizza Iftikhar
In the instance of emerging economies, this research examines the firms’ investment decision and leverage relationship. This study examines a sample Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed firms. Time period consists of six years from 2015 to 2020. To investigate the investment and leverage link Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression is used because of its more precise estimates than the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Results reveal that leverage is negatively and significantly associated with the investment. In the case of Pakistan, this indicates that increased debt financing results in a decrease in company investment. Firms' investment decisions are also influenced by several other variables such as profitability, liquidity, and cash flows. Findings are in support of the corporate agency hypothesis, revealing that leverage plays a key role in the firm's growth. To solve the possible problem of endogeneity, the robustness of these results is cross-checked by using the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) method. The current paper adds to the existing body of knowledge in several ways. To begin, we contribute to the continuing discussion about whether corporate investment decisions are influenced by firm leverage. Second, in the context of emerging markets, we present an empirical study. Future research can be done with an evaluation between emerging and advanced countries, this study can be expanded across industry lines and at the country level. Because investment divergence from an ideal level is linked to the agency problem, these findings have important implications for corporate governance to protect shareholders' interests as well as in the context of emerging markets, this conclusion has significant implications.
{"title":"Role of Leverage in the Corporate Investment Decisions Empirical Evidence of an Emerging Economy","authors":"Hajra Noor, N. Zafar, Fizza Iftikhar","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06011680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06011680","url":null,"abstract":"In the instance of emerging economies, this research examines the firms’ investment decision and leverage relationship. This study examines a sample Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed firms. Time period consists of six years from 2015 to 2020. To investigate the investment and leverage link Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression is used because of its more precise estimates than the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Results reveal that leverage is negatively and significantly associated with the investment. In the case of Pakistan, this indicates that increased debt financing results in a decrease in company investment. Firms' investment decisions are also influenced by several other variables such as profitability, liquidity, and cash flows. Findings are in support of the corporate agency hypothesis, revealing that leverage plays a key role in the firm's growth. To solve the possible problem of endogeneity, the robustness of these results is cross-checked by using the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) method. The current paper adds to the existing body of knowledge in several ways. To begin, we contribute to the continuing discussion about whether corporate investment decisions are influenced by firm leverage. Second, in the context of emerging markets, we present an empirical study. Future research can be done with an evaluation between emerging and advanced countries, this study can be expanded across industry lines and at the country level. Because investment divergence from an ideal level is linked to the agency problem, these findings have important implications for corporate governance to protect shareholders' interests as well as in the context of emerging markets, this conclusion has significant implications.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78060777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06011678
Yaqoob Ahmad, Samina Rooh
Financial inclusion is now commonly recognized as a vital ingredient for poverty reduction and improved prosperity. Adults in the world's poorest homes, on the other side, remain unbanked in increasing quantities. The characteristics that influence financial inclusion in Pakistan are examined in this article. The study has taken use of the World Bank's Global Findex database from 2017. Gender, education, age, and income are all significant factors that influence financial inclusion in Pakistan, according to the findings of this study. According to the findings, a person who is richer, better educated, and older supports financial inclusion and has a greater influence on education and income, based on Probit forecasts. Mobile banking follows the same procedure as traditional banking. The determinants of informal finance differ from those of formal finance. The government should create rules encouraging financial service providers to locate their facilities closer to users or to adopt technology that makes financial services more accessible, such as agency and mobile banking.
{"title":"The Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Pakistan","authors":"Yaqoob Ahmad, Samina Rooh","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06011678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06011678","url":null,"abstract":"Financial inclusion is now commonly recognized as a vital ingredient for poverty reduction and improved prosperity. Adults in the world's poorest homes, on the other side, remain unbanked in increasing quantities. The characteristics that influence financial inclusion in Pakistan are examined in this article. The study has taken use of the World Bank's Global Findex database from 2017. Gender, education, age, and income are all significant factors that influence financial inclusion in Pakistan, according to the findings of this study. According to the findings, a person who is richer, better educated, and older supports financial inclusion and has a greater influence on education and income, based on Probit forecasts. Mobile banking follows the same procedure as traditional banking. The determinants of informal finance differ from those of formal finance. The government should create rules encouraging financial service providers to locate their facilities closer to users or to adopt technology that makes financial services more accessible, such as agency and mobile banking.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82472382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06011677
Muhammad Adnan Khan, Z. Nisa, Khairullah Jan
Education production function relates school, teacher and student inputs to measure the student output. The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of educational outcome in the study area by estimating an education production function for Government and Private higher secondary schools in Nowshera. Education plays an essential and important role in the development process, as a high-quality of education system is a key element by which a developing country can expands skills, knowledge and capacities of individuals, thus, increasing stock of human capital. Human capital is a key element in economic progress and raising standard of living. Pakistan is perhaps the country of the world for which efficiency in education is most important, as policymakers are faced with the combination of a rapidly growing population, low level of education and limited resources. Without high quality educational system and an accurate understanding of the determinants of educational outcomes, it will be difficult to enhance efficiency. For this purpose, cross sectional data and OLS was used to specify production function, using annual examination scores as output (dependent variable), while using school inputs, student characteristics, family background and teacher characteristics are as inputs (independent variables) in the private and public schools. Results of the study shows that student’s characteristics, teacher’s characteristics and family background except mother education, profession and income, has positive and statistical significant impact on students academic performances. The results of this study have important policy implications for Nowshera in particular and for Pakistan in general.
{"title":"Estimation of Education Production Function: A Case Study of Selected Villages in District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Adnan Khan, Z. Nisa, Khairullah Jan","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06011677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06011677","url":null,"abstract":"Education production function relates school, teacher and student inputs to measure the student output. The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of educational outcome in the study area by estimating an education production function for Government and Private higher secondary schools in Nowshera. Education plays an essential and important role in the development process, as a high-quality of education system is a key element by which a developing country can expands skills, knowledge and capacities of individuals, thus, increasing stock of human capital. Human capital is a key element in economic progress and raising standard of living. Pakistan is perhaps the country of the world for which efficiency in education is most important, as policymakers are faced with the combination of a rapidly growing population, low level of education and limited resources. Without high quality educational system and an accurate understanding of the determinants of educational outcomes, it will be difficult to enhance efficiency. For this purpose, cross sectional data and OLS was used to specify production function, using annual examination scores as output (dependent variable), while using school inputs, student characteristics, family background and teacher characteristics are as inputs (independent variables) in the private and public schools. Results of the study shows that student’s characteristics, teacher’s characteristics and family background except mother education, profession and income, has positive and statistical significant impact on students academic performances. The results of this study have important policy implications for Nowshera in particular and for Pakistan in general.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76613924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06011676
Abdul Ghafoor
This research explores the election strategies of winning candidates of NA 126 Lahore and NA 263 Loralai. Through a comparative study, it is found that different candidates had used different strategies which were suited to the socio-cultural norms of the constituencies and mindset of the voters. The candidates of NA 126 (Lahore) adopted the strategies of “Managing Election’s Day (bringing the voters out of their homes and posting trained polling agents), targeting their opponents, the use of social media, telephone messaging, corner meetings, door to door campaign and strategy of change while the candidates of NA 263 (Loralai) used the strategy of “making electoral alliances”, caste system, nationalism, personal popularity and their background of middle class. The most effective strategy of winning candidates among these strategies, was “managing the polling day at tactical level”. Furthermore, it is noticed that the voters of NA 263 (Loralai) often cast their vote to the candidates who visit to their homes during the election campaign while the voters of NA 126 (Lahore) are the supporters of political parties and more women cast their votes on party lines and political leadership. Besides, the people of NA 263 (Loralai) cast their ballots for personal benefits and nepotism. Thus, the election strategies of winning candidates are different from each other (126 Lahore and 263 Loralai). The candidates of both constituencies adopted different strategies, according to the aspirations of the voters and traits of the region.
{"title":"Election Strategies of Winning Candidates A Comparative Study of NA 126 (Lahore) and NA 263 (Loralai)","authors":"Abdul Ghafoor","doi":"10.54692/ajss.2022.06011676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2022.06011676","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores the election strategies of winning candidates of NA 126 Lahore and NA 263 Loralai. Through a comparative study, it is found that different candidates had used different strategies which were suited to the socio-cultural norms of the constituencies and mindset of the voters. The candidates of NA 126 (Lahore) adopted the strategies of “Managing Election’s Day (bringing the voters out of their homes and posting trained polling agents), targeting their opponents, the use of social media, telephone messaging, corner meetings, door to door campaign and strategy of change while the candidates of NA 263 (Loralai) used the strategy of “making electoral alliances”, caste system, nationalism, personal popularity and their background of middle class. The most effective strategy of winning candidates among these strategies, was “managing the polling day at tactical level”. Furthermore, it is noticed that the voters of NA 263 (Loralai) often cast their vote to the candidates who visit to their homes during the election campaign while the voters of NA 126 (Lahore) are the supporters of political parties and more women cast their votes on party lines and political leadership. Besides, the people of NA 263 (Loralai) cast their ballots for personal benefits and nepotism. Thus, the election strategies of winning candidates are different from each other (126 Lahore and 263 Loralai). The candidates of both constituencies adopted different strategies, according to the aspirations of the voters and traits of the region.","PeriodicalId":7068,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73035006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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