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Structural build-up of 3D printed earth by drying 三维打印土的干燥结构构建
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104492
Mahan Motamedi , Romain Mesnil , Anh-Minh Tang , Jean-Michel Pereira , Olivier Baverel
In recent years, the potential of earth materials in construction has emerged as a sustainable pathway, offering environmental benefits compared to traditional methods. When used in raw form, earth materials can be recycled at the end of a building life, reducing construction waste. In parallel, integrating additive manufacturing into the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector has brought about a shift in construction dynamics, combining efficiency with precision. This paper bridges the study of 3D printing with earth-based fresh mortars, emphasising the capabilities of the “Forced Layer Drying” (FLD) technique in the additive manufacturing process to increase the mechanical performance of the printing mortar.
This paper begins by defining the requisite rheological properties for successful 3D printing. A chosen material for this paper is Speswhite kaolin. An instrumental aspect of our research is exploring an established model for the drying rate of saturated porous media, such as earth and concrete, and its application to predict the evaporation rate of saturated earth-based mortar in 3D printing with forced drying conditions. The Wind Tunnel experiment was conducted to validate this model, examining the interplay of airflow speed and temperature on the evaporation rate. Further deepening this study, the soil water content and undrained shear strength are correlated, specifically based on models derived from oedometer geotechnical standard tests. This facilitated a comprehensive understanding of porous earth-based materials in various moisture scenarios. Our findings confirm that airflow, temperature, and the geometry of the printed object play instrumental roles in affecting evaporation rate, consequent mechanical performance, and structural build-up of the material. The paper wraps up by offering insights into the practical application of 3D printing using earth-based mortars, with a special focus on FLD technique.
近年来,土质材料作为一种可持续的建筑材料,与传统方法相比具有环境效益。土质材料以原材料形式使用时,可在建筑寿命结束时回收利用,从而减少建筑垃圾。与此同时,将增材制造技术融入建筑、工程和施工(AEC)领域,也带来了建筑动态的转变,将效率与精确度结合起来。本文将三维打印与土基新砂浆的研究结合起来,强调了增材制造工艺中的 "强制层干燥"(FLD)技术在提高打印砂浆机械性能方面的能力。本文选择的材料是Speswhite高岭土。我们研究的一个重要方面是探索饱和多孔介质(如泥土和混凝土)干燥速率的既定模型,并将其应用于预测3D打印中强制干燥条件下饱和土基砂浆的蒸发速率。为验证该模型,还进行了风洞实验,研究气流速度和温度对蒸发率的相互影响。为了进一步深化这项研究,还特别根据土工标准测试得出的模型,对土壤含水量和排水剪切强度进行了相关分析。这有助于全面了解各种湿度情况下的多孔土基材料。我们的研究结果证实,气流、温度和印刷物体的几何形状在影响材料的蒸发率、机械性能和结构堆积方面起着重要作用。最后,本文对土基砂浆三维打印的实际应用提出了见解,并特别关注了 FLD 技术。
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引用次数: 0
A dynamic volumetric heat source model for laser additive manufacturing 用于激光增材制造的动态体积热源模型
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104531
John Coleman , Gerald L. Knapp , Benjamin Stump , Matt Rolchigo , Kellis Kincaid , Alex Plotkowski
Melt pool scale models of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) offer insights into the process-structure-property relationships in additive manufacturing (AM). These models often neglect physical phenomena such as vapor cavity formation and fluid mechanics to reduce computational demands. Instead, volumetric heat source models are used to represent the effects that these phenomena have on the predicted melt pool dimensions. Generally, the dimensions and effective absorption of the volumetric heat source are calibrated to reproduce melt pool dimensions observed in metallographic cross sections taken from single-track experiments on bare plate. However, the transient nature of LPBF often deviates the melt pool dimensions from the assumed steady-state conditions of single-track experiments, motivating the need for a volumetric heat source model that more generally considers the dynamic relationship between melt pool shape and laser-material interactions. Here, we introduce a two-parameter volumetric heat source model that integrates several existing models into a generalized mathematical expression, providing independent control over the radial heat distribution via the parameter k and the volumetric shape of the heat source via the parameter m. This parameterization enables the calibration of melt pool shape predictions through simultaneous adjustment of these parameters, while keeping the radial heat source dimensions consistent with the experimental spot size (D4σ) and constraining the heat source depth and absorption to physically derived expressions for cavities. Consequently, the proposed volumetric heat source model adapts to changes in the local melt pool conditions due to scanning strategy and part geometry by dynamically adjusting the heat source depth and absorption. We demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed model through comparisons with a collection of experiments from the Additive Manufacturing Benchmark (AMBench).
激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)的熔池尺度模型有助于深入了解增材制造(AM)的工艺-结构-性能关系。这些模型通常忽略汽穴形成和流体力学等物理现象,以减少计算需求。取而代之的是使用体积热源模型来表示这些现象对预测熔池尺寸的影响。一般情况下,体积热源的尺寸和有效吸收量经过校准,以再现从裸板单轨实验的金相横截面上观察到的熔池尺寸。然而,LPBF 的瞬态特性往往会使熔池尺寸偏离单轨实验中假定的稳态条件,因此需要一个更广泛地考虑熔池形状和激光与材料相互作用之间动态关系的体积热源模型。在此,我们引入了一个双参数体积热源模型,该模型将多个现有模型整合到一个通用数学表达式中,通过参数 k 提供对径向热分布的独立控制,通过参数 m 提供对热源体积形状的独立控制。这种参数化方法可以通过同时调整这些参数来校准熔池形状预测,同时保持径向热源尺寸与实验光斑尺寸 (D4σ) 一致,并将热源深度和吸收限制在物理推导的空腔表达式中。因此,所提出的体积热源模型可以通过动态调整热源深度和吸收量来适应因扫描策略和零件几何形状而导致的局部熔池条件的变化。我们通过与增材制造基准(AMBench)的一系列实验进行比较,展示了所提模型的功能。
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引用次数: 0
Scalability enhancement in projection-based 3D printing through optical expansion 通过光学扩展提高基于投影的 3D 打印的可扩展性
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104511
Minsung Kim, Gilseon Yoo, Bogeun Kim, Yeongjun Song, Brian J. Lee
In the rapidly evolving field of additive manufacturing (AM), projection-based 3D printing emerges as a transformative solution to traditional manufacturing constraints. This study introduces a novel approach in projection-based 3D printing, utilizing a unique “infinity-corrected optical system” inspired by microscopy technology. The advanced optical system allows 3D printing to achieve performance comparable to multiple UV projectors while utilizing only a single UV light engine, offering a cost-efficient solution. This method enhances the print speed and expands the printable area, while maintaining the print resolution, addressing the shortcomings in existing 3D printing techniques. By employing a single UV projector along with integrated fixed optical components, this system offers a stable, reliable, and economically viable printing process. This innovation marks a pivotal advancement in mass production, mass customization, and large-area 3D printing, effectively bridging current technological gaps and paving the way for advanced manufacturing systems.
在快速发展的增材制造(AM)领域,基于投影的三维打印技术成为解决传统制造限制的变革性方案。本研究介绍了一种基于投影的三维打印新方法,该方法利用了受显微镜技术启发的独特的 "无限校正光学系统"。先进的光学系统可使 3D 打印达到与多个紫外投影仪相当的性能,同时只需使用一个紫外光引擎,提供了一个具有成本效益的解决方案。这种方法提高了打印速度,扩大了可打印区域,同时保持了打印分辨率,解决了现有三维打印技术的不足。通过采用单个紫外线投影仪和集成的固定光学元件,该系统提供了一个稳定、可靠且经济可行的打印过程。这项创新标志着在大规模生产、大规模定制和大面积三维打印方面取得了关键性的进展,有效地弥补了当前的技术差距,为先进的制造系统铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Texture optimization based on crystal plasticity modeling to improve strength and control anisotropy in heat treated additive manufactured Al-Mn-Sc alloy 基于晶体塑性建模的纹理优化,提高热处理添加剂制造的 Al-Mn-Sc 合金的强度并控制其各向异性
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104524
Yuan Gao, Xiaobin Guo
Heat treatment is a common method used to control mechanical properties, but its effects on strength and anisotropy remain uncertain. Therefore, studying the microstructural evolution resulting from heat treatment and its impact on strength is essential for optimizing heat treatment processes to reduce anisotropy. While the HallPetch relation has demonstrated the influence of grain size on yield strength, the effect of grain orientation on strength is still unclear and does not adequately predict the anisotropy of strength. In this work, the relationship between grain orientation and strength anisotropy is elucidated through crystal plasticity modeling on the basis of experimental results. Two-dimensional geometry models were constructed from the electron back-scattered diffraction results of additive manufactured (AMed) and heat-treated samples. Crystal plasticity modeling was applied along various directions to assess the influence of texture on the anisotropy of strength. The modeling results indicated that the presence of grains with <100> and <102> orientations in the AMed Al-Mn-Sc alloy and of grains with <112> orientations in the heat-treated state are detrimental to the yield strength. To increase the yield strength and maintain the anisotropy of the yield strength within a 5 % range, the <100> texture was optimized to 43 % <110> and 57 % <113> textures. Consequently, the yield strength increased by 11 MPa along the building direction and 21 MPa along the transverse direction. This optimization approach effectively enhances the strength and reduces the anisotropy in AMed alloys under various conditions.
热处理是控制机械性能的常用方法,但其对强度和各向异性的影响仍不确定。因此,研究热处理导致的微结构演变及其对强度的影响对于优化热处理工艺以减少各向异性至关重要。虽然霍尔-佩奇(HallPetch)关系证明了晶粒大小对屈服强度的影响,但晶粒取向对强度的影响仍不明确,也不能充分预测强度的各向异性。本研究以实验结果为基础,通过晶体塑性模型阐明了晶粒取向与强度各向异性之间的关系。根据添加剂制造(AMed)和热处理样品的电子反向散射衍射结果构建了二维几何模型。晶体塑性模型沿不同方向应用,以评估纹理对强度各向异性的影响。建模结果表明,AMed Al-Mn-Sc 合金中具有<100>和<102>取向的晶粒以及热处理状态下具有<112>取向的晶粒对屈服强度不利。为了提高屈服强度并将屈服强度的各向异性保持在 5% 的范围内,将 <100> 纹理优化为 43% <110> 和 57% <113>。因此,屈服强度沿建筑方向提高了 11 兆帕,沿横向提高了 21 兆帕。这种优化方法有效地提高了 AMed 合金在各种条件下的强度并降低了各向异性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Al(OH)3 on the properties of silica-based ceramic cores prepared by laser powder bed fusion combined with vacuum infiltration Al(OH)3 对通过激光粉末床熔融结合真空渗透制备的硅基陶瓷芯性能的影响
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104527
Heng Liu , Ren-Zhong Zhang , Jia-Min Wu , Wei-Kang Li , Shi-Xiang Zhou , Jie Zhang , Wen Zheng , Chun-Ze Yan , Shi-Feng Wen , Chun-Sheng Ye , Yu-Sheng Shi , Chao-Yue Chen , Zhong-Ming Ren
Silica-based ceramic cores, with low coefficients of thermal expansion, low sintering temperatures, and excellent acid and alkali leaching capabilities, are essential materials for the production of hollow blades. However, their mechanical properties are suboptimal, and they present various processing challenges. In this study, silica-based ceramic cores were prepared using a combination of vacuum infiltration (VI) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) techniques. Al(OH)3 was employed as a mineralizer to enhance the post-sintering mechanical properties and improve the efficiency of the vacuum infiltration process, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the silica-based ceramic cores. The VI process facilitated the penetration of nano-SiO2 into the samples, increasing their density and promoting the formation of cristobalite during sintering at 1225°C. Additionally, the Al(OH)3 powder, through pyrolysis into Al2O3 during sintering, reduced microcracks, inhibited excessive cristobalite transformation, and improved the VI process, resulting in enhanced room-temperature flexural strength. By optimizing the Al(OH)3 content and the VI process, significant improvements in the microstructure and properties of the silica-based ceramic cores were achieved. After three rounds of vacuum infiltration and the addition of 4 wt% Al(OH)3, the samples exhibited a high-temperature creep of 0.17 mm, with flexural strengths of 15.23 MPa at room temperature and 23.55 MPa at high temperature.
硅基陶瓷芯具有热膨胀系数低、烧结温度低、酸碱浸出能力强等特点,是生产空心叶片的重要材料。然而,它们的机械性能并不理想,而且在加工过程中存在各种难题。在本研究中,采用真空渗透(VI)和激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)技术相结合的方法制备了硅基陶瓷芯。Al(OH)3 被用作矿化剂,以增强烧结后的机械性能并提高真空渗透工艺的效率,从而提高硅基陶瓷芯的整体性能。在 1225°C 的烧结过程中,VI 工艺促进了纳米二氧化硅向样品的渗透,增加了样品的密度,并促进了钙钛矿的形成。此外,Al(OH)3 粉末在烧结过程中热解成 Al2O3,减少了微裂纹,抑制了嵴钙石的过度转化,改善了 VI 过程,从而提高了室温抗折强度。通过优化 Al(OH)3 含量和 VI 过程,硅基陶瓷芯的微观结构和性能得到了显著改善。经过三轮真空浸润和添加 4 wt% 的 Al(OH)3 后,样品的高温蠕变为 0.17 mm,室温抗折强度为 15.23 MPa,高温抗折强度为 23.55 MPa。
{"title":"Effect of Al(OH)3 on the properties of silica-based ceramic cores prepared by laser powder bed fusion combined with vacuum infiltration","authors":"Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Ren-Zhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia-Min Wu ,&nbsp;Wei-Kang Li ,&nbsp;Shi-Xiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen Zheng ,&nbsp;Chun-Ze Yan ,&nbsp;Shi-Feng Wen ,&nbsp;Chun-Sheng Ye ,&nbsp;Yu-Sheng Shi ,&nbsp;Chao-Yue Chen ,&nbsp;Zhong-Ming Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silica-based ceramic cores, with low coefficients of thermal expansion, low sintering temperatures, and excellent acid and alkali leaching capabilities, are essential materials for the production of hollow blades. However, their mechanical properties are suboptimal, and they present various processing challenges. In this study, silica-based ceramic cores were prepared using a combination of vacuum infiltration (VI) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) techniques. Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> was employed as a mineralizer to enhance the post-sintering mechanical properties and improve the efficiency of the vacuum infiltration process, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the silica-based ceramic cores. The VI process facilitated the penetration of nano-SiO<sub>2</sub> into the samples, increasing their density and promoting the formation of cristobalite during sintering at 1225°C. Additionally, the Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> powder, through pyrolysis into Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> during sintering, reduced microcracks, inhibited excessive cristobalite transformation, and improved the VI process, resulting in enhanced room-temperature flexural strength. By optimizing the Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> content and the VI process, significant improvements in the microstructure and properties of the silica-based ceramic cores were achieved. After three rounds of vacuum infiltration and the addition of 4 wt% Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>, the samples exhibited a high-temperature creep of 0.17 mm, with flexural strengths of 15.23 MPa at room temperature and 23.55 MPa at high temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104527"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser assisted cold spray of aluminum alloy 6061: Experimental results 铝合金 6061 的激光辅助冷喷涂:实验结果
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104548
Samuel Boese , Aidan Sevinsky , Ahmad Nourian-Avval , Ozan Özdemir , Sinan Müftü
Laser-assisted cold spray (LACS) is investigated for its potential to improve the mechanical properties of cold spray deposits made by using nitrogen as the gas that carries the powder. High strength cold spray deposits are typically achieved by using the more expensive and resource limited helium. In this work, a laser collocated with the spray spot was used in nitrogen CS operations and the porosity, adhesion strength, tensile strength, and fatigue performance of aluminum alloy 6061 (Al6061) were examined. Using the laser improved all the performance metrics. By increasing the spray spot temperature from 180°C to 455°C, the porosity of the deposit reduced to 0.24 % from 1.73 %. The adhesion strength was increased from 18.4 MPa to 76.6 MPa. The tensile strength was increased from 34.3 MPa to 167.6 MPa, and the elongation was increased from 0.07 % to 15.58 %. It was shown that using laser heating during deposition increases the residual stress in the deposit, but its effects can be counteracted by using a hotplate beneath the substrate. Fatigue testing showed that fatigue performance was largely driven by tensile strength. These results are discussed in the context of in-situ temperature data and metallographic analysis. Analysis indicates these improvements are due to the combined effects of material softening, improved bonding between particles, and various heat treatment modalities.
研究激光辅助冷喷(LACS)技术,是为了了解其在改善使用氮气作为携带粉末的气体所产生的冷喷沉积物的机械性能方面的潜力。高强度冷喷沉积通常是通过使用更昂贵且资源有限的氦气来实现的。在这项工作中,在氮气 CS 操作中使用了与喷点同位的激光,并对铝合金 6061 (Al6061) 的孔隙率、附着强度、拉伸强度和疲劳性能进行了检测。使用激光改善了所有性能指标。将喷点温度从 180°C 提高到 455°C,沉积物的孔隙率从 1.73% 降至 0.24%。附着强度从 18.4 兆帕增加到 76.6 兆帕。拉伸强度从 34.3 兆帕增加到 167.6 兆帕,伸长率从 0.07 % 增加到 15.58 %。研究表明,在沉积过程中使用激光加热会增加沉积物中的残余应力,但在基底下面使用热板可以抵消其影响。疲劳测试表明,疲劳性能主要受拉伸强度的影响。我们结合现场温度数据和金相分析对这些结果进行了讨论。分析表明,这些改进是由于材料软化、颗粒间结合力提高以及各种热处理方式的共同作用。
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引用次数: 0
Surface roughness and pore evolutions in multi-layer laser powder bed fusion of extra-low interstitial Ti-5Al-2.5Sn powder: A numerical study 特低间隙Ti-5Al-2.5Sn粉末在多层激光粉末床熔融过程中的表面粗糙度和孔隙演变:数值研究
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104530
Yifu Long , Xizhong An , Ju Wang , Meng Li , Qiong Wu , Chuanning Jiang , Junfei Liu , Dechun Ren , Haibin Ji , Shujun Li , Xing Zhang
In this paper, the three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled approach was used to numerically reproduce the whole process of laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) of extra-low interstitial (ELI) Ti-5Al-2.5Sn powder. The effects of key parameters such as scanning strategy and hatch spacing (h) on the surface roughness (Ra) and pores during multi-layer printing are systematically investigated by characterizing the molten pool characteristics and thermal behavior upon laser motion; and the melt volume in this duration is quantified by the volume of fluid (VOF) method to demonstrate inter-layer interactions. The results show that Ra can be categorized according to the scanning directions. Along the scanning direction, the Ra is affected by the heat accumulation effect and increases as the h decreases. In this case, the Ra caused by the Marangoni effect can be reduced by increasing the melt volume at the end of the track through the layer rotation. The Ra perpendicular to the scanning direction is caused by the ripple-like surface formed by track overlap and decreases as the h decreases. For defects, the pores formed by shrinkage due to insufficient melting or by lack of fusion (LoF) due to incomplete track overlap decrease with the decrease of h. The LoF pores caused by weak inter-layer metallurgical bonding are affected by the surface morphology of the previous layer, which is increased as the h increases. The layer rotation can also reduce such LoF pores. On this basis, a quality control chart suitable for actual production is established.
本文采用三维离散元法(DEM)和计算流体动力学(CFD)耦合方法,数值再现了超低间隙(ELI)Ti-5Al-2.5Sn粉末的激光粉末床熔融(L-PBF)增材制造(AM)全过程。通过表征熔池特性和激光运动时的热行为,系统地研究了多层打印过程中扫描策略和舱口间距(h)等关键参数对表面粗糙度(Ra)和孔隙的影响;并通过流体体积(VOF)方法量化了这一持续时间内的熔体体积,以证明层间相互作用。结果表明,Ra 可根据扫描方向进行分类。沿扫描方向,Ra 受热积聚效应的影响,随着 h 的减小而增大。在这种情况下,可以通过层旋转来增加轨道末端的熔体体积,从而降低马兰戈尼效应引起的 Ra。垂直于扫描方向的 Ra 是由轨道重叠形成的波纹状表面引起的,随着 h 的减小而减小。对于缺陷而言,由于熔化不充分而收缩形成的气孔或由于轨道重叠不完全而缺乏熔合(LoF)形成的气孔会随着 h 的减小而减小。由于层间冶金结合力弱而造成的 LoF 气孔会受到前一层表面形态的影响,随着 h 的增大而增大。层旋转也可以减少这种 LoF 孔隙。在此基础上,建立了适合实际生产的质量控制图。
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引用次数: 0
3D printing of lignin-based supramolecular topological shape-morphing architectures with high strength, toughness, resolution, and fatigue resistance 三维打印具有高强度、韧性、分辨率和抗疲劳性的木质素基超分子拓扑形变结构
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104519
Jian Yang , Xingye An , Lingyu Yin , Bin Lu , Xiaofeng Lyu , Zhengbai Cheng , Gangyuan Pan , Hongbin Liu , Yonghao Ni
The design and fabrication of customized and sustainable elastomers with supramolecular frameworks remain a central focus of scientific research. 3D printing represents an advanced manufacturing technology that has garnered significant attention. Lignin, a naturally abundant polymer, fits well with 3D printing due to its unique aromatic-rich structures that can provide rigidity and structural support. However, challenges persist in developing UV-curable lignin-based inks and fabricating high-strength lignin-based composite hydrogels with tailored shapes and structures through vat photopolymerization (VPP) printing techniques, largely due to lignin’s inherent heterogeneity, fragility, and poor fluidity. Here, we successfully developed a unique lignin-based photosensitive macromonomer resin tailored for VPP 3D printing. Using an ethanol/water fractionation process, heterogeneous lignosulfonate (LS), a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, was treated to isolate highly reactive lignin fractions rich in phenolic hydroxyl and sulfonic groups. These fractions were then chemically modified to synthesize a lignin-based macromonomer known as urethane acrylated lignosulfonate (UALS). The resulting lignin-based macromonomer (15–35 wt%) exhibits excellent compatibility with photosensitive resin formulations, enabling effective VPP 3D printing. The 3D-printed lignin-based supramolecular composite hydrogels exhibit high strength (tensile strength of ∼2.12 MPa, an elongation at break of ∼220.13 %), high resolution, fatigue resistance (up to 10000 cycles), and moisture-induced responsive behavior. The development of 3D-printed lignin-based supramolecular elastomers with defined shapes and patterned structures significantly advances the discovery of robust and environmentally sustainable soft materials with potential applications in soft robotics and tissue engineering.
设计和制造具有超分子框架的定制和可持续弹性体仍然是科学研究的核心重点。三维打印技术是备受关注的先进制造技术。木质素是一种天然丰富的聚合物,其独特的富芳香结构可提供刚性和结构支撑,因此非常适合 3D 打印。然而,主要由于木质素固有的异质性、易碎性和流动性差,在开发紫外线固化木质素基油墨和通过大桶光聚合(VPP)打印技术制造具有定制形状和结构的高强度木质素基复合水凝胶方面仍然存在挑战。在此,我们成功开发了一种独特的木质素基光敏大单体树脂,可用于 VPP 3D 打印。利用乙醇/水分馏工艺,对纸浆和造纸工业的副产品异质木质素磺酸盐(LS)进行处理,分离出富含酚羟基和磺酸基的高活性木质素馏分。然后对这些馏分进行化学改性,合成出一种称为聚氨酯丙烯酸木质素磺酸盐(UALS)的木质素基大单体。由此产生的木质素基大单体(15-35 wt%)与光敏树脂配方具有良好的兼容性,可实现有效的 VPP 3D 打印。三维打印的木质素基超分子复合水凝胶具有高强度(拉伸强度为2.12兆帕,断裂伸长率为220.13%)、高分辨率、抗疲劳性(高达10000次循环)和湿气诱导响应行为。具有确定形状和图案结构的三维打印木质素基超分子弹性体的开发,极大地推动了坚固耐用、环境可持续的软材料的发现,有望应用于软机器人和组织工程领域。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of laser additively repaired 5083 and 6061 Al alloys utilizing AlMgScZr powders 利用 AlMgScZr 粉末激光加成修复 5083 和 6061 Al 合金的微观结构、机械性能和变形行为
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104526
Rong Xu , Ruidi Li , Tiechui Yuan , Chengzhe Yu , Minbo Wang , Hongbin Zhu
Laser additive repair (LAR), as an efficient repair method, lacks specialized repair materials for Al alloys. In this work, the high-strength AlMgScZr powder was employed to address the scarcity of specialized materials and the issue of inadequate performance in LAR of 5083-H112/6061-T6 Al alloy. The microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of repaired specimens were studied. The repair zone (RZ) had high strength and high density, and the porosity was as low as 0.12 %. There was good compatibility between the repair material and the base metal (BM), and good metallurgical bonding was achieved at the fusion line. The microstructure and strengthening phase (T-phase) in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the 5083 repaired parts exhibited negligible changes, there was no deterioration in mechanical properties. The yield strength was 162 MPa, tensile strength was 291 MPa, and elongation was 16.2 %, reaching 94 %, 104 %, and 70 % of the BM, respectively. The mechanical properties are superior in the current research on LAR of Al alloys. The LAR technique showcases its versatility in repairing aging non-strengthening Al alloys. The transition of β′′→β′ (or with B′/U1/U2)→β of the nano-reinforced phase resulted in deteriorative mechanical properties of HAZ in the 6061 repair part, consequently, the tensile strength of 6061 repair part was only 63.8 % of the strength of BM. After solution aging treatment, the β′′ phase in HAZ re-precipitated, effectively restoring the strength of 6061 repaired parts. The tensile strength of the repaired parts was increased to 95.2 % of the strength of BM. The present study elucidates the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during LAR process of Al alloys, offering valuable insights for future applications of this technology on Al alloys.
激光添加剂修复(LAR)是一种高效的修复方法,但缺乏针对铝合金的专用修复材料。本研究采用了高强度 AlMgScZr 粉末,以解决 5083-H112/6061-T6 Al 合金缺乏专用材料和 LAR 性能不足的问题。研究了修复试样的微观结构、机械性能和变形行为。修复区(RZ)具有高强度和高密度,孔隙率低至 0.12%。修复材料与基体金属(BM)之间具有良好的相容性,在熔合线处实现了良好的冶金结合。5083 修复部件热影响区(HAZ)的微观结构和强化相(T 相)的变化微乎其微,机械性能没有下降。屈服强度为 162 兆帕,抗拉强度为 291 兆帕,伸长率为 16.2%,分别达到 BM 的 94%、104% 和 70%。在目前的铝合金 LAR 研究中,这些力学性能都非常出色。LAR 技术展示了其在修复老化非强化铝合金方面的多功能性。纳米强化相β′′→β′(或与B′/U1/U2)→β的转变导致 6061 修复部件的 HAZ 力学性能恶化,因此 6061 修复部件的拉伸强度仅为 BM 强度的 63.8%。经过固溶时效处理后,HAZ 中的β′′相重新沉淀,有效恢复了 6061 修复零件的强度。修复零件的抗拉强度提高到了 BM 强度的 95.2%。本研究阐明了铝合金在 LAR 过程中微观结构和机械性能的演变,为该技术在铝合金上的未来应用提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation of Si3N4f/Si3N4 wave-transparent composites by vat photopolymerization combined with chemical vapor infiltration 通过槽式光聚合结合化学气相渗透制备 Si3N4f/Si3N4 透波复合材料
IF 10.3 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104540
Xuye Wang , Wenyan Duan , Shan Li , Bingshan Liu , Gong Wang , Fei Chen
The strategic combination of material selection, forming processes, and densification techniques is crucial for optimizing the performance of wave-transparent materials in extreme environments. This study is the first time to prepare Si3N4 f/Si3N4 wave-transparent composites using a combination of vat photopolymerization (VPP) 3D printing and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. The effects of Si3N4 f content on slurry preparation, green part printing, and final performance were systematically investigated. The addition of Si3N4 f significantly enhanced the toughness of Si3N4 ceramics. Apart from their inherent toughening mechanisms, the "chimeric pinning" effect of the fibers contributes to increased interlayer bonding strength, thereby favorably impacting the mechanical properties. Combining VPP 3D printing and CVI processes resulted in Si3N4 f/Si3N4 composites with a linear shrinkage rate within 1 %, essentially achieving near-net shaping. Additionally, the composites exhibited excellent mechanical and dielectric properties, with a flexural strength of 76.2 MPa, fracture toughness of 4.24 MPa·m1/2, a dielectric constant of 4, and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.01. This study leverages the high strength and toughness advantages of Si3N4 f and employs VPP 3D printing combined with CVI to achieve the objectives of lightweight, high transmittance, and near-net shaping. It provides theoretical support and experimental validation for designing and manufacturing wave-transparent materials.
材料选择、成型工艺和致密化技术的战略性组合对于优化透波材料在极端环境中的性能至关重要。本研究首次结合大桶光聚合(VPP)3D 打印和化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺制备 Si3N4 f/Si3N4 透波复合材料。系统研究了 Si3N4 f 含量对浆料制备、绿色部件打印和最终性能的影响。Si3N4 f 的添加显著增强了 Si3N4 陶瓷的韧性。除了其固有的增韧机制外,纤维的 "嵌合引脚 "效应也有助于提高层间结合强度,从而对机械性能产生有利影响。结合 VPP 3D 打印和 CVI 工艺,Si3N4 f/Si3N4 复合材料的线性收缩率在 1% 以内,基本上实现了近净成形。此外,这种复合材料还具有优异的机械和介电特性,抗弯强度为 76.2 兆帕,断裂韧性为 4.24 兆帕-m1/2,介电常数为 4,介电损耗正切为 0.01。本研究利用 Si3N4 f 的高强度和韧性优势,采用 VPP 3D 打印技术与 CVI 相结合,实现了轻质、高透光率和近净成型的目标。它为设计和制造透波材料提供了理论支持和实验验证。
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Additive manufacturing
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