W. Gill Woodall, David B. Buller, Robert Saltz, James C. Fell, Lila Martinez, Amanda N. Brice, Noah Chirico, Gary R. Cutter
Background
Effectiveness of statutes to combat hazardous polysubstance use has rarely been evaluated. Compliance with a state law prohibiting recreational cannabis sales to apparently intoxicated customers was assessed in one of the first states to legalize cannabis sales.
Methods
In January to June 2024, pseudo-patrons twice visited recreational cannabis stores (n = 189) in two large metropolitan areas and attempted to purchase cannabis while displaying alcohol intoxication behaviors. Observers recorded whether sellers were willing to sell the product along with characteristics of the stores (busyness, cleanliness, and signage) and cannabis sellers (sex, race and ethnicity, and age). Neighborhood characteristics by US census tract were obtained (income, race, and ethnicity; population density). Sex and race and ethnicity of the pseudo-patrons, and extent and type of intoxication cues, were recorded. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to describe the sales rate and predictors of the sales rate.
Results
Assessments were completed at 173 stores. Sellers were willing to sell cannabis to pseudo-intoxicated buyers at 255 of 346 visits (73.7%; 26.3% refused). Sellers refused buyers at both visits in 6.9% of stores but in 54.3% were willing to sell at both visits. Sellers refused cannabis sales at higher rates in stores with signs saying, “no sales to intoxicated customers” (34.3%, p = 0.04), particularly when buyers displayed more obvious signs of intoxication (39.8%, p = 0.049).
Conclusions
Low compliance with the state regulation possibly occurred because sellers were unaware of the law, perceived little deterrence, or lacked the skills to recognize and refuse intoxicated customers.
Policy Implications
Noncompliance with the law on selling cannabis to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers increases the risks of polysubstance impairment and harm.
{"title":"Noncompliance with laws to prevent polysubstance misuse: Recreational cannabis sales to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers","authors":"W. Gill Woodall, David B. Buller, Robert Saltz, James C. Fell, Lila Martinez, Amanda N. Brice, Noah Chirico, Gary R. Cutter","doi":"10.1111/acer.70204","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effectiveness of statutes to combat hazardous polysubstance use has rarely been evaluated. Compliance with a state law prohibiting recreational cannabis sales to apparently intoxicated customers was assessed in one of the first states to legalize cannabis sales.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In January to June 2024, pseudo-patrons twice visited recreational cannabis stores (<i>n</i> = 189) in two large metropolitan areas and attempted to purchase cannabis while displaying alcohol intoxication behaviors. Observers recorded whether sellers were willing to sell the product along with characteristics of the stores (busyness, cleanliness, and signage) and cannabis sellers (sex, race and ethnicity, and age). Neighborhood characteristics by US census tract were obtained (income, race, and ethnicity; population density). Sex and race and ethnicity of the pseudo-patrons, and extent and type of intoxication cues, were recorded. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to describe the sales rate and predictors of the sales rate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assessments were completed at 173 stores. Sellers were willing to sell cannabis to pseudo-intoxicated buyers at 255 of 346 visits (73.7%; 26.3% refused). Sellers refused buyers at both visits in 6.9% of stores but in 54.3% were willing to sell at both visits. Sellers refused cannabis sales at higher rates in stores with signs saying, “no sales to intoxicated customers” (34.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.04), particularly when buyers displayed more obvious signs of intoxication (39.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.049).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Low compliance with the state regulation possibly occurred because sellers were unaware of the law, perceived little deterrence, or lacked the skills to recognize and refuse intoxicated customers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Noncompliance with the law on selling cannabis to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers increases the risks of polysubstance impairment and harm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146031760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramona Sturm, Jason-Alexander Hörauf, Rolf Lefering, Borna Relja, Ingo Marzi, Nils Wagner, The TraumaRegister DGU
Background
The prehospital assessment and subsequent therapeutic interventions are crucial for the optimal management of severely injured patients. Many trauma patients are alcohol-intoxicated. Therefore, this study investigated the prehospital assessment of the injury pattern and management of alcohol-intoxicated patients.
Methods
In a retrospective matched-pair analysis of TraumaRegister DGU® data patients from 2015 to 2018 with a blood alcohol level (BAL+) > 1.0‰ and without a blood alcohol level (BAL−: 0.0‰) were investigated, matched by age, gender, injured region, and mechanism. We evaluated injury assessment, prehospital therapy, and transport modalities.
Results
A total of 6468 patients (3234 BAL−, 3234 BAL+) were included. Head injuries were common (56.9%), but BAL+ patients were significantly less often correctly assessed with regard to head (BAL−: 77.8% vs. BAL+: 74.2%) and facial (BAL−: 75.4% vs. BAL+: 70.0%, p < 0.001) injuries. Head and facial injuries were significantly more often improperly overdiagnosed in alcohol-intoxicated patients (head: BAL−: 13.9% vs. BAL+: 21.4%, p < 0.05; face: BAL−: 19.8% vs. BAL+: 24.3%, p < 0.001), and the diagnosis of actual head injuries was underdiagnosed significantly more often in patients with BAL+. Alcohol-intoxicated patients were sedated (BAL−: 64.9% vs. BAL+: 55.6%, p < 0.001) and intubated (BAL−: 39.0% vs. BAL+: 28.3%, p < 0.001) significantly less often and received significantly less fluid therapy (BAL−: 92.6% vs. BAL+: 90.3%, p < 0.001), catecholamines (BAL−: 12.7% vs. BAL+: 8.5%, p < 0.001), or tranexamic acid (BAL−: 10.3% vs. BAL+: 6.3%, p < 0.001). Admission of alcohol-intoxicated patients to hospital was significantly more frequent at weekends and at night, and more frequent in regional and local trauma centers than in supraregional trauma centers.
Conclusions
There were significant differences in the prehospital assessment of head injuries between alcohol-intoxicated and nonalcohol-intoxicated patients. Alcohol-intoxicated patients were significantly less often correctly assessed, and alcohol-intoxicated patients received fewer prehospital therapeutic interventions.
背景：院前评估和随后的治疗干预对重症损伤患者的最佳管理至关重要。许多创伤病人都是酒精中毒。因此，本研究探讨了酒精中毒患者的院前损伤模式评估和处理。方法：对2015 - 2018年创伤登记DGU®数据进行回顾性配对分析，对血液酒精水平（BAL+）为bbb1.0‰和未血液酒精水平（BAL-: 0.0‰）的患者进行配对，按年龄、性别、损伤部位和机制进行配对。我们评估了损伤评估、院前治疗和运输方式。结果：共纳入6468例患者（BAL- 3234例，BAL+ 3234例）。头部损伤是常见的（56.9%），但BAL+患者在头部（BAL-: 77.8% vs. BAL+: 74.2%）和面部（BAL-: 75.4% vs. BAL+: 70.0%）和面部损伤方面的正确评估明显较低，p结论：酒精中毒和非酒精中毒患者在院前对头部损伤的评估有显著差异。酒精中毒患者被正确评估的频率显著降低，酒精中毒患者接受院前治疗干预的次数也较少。
{"title":"The influence of alcohol on prehospital diagnostics and therapy of injured patients","authors":"Ramona Sturm, Jason-Alexander Hörauf, Rolf Lefering, Borna Relja, Ingo Marzi, Nils Wagner, The TraumaRegister DGU","doi":"10.1111/acer.70209","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70209","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prehospital assessment and subsequent therapeutic interventions are crucial for the optimal management of severely injured patients. Many trauma patients are alcohol-intoxicated. Therefore, this study investigated the prehospital assessment of the injury pattern and management of alcohol-intoxicated patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a retrospective matched-pair analysis of TraumaRegister DGU® data patients from 2015 to 2018 with a blood alcohol level (BAL+) > 1.0‰ and without a blood alcohol level (BAL−: 0.0‰) were investigated, matched by age, gender, injured region, and mechanism. We evaluated injury assessment, prehospital therapy, and transport modalities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 6468 patients (3234 BAL−, 3234 BAL+) were included. Head injuries were common (56.9%), but BAL+ patients were significantly less often correctly assessed with regard to head (BAL−: 77.8% vs. BAL+: 74.2%) and facial (BAL−: 75.4% vs. BAL+: 70.0%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) injuries. Head and facial injuries were significantly more often improperly overdiagnosed in alcohol-intoxicated patients (head: BAL−: 13.9% vs. BAL+: 21.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.05; face: BAL−: 19.8% vs. BAL+: 24.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and the diagnosis of actual head injuries was underdiagnosed significantly more often in patients with BAL+. Alcohol-intoxicated patients were sedated (BAL−: 64.9% vs. BAL+: 55.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and intubated (BAL−: 39.0% vs. BAL+: 28.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) significantly less often and received significantly less fluid therapy (BAL−: 92.6% vs. BAL+: 90.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), catecholamines (BAL−: 12.7% vs. BAL+: 8.5%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), or tranexamic acid (BAL−: 10.3% vs. BAL+: 6.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Admission of alcohol-intoxicated patients to hospital was significantly more frequent at weekends and at night, and more frequent in regional and local trauma centers than in supraregional trauma centers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were significant differences in the prehospital assessment of head injuries between alcohol-intoxicated and nonalcohol-intoxicated patients. Alcohol-intoxicated patients were significantly less often correctly assessed, and alcohol-intoxicated patients received fewer prehospital therapeutic interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12829515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146031748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liana C. L. Portugal, Bruno da Silva Gonçalves, Emily de Assis Fagundes, Maria Fernandes Freire de Sá, Cláudio Carneiro Filgueiras, Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares, Alex C. Manhães, Yael Abreu-Villaça, Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
Background
Clinical studies suggest that adolescents display a complex behavioral profile characterized by traits that increase their susceptibility to alcohol experimentation and impaired control over use. In the present study, we applied a machine learning model to predict the impact of diverse behavioral phenotypes on ethanol preference during adolescence and adulthood in mice.
Methods
C57BL/6 and Swiss mice were assigned to one of two age groups: adolescents (starting at PN40) or adults (starting at PN120). Over the next 3 days, novelty-seeking, anxiety-like behavior, sociability, coping behavior, and natural reward response were evaluated using the following behavioral tests: hole-board, elevated plus maze, three-chamber sociability, forced swimming, and sucrose preference, respectively. During the subsequent 5 days, alcohol preference behavior was assessed using the two-bottle choice paradigm (10% ethanol). We trained machine learning regression models to predict alcohol preference in each age group.
Results
The analysis model significantly predicted ethanol preference based on behavioral phenotypic profiles in mice during adolescence, but not in adulthood. Notably, the behavioral traits that contributed most to the prediction were sucrose preference and sociability time. Sucrose preference had a positive predictive value. Distinctively, sociability time had a negative predictive value, indicating an inverse relationship with ethanol preference.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that behavioral phenotypes during adolescence, particularly natural reward sensitivity and sociability, are key predictors of ethanol preference. The negative association between sociability and alcohol intake highlights the potential protective role of social interaction. The absence of predictive value in adulthood underscores adolescence as a critical developmental window during which behavioral traits may influence vulnerability to alcohol use.
{"title":"Behavioral profile predicts ethanol preference in adolescent mice, but not in adults: A machine learning approach","authors":"Liana C. L. Portugal, Bruno da Silva Gonçalves, Emily de Assis Fagundes, Maria Fernandes Freire de Sá, Cláudio Carneiro Filgueiras, Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares, Alex C. Manhães, Yael Abreu-Villaça, Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho","doi":"10.1111/acer.70203","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70203","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical studies suggest that adolescents display a complex behavioral profile characterized by traits that increase their susceptibility to alcohol experimentation and impaired control over use. In the present study, we applied a machine learning model to predict the impact of diverse behavioral phenotypes on ethanol preference during adolescence and adulthood in mice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>C57BL/6 and Swiss mice were assigned to one of two age groups: adolescents (starting at PN40) or adults (starting at PN120). Over the next 3 days, novelty-seeking, anxiety-like behavior, sociability, coping behavior, and natural reward response were evaluated using the following behavioral tests: hole-board, elevated plus maze, three-chamber sociability, forced swimming, and sucrose preference, respectively. During the subsequent 5 days, alcohol preference behavior was assessed using the two-bottle choice paradigm (10% ethanol). We trained machine learning regression models to predict alcohol preference in each age group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analysis model significantly predicted ethanol preference based on behavioral phenotypic profiles in mice during adolescence, but not in adulthood. Notably, the behavioral traits that contributed most to the prediction were sucrose preference and sociability time. Sucrose preference had a positive predictive value. Distinctively, sociability time had a negative predictive value, indicating an inverse relationship with ethanol preference.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that behavioral phenotypes during adolescence, particularly natural reward sensitivity and sociability, are key predictors of ethanol preference. The negative association between sociability and alcohol intake highlights the potential protective role of social interaction. The absence of predictive value in adulthood underscores adolescence as a critical developmental window during which behavioral traits may influence vulnerability to alcohol use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12829523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146031757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the medial subdivision of the central amygdala (CeM) are a distinct subpopulation of neurons in a critical brain region modulating ethanol actions. Previous studies have demonstrated enhanced release of GABA and neuropeptides in this brain region in response to acute ethanol exposure.
Methods
We performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings on identified CRF-containing neurons (CeMCRF) in the CeM and measured intrinsic measures of excitability in response to acute ethanol exposure.
Results
We found that CeMCRF neurons are highly sensitive to actions of acute ethanol exposure, which suppresses neuronal excitability in a dose-dependent manner and shortens spike duration of the CeMCRF neurons during repetitive firing. Ethanol's inhibitory effect on neuronal excitability persists even in synaptically isolated CeMCRF neurons, an indication of a direct action on the intrinsic membrane properties that underlie excitability.
Conclusions
Our results reveal that ethanol selectively alters intrinsic firing mechanisms of CeMCRF neurons at low dose but broadly suppresses excitability at a higher dose. These findings provide new insight into how alcohol modulates intrinsic membrane properties of these CeMCRF neurons within stress-related amygdala circuits.
{"title":"Ethanol effects on excitability of corticotropin-releasing factor-expressing neurons in the medial subdivision of the mouse central amygdala nucleus","authors":"Qiang Li, Rebecca Klein, Scott D. Moore","doi":"10.1111/acer.70234","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70234","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the medial subdivision of the central amygdala (CeM) are a distinct subpopulation of neurons in a critical brain region modulating ethanol actions. Previous studies have demonstrated enhanced release of GABA and neuropeptides in this brain region in response to acute ethanol exposure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings on identified CRF-containing neurons (CeM<sup>CRF</sup>) in the CeM and measured intrinsic measures of excitability in response to acute ethanol exposure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that CeM<sup>CRF</sup> neurons are highly sensitive to actions of acute ethanol exposure, which suppresses neuronal excitability in a dose-dependent manner and shortens spike duration of the CeM<sup>CRF</sup> neurons during repetitive firing. Ethanol's inhibitory effect on neuronal excitability persists even in synaptically isolated CeM<sup>CRF</sup> neurons, an indication of a direct action on the intrinsic membrane properties that underlie excitability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results reveal that ethanol selectively alters intrinsic firing mechanisms of CeM<sup>CRF</sup> neurons at low dose but broadly suppresses excitability at a higher dose. These findings provide new insight into how alcohol modulates intrinsic membrane properties of these CeM<sup>CRF</sup> neurons within stress-related amygdala circuits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Megan L. Rolfzen, Matt Muellner, Sarah V. Mattioli, A. Jerrod Anzalone, Anne C. Fernandez, Anne P. Ehlers, Karsten Bartels
Background
Alcohol use is common in surgical patients and linked to morbidity and mortality. Yet, alcohol screening and treatment are frequently overlooked in perioperative care. This study examines how patient risk for unhealthy alcohol use is associated with the likelihood of receiving any treatment for the purpose of alcohol risk reduction or cessation.
Methods
All records from surgical patients with quantifiable Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores in the All of Us Research Program, a precision medicine-focused database harmonizing surveys and electronic health records, were evaluated. The association between treatment for at-risk alcohol use, including psychotherapy and pharmacologic therapy, and categorical AUDIT-C risk was estimated using adjusted multivariable logistic regression models.
Results
Any alcohol use treatments were initiated in 0.5% of patients within 90 days of a procedure. Patients in high-risk and severe-risk AUDIT-C groups had significantly increased odds of receiving any treatment (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.06, 4.74; aOR 10.1, 95% CI 6.02, 16.8). Similarly, participants with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis were nine times more likely to receive any treatment than those without a diagnosis (aOR 9.33, 95% CI 5.97, 14.70). Yet only 0.7% of high-risk, 4% of severe-risk AUDIT-C participants, and 1.7% of participants diagnosed with AUD received any treatment.
Conclusions
Surgical patients with identified severe risk for unhealthy alcohol consumption are more likely to receive perioperative alcohol-specific treatment. However, even for high-risk patients, the provision of perioperative treatments to reduce alcohol intake is rare. Future work should focus on overcoming barriers to reduce unhealthy alcohol use after surgery.
背景：酒精使用在外科患者中很常见，并与发病率和死亡率相关。然而，酒精筛查和治疗在围手术期护理中经常被忽视。本研究探讨了患者不健康饮酒的风险与接受任何以减少酒精风险或戒酒为目的的治疗的可能性之间的关系。方法：所有外科手术患者的可量化酒精使用障碍识别测试-消费（AUDIT-C）评分都在我们所有研究项目中进行评估，该项目是一个以精确医学为重点的数据库，协调调查和电子健康记录。使用调整后的多变量logistic回归模型估计高危酒精使用治疗（包括心理治疗和药物治疗）与AUDIT-C分类风险之间的关系。结果：0.5%的患者在手术后90天内开始了任何酒精使用治疗。高风险和严重风险AUDIT-C组患者接受任何治疗的几率显著增加（aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.06, 4.74; aOR 10.1, 95% CI 6.02, 16.8）。同样，诊断为酒精使用障碍（AUD）的参与者接受任何治疗的可能性是没有诊断的参与者的9倍（aOR 9.33, 95% CI 5.97, 14.70）。然而，只有0.7%的高风险、4%的严重风险审计- c参与者和1.7%的诊断为AUD的参与者接受了任何治疗。结论：确定有严重不健康饮酒风险的手术患者更有可能接受围手术期酒精特异性治疗。然而，即使对高危患者，提供围手术期治疗以减少酒精摄入量也很少见。未来的工作应侧重于克服障碍，减少手术后不健康的酒精使用。
{"title":"Alcohol use-specific treatment initiation among patients undergoing surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort analysis","authors":"Megan L. Rolfzen, Matt Muellner, Sarah V. Mattioli, A. Jerrod Anzalone, Anne C. Fernandez, Anne P. Ehlers, Karsten Bartels","doi":"10.1111/acer.70231","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alcohol use is common in surgical patients and linked to morbidity and mortality. Yet, alcohol screening and treatment are frequently overlooked in perioperative care. This study examines how patient risk for unhealthy alcohol use is associated with the likelihood of receiving any treatment for the purpose of alcohol risk reduction or cessation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All records from surgical patients with quantifiable Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores in the <i>All of Us</i> Research Program, a precision medicine-focused database harmonizing surveys and electronic health records, were evaluated. The association between treatment for at-risk alcohol use, including psychotherapy and pharmacologic therapy, and categorical AUDIT-C risk was estimated using adjusted multivariable logistic regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Any alcohol use treatments were initiated in 0.5% of patients within 90 days of a procedure. Patients in high-risk and severe-risk AUDIT-C groups had significantly increased odds of receiving any treatment (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.06, 4.74; aOR 10.1, 95% CI 6.02, 16.8). Similarly, participants with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis were nine times more likely to receive any treatment than those without a diagnosis (aOR 9.33, 95% CI 5.97, 14.70). Yet only 0.7% of high-risk, 4% of severe-risk AUDIT-C participants, and 1.7% of participants diagnosed with AUD received any treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surgical patients with identified severe risk for unhealthy alcohol consumption are more likely to receive perioperative alcohol-specific treatment. However, even for high-risk patients, the provision of perioperative treatments to reduce alcohol intake is rare. Future work should focus on overcoming barriers to reduce unhealthy alcohol use after surgery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/acer.70231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivational and cognitive control-related processes both play a role in addiction but are often studied independently. Alcohol-related cues may impair performance in cognitively demanding tasks, particularly in individuals with alcohol use-related problems, where working memory (WM) may be especially affected. This study investigated whether distracting alcohol-related flankers impact WM performance across varying levels of alcohol use severity.
Methods
A total of 310 participants were classified into risk groups based on Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores: low (≤7), mid (8–14), and high (≥15). We developed an online N-back flanker task where letters were flanked by alcohol-related or neutral words. Four WM-loads (0-, 1-, 2-, 3-back) were included, with higher loads requiring participants to hold and update more information in WM. Linear mixed effects models assessed the effects of WM-load, flanker type, group, or their interaction on accuracy (% correct) and reaction time.
Results
An interaction was found between WM-load and flanker type; reduced accuracy (B = −2.47; pHolm = 0.002) and longer reaction times (B = 58.46; pHolm < 0.001) were found when participants were presented with alcohol flankers and a higher WM-load relative to neutral flankers and a lower WM-load. Difference scores (3-back minus 1-back) showed that individuals in the mid-risk group had a larger reduction in accuracy (B = −4.12; pHolm = 0.021) when presented with alcohol versus neutral flankers, relative to the low-risk group. For reaction time, only an effect of flanker type was found, with shorter reaction times (B = −29.93; pHolm = 0.012) for alcohol flankers versus neutral flankers.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that a distracting alcohol-related context negatively impacts WM performance, particularly under high cognitive demand. This effect is particularly pronounced in mid-risk alcohol users. This suggests that alcohol-related cognitive interference may be more significant during the early stages of problematic alcohol use.
{"title":"Working memory in context: The role of alcohol distractors in working memory performance in low to heavy alcohol drinkers","authors":"Karis Colyer-Patel, Emese Kroon, Christophe Romein, Hanan El Marroun, Janna Cousijn","doi":"10.1111/acer.70232","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70232","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Motivational and cognitive control-related processes both play a role in addiction but are often studied independently. Alcohol-related cues may impair performance in cognitively demanding tasks, particularly in individuals with alcohol use-related problems, where working memory (WM) may be especially affected. This study investigated whether distracting alcohol-related flankers impact WM performance across varying levels of alcohol use severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 310 participants were classified into risk groups based on Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores: low (≤7), mid (8–14), and high (≥15). We developed an online N-back flanker task where letters were flanked by alcohol-related or neutral words. Four WM-loads (0-, 1-, 2-, 3-back) were included, with higher loads requiring participants to hold and update more information in WM. Linear mixed effects models assessed the effects of WM-load, flanker type, group, or their interaction on accuracy (% correct) and reaction time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An interaction was found between WM-load and flanker type; reduced accuracy (<i>B</i> = −2.47; <i>p</i><sub>Holm</sub> = 0.002) and longer reaction times (<i>B</i> = 58.46; <i>p</i><sub>Holm</sub> < 0.001) were found when participants were presented with alcohol flankers and a higher WM-load relative to neutral flankers and a lower WM-load. Difference scores (3-back minus 1-back) showed that individuals in the mid-risk group had a larger reduction in accuracy (<i>B</i> = −4.12; <i>p</i><sub>Holm</sub> = 0.021) when presented with alcohol versus neutral flankers, relative to the low-risk group. For reaction time, only an effect of flanker type was found, with shorter reaction times (<i>B</i> = −29.93; <i>p</i><sub>Holm</sub> = 0.012) for alcohol flankers versus neutral flankers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that a distracting alcohol-related context negatively impacts WM performance, particularly under high cognitive demand. This effect is particularly pronounced in mid-risk alcohol users. This suggests that alcohol-related cognitive interference may be more significant during the early stages of problematic alcohol use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/acer.70232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Candace Swepson, DaQuan R. Mebane, Diego Correia, Esohe H. Imafidon, Christopher P. Trevisani, James Nelson, S. Alex Marshall
Background
Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with a proinflammatory neuroimmune response and deficits in glutamate transporters. While astrocytes regulate the neuroimmune response and glutamatergic tone, estrogen can promote neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects on astrocytes. However, studies in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have primarily focused on males, and given the more escalated rate at which females display signs of AUDs compared with males, this study examines sex-based differences in astrocytic responses to ethanol following a nondependent binge drinking paradigm.
Methods
Male and female mice consumed either 20% ethanol (v/v) or 3% sucrose (w/v) for three cycles in the Drinking in the Dark paradigm. The brains of these mice were collected for immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR for markers of astrocyte activity, cytokines, and astrocytic glutamate transporters. ELISAs were performed on hippocampal tissue to measure cytokines and glutamate transporters.
Results
Ethanol exposure caused an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and GFAP+ cell counts in the hippocampus that were more robust in females. Ethanol's influence on S100B+ cell counts was subregional and sex-specific. Changes in astrocytes were accompanied by a decrease in glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) mRNA but not protein with no changes in glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). However, cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) expression increased specifically in female mice days following ethanol exposure.
Conclusions
These data suggest that nondependent binge drinking alters astrocytes in the hippocampus that can lead to dysregulation of glutamate transporters and cytokine synthesis. Moreover, there were sex-specific effects shown in binge-like exposure's effects, highlighting the need to consider sex as a biological variable in the neuroimmune response in AUDs.
{"title":"Astrocytic responses to binge ethanol in male and female mice: An examination of astrocytic glutamate transporters and density changes in the dorsal hippocampus","authors":"Candace Swepson, DaQuan R. Mebane, Diego Correia, Esohe H. Imafidon, Christopher P. Trevisani, James Nelson, S. Alex Marshall","doi":"10.1111/acer.70224","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with a proinflammatory neuroimmune response and deficits in glutamate transporters. While astrocytes regulate the neuroimmune response and glutamatergic tone, estrogen can promote neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects on astrocytes. However, studies in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have primarily focused on males, and given the more escalated rate at which females display signs of AUDs compared with males, this study examines sex-based differences in astrocytic responses to ethanol following a nondependent binge drinking paradigm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Male and female mice consumed either 20% ethanol (v/v) or 3% sucrose (w/v) for three cycles in the Drinking in the Dark paradigm. The brains of these mice were collected for immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR for markers of astrocyte activity, cytokines, and astrocytic glutamate transporters. ELISAs were performed on hippocampal tissue to measure cytokines and glutamate transporters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ethanol exposure caused an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and GFAP+ cell counts in the hippocampus that were more robust in females. Ethanol's influence on S100B+ cell counts was subregional and sex-specific. Changes in astrocytes were accompanied by a decrease in glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) mRNA but not protein with no changes in glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). However, cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) expression increased specifically in female mice days following ethanol exposure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These data suggest that nondependent binge drinking alters astrocytes in the hippocampus that can lead to dysregulation of glutamate transporters and cytokine synthesis. Moreover, there were sex-specific effects shown in binge-like exposure's effects, highlighting the need to consider sex as a biological variable in the neuroimmune response in AUDs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/acer.70224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disease with profound health, societal, and economic consequences. Alcohol misuse not only leads to AUD, but it is also a driver of multimorbidity, exacerbating a wide range of chronic comorbidities, including cancer. Despite being formally recognized over six decades ago as a medical condition, AUD remains one of the most prevalent and costly public health issues in the United States. Alcohol misuse contributes to more than 90,000 deaths annually in the United States, with hundreds of billions of dollars lost annually due to healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice expenditures. Beyond its economic burden, alcohol adversely affects nearly every organ system. Chronic heavy alcohol use changes brain structure and impairs brain function, drives neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and contributes to neurological and psychiatric comorbidities as well as cognitive decline. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, chronic alcohol misuse leads to cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and arrhythmia, and increased risk for pulmonary disease. Through alterations in endocrine signaling, alcohol leads to reproductive dysfunction, osteoporosis, and metabolic derangements including diabetes and obesity. Alcohol compromises musculoskeletal integrity, impairs immune responses, alters gut microbiota and increases cancer risk. Particularly concerning is the rising prevalence of alcohol misuse in women and older adults, populations with increased physiological vulnerability. There are three FDA-approved treatments for AUD, but they are underutilized, and patient response rates are variable, highlighting the need for continued investment in translational alcohol research. This paper summarizes the widespread and systemic impact of alcohol misuse on the health of US citizens and US society. Given the substantial burden of disease, disability, and death associated with alcohol, and the clear benefits yielded by alcohol research to date, sustained and enhanced support for alcohol-related biomedical research remains a public health imperative.
{"title":"Alcohol use disorder is a chronic disease","authors":"Nicholas W. Gilpin, Patricia E. Molina","doi":"10.1111/acer.70230","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70230","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disease with profound health, societal, and economic consequences. Alcohol misuse not only leads to AUD, but it is also a driver of multimorbidity, exacerbating a wide range of chronic comorbidities, including cancer. Despite being formally recognized over six decades ago as a medical condition, AUD remains one of the most prevalent and costly public health issues in the United States. Alcohol misuse contributes to more than 90,000 deaths annually in the United States, with hundreds of billions of dollars lost annually due to healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice expenditures. Beyond its economic burden, alcohol adversely affects nearly every organ system. Chronic heavy alcohol use changes brain structure and impairs brain function, drives neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and contributes to neurological and psychiatric comorbidities as well as cognitive decline. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, chronic alcohol misuse leads to cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and arrhythmia, and increased risk for pulmonary disease. Through alterations in endocrine signaling, alcohol leads to reproductive dysfunction, osteoporosis, and metabolic derangements including diabetes and obesity. Alcohol compromises musculoskeletal integrity, impairs immune responses, alters gut microbiota and increases cancer risk. Particularly concerning is the rising prevalence of alcohol misuse in women and older adults, populations with increased physiological vulnerability. There are three FDA-approved treatments for AUD, but they are underutilized, and patient response rates are variable, highlighting the need for continued investment in translational alcohol research. This paper summarizes the widespread and systemic impact of alcohol misuse on the health of US citizens and US society. Given the substantial burden of disease, disability, and death associated with alcohol, and the clear benefits yielded by alcohol research to date, sustained and enhanced support for alcohol-related biomedical research remains a public health imperative.</p>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura D. Mathies, GinaMari G. Blackwell, Andrew G. Davies, Jill C. Bettinger
Background
Long exposure to ethanol causes the development of physical dependence, which causes withdrawal symptoms when ethanol is removed. We exploited the rapid development of physical dependence in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to examine the ethanol-induced transcriptional changes that correspond with physical dependence and withdrawal effects.
Methods
After an 18-h exposure to an intoxicating concentration of ethanol, we observe the development of physical dependence; withdrawal from ethanol causes an increase in their preference for thicker parts of a bacterial lawn, a behavior we term withdrawal-induced bordering (WIB). We performed transcriptional analysis to identify genes whose expression changes correlate with WIB.
Results
We found that WIB is transient, resolving within 6 h of removal from ethanol, suggesting it is driven by short-term gene expression changes. We identified 1870 genes with differential expression immediately after ethanol exposure but not after 6 h of withdrawal; these are candidate mediators of WIB. We found that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, known to be important in the response to acute ethanol exposure, is required for normal WIB. Loss of swsn-9 attenuated but did not eliminate WIB, suggesting that there are swsn-9-dependent and swsn-9-independent components of WIB. Regulation of 1031 ethanol-responsive genes requires swsn-9. WIB phenocopies reduced npr-1 activity, and two genes implicated in the npr-1 signaling pathway, jmjc-1 and dod-24, were transiently regulated after extended ethanol exposure. dod-24 mutants have attenuated WIB.
Conclusions
Extended exposure to ethanol causes the development of transient physical dependence in C. elegans, and the SWI/SNF complex is involved in this process. Genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were regulated over the WIB timecourse, and dod-24, which is involved in temperature sensitivity, is required for normal WIB. Together, these results suggest a model in which modulation of lipid membrane composition may be one mechanism for the development of physical dependence on ethanol.
{"title":"SWI/SNF complexes modulate gene expression and the development of physical dependence to ethanol","authors":"Laura D. Mathies, GinaMari G. Blackwell, Andrew G. Davies, Jill C. Bettinger","doi":"10.1111/acer.70223","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long exposure to ethanol causes the development of physical dependence, which causes withdrawal symptoms when ethanol is removed. We exploited the rapid development of physical dependence in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (<i>C. elegans</i>) to examine the ethanol-induced transcriptional changes that correspond with physical dependence and withdrawal effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After an 18-h exposure to an intoxicating concentration of ethanol, we observe the development of physical dependence; withdrawal from ethanol causes an increase in their preference for thicker parts of a bacterial lawn, a behavior we term withdrawal-induced bordering (WIB). We performed transcriptional analysis to identify genes whose expression changes correlate with WIB.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that WIB is transient, resolving within 6 h of removal from ethanol, suggesting it is driven by short-term gene expression changes. We identified 1870 genes with differential expression immediately after ethanol exposure but not after 6 h of withdrawal; these are candidate mediators of WIB. We found that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, known to be important in the response to acute ethanol exposure, is required for normal WIB. Loss of <i>swsn-9</i> attenuated but did not eliminate WIB, suggesting that there are <i>swsn-9</i>-dependent and <i>swsn-9</i>-independent components of WIB. Regulation of 1031 ethanol-responsive genes requires <i>swsn-9</i>. WIB phenocopies reduced <i>npr-1</i> activity, and two genes implicated in the <i>npr-1</i> signaling pathway, <i>jmjc-1</i> and <i>dod-24</i>, were transiently regulated after extended ethanol exposure. <i>dod-24</i> mutants have attenuated WIB.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Extended exposure to ethanol causes the development of transient physical dependence in <i>C. elegans</i>, and the SWI/SNF complex is involved in this process. Genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were regulated over the WIB timecourse, and <i>dod-24</i>, which is involved in temperature sensitivity, is required for normal WIB. Together, these results suggest a model in which modulation of lipid membrane composition may be one mechanism for the development of physical dependence on ethanol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12796780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuroimmune pathways as targets for precision treatment in alcohol use disorder: A commentary on biomarkers for craving","authors":"Lewis Nunez Severino, Carolina L. Haass-Koffler","doi":"10.1111/acer.70229","DOIUrl":"10.1111/acer.70229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72145,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol (Hanover, York County, Pa.)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145960747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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