At the beginning of the twentieth century, most Pacific islands were still recovering from the high death rates that followed from the introduction of new diseases into the region in the eighteenth and nineteenth century and therefore had low rates of population growth. Some countries did not recover from high mortality until the 1930s, and colonial authorities were content with increasing fertility as it signalled a return to population health. However, fertility rates accelerated for several decades until by the 1970s the total fertility rate (TFR) had reached 7 children per woman or even higher in some countries/areas. Rapid social
{"title":"Population ageing in the Pacific Islands: emerging trends and future challenges.","authors":"G. Hayes","doi":"10.18356/4C49839B-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/4C49839B-EN","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the twentieth century, most Pacific islands were still recovering from the high death rates that followed from the introduction of new diseases into the region in the eighteenth and nineteenth century and therefore had low rates of population growth. Some countries did not recover from high mortality until the 1930s, and colonial authorities were content with increasing fertility as it signalled a return to population health. However, fertility rates accelerated for several decades until by the 1970s the total fertility rate (TFR) had reached 7 children per woman or even higher in some countries/areas. Rapid social","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"79-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67701632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malnutrition is a persistent problem for both children and mother throughout the world. In developing countries malnutrition is an important root of infant and young child mortality, morbidity and reduced life span. It is considered that if malnutrition cannot be reduced and prevented, it will be impossible to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including the goals on extreme poverty and hungry, primary education, child mortality, and incidence of infectious diseases. The World Summit for Children in 1990 recognized malnutrition as a contributing factor in half of all deaths occurring among young children. The nutrition goals for the decade 1990-2000 include reduction of both moderate and severe protein-energy malnutrition among children under five years of age by one half of the 1990 levels (UNICEF, 1990). However, the reduction of child malnutrition by half in a decade was one of the most ambitious goals set by the various summits convened during the 1990s. As a result, all of the nutrition goals were not successfully achieved during the period 1990-2000. As a step towards building a strong foundation for attaining the internally agreed development goals, including the MDGs, a consistent set of intermediate targets and benchmarks during the course of the decade (2000-2010) were set to help the unmet goals (UNICEF, 2003; United Nations, 2001). One of the most important goals regarding nutrition during the period 2000-2010 was the one on reducing child malnutrition among children aged under five by at least one third of the 2000 levels, with special attention paid to children under two years of age—especially reduction of stunted and underweighted children by at least one third during the period 2000-2010 (UNICEF, 2002).
{"title":"Levels and trends in child malnutrition in Bangladesh.","authors":"Sumonkanti Das, Z. Hossain, Mossamet Kamrun Nesa","doi":"10.18356/6EF1E09A-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/6EF1E09A-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is a persistent problem for both children and mother throughout the world. In developing countries malnutrition is an important root of infant and young child mortality, morbidity and reduced life span. It is considered that if malnutrition cannot be reduced and prevented, it will be impossible to achieve many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including the goals on extreme poverty and hungry, primary education, child mortality, and incidence of infectious diseases. The World Summit for Children in 1990 recognized malnutrition as a contributing factor in half of all deaths occurring among young children. The nutrition goals for the decade 1990-2000 include reduction of both moderate and severe protein-energy malnutrition among children under five years of age by one half of the 1990 levels (UNICEF, 1990). However, the reduction of child malnutrition by half in a decade was one of the most ambitious goals set by the various summits convened during the 1990s. As a result, all of the nutrition goals were not successfully achieved during the period 1990-2000. As a step towards building a strong foundation for attaining the internally agreed development goals, including the MDGs, a consistent set of intermediate targets and benchmarks during the course of the decade (2000-2010) were set to help the unmet goals (UNICEF, 2003; United Nations, 2001). One of the most important goals regarding nutrition during the period 2000-2010 was the one on reducing child malnutrition among children aged under five by at least one third of the 2000 levels, with special attention paid to children under two years of age—especially reduction of stunted and underweighted children by at least one third during the period 2000-2010 (UNICEF, 2002).","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"51-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67712253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hardee, T. Manchester, V. Yuan, Benjamin Y. Clark, Amy Qi, S. Bradley, Z. Shen
In order to combat stigma and the associated discrimination against HIV-positive people, it is important to understand the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among groups in a country. A recent nationally representative opinion survey in China included questions on knowledge of HIV and AIDS and stigma and discrimination towards HIV-positive co-workers and family members. The paper shows remarkable consistency of views. Fully 60 percent of all respondents said that an HIV-positive co-worker should not be allowed to continue working. Regarding family members, 50 percent of respondents said they would be willing to care for a sick family member. At the same time, 44 percent of the respondents said they would want the HIV status of the family member to remain secret. Multivariage models related to stigma and discrimination against a co-worker and a family member showed little variation by background characteristics. The findings also reveal ambivalence among a substantial minority of Chinese about people living with HIV. These findings are important for the Chinese HIV and AIDS Program. This study reinforces that views held by HIV-related stigma and discrimination are pervasive and that interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination need to reach all Chinese people, particularly the majority of Chinese who live outside of China's cities.
{"title":"HIV and AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in China: Results from a National Survey","authors":"K. Hardee, T. Manchester, V. Yuan, Benjamin Y. Clark, Amy Qi, S. Bradley, Z. Shen","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1008834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1008834","url":null,"abstract":"In order to combat stigma and the associated discrimination against HIV-positive people, it is important to understand the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among groups in a country. A recent nationally representative opinion survey in China included questions on knowledge of HIV and AIDS and stigma and discrimination towards HIV-positive co-workers and family members. The paper shows remarkable consistency of views. Fully 60 percent of all respondents said that an HIV-positive co-worker should not be allowed to continue working. Regarding family members, 50 percent of respondents said they would be willing to care for a sick family member. At the same time, 44 percent of the respondents said they would want the HIV status of the family member to remain secret. Multivariage models related to stigma and discrimination against a co-worker and a family member showed little variation by background characteristics. The findings also reveal ambivalence among a substantial minority of Chinese about people living with HIV. These findings are important for the Chinese HIV and AIDS Program. This study reinforces that views held by HIV-related stigma and discrimination are pervasive and that interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination need to reach all Chinese people, particularly the majority of Chinese who live outside of China's cities.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"7-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68123199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Millennium Development Goals and the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference in 2002 provide a broad framework for assessing the progress made towards attaining gender equality in the region. Within this purview issues and challenges confronting countries are identified and the trajectory is prognosticated based on current levels and trends. Although there has been progress in narrowing the gender gap in many countries of the region results were uneven and in many cases the education levels remained relatively low. There has been a significant increase in the number of Governments that have developed and institutionalized mechanisms for addressing gender inequality and promoting womens empowerment. This was done through the establishment of national machineries and focal points for gender-sensitive policy development incorporating gender into sectoral and local plans promulgating laws dealing with violence against women and initiating poverty alleviation measures directed towards poor women. Increasing concern has been expressed over the marginalization of women in the midst of globalization and trade liberalization; the feminization of migration poverty and ageing; girl child labour exploitation; insufficient male responsibility and involvement in reproductive health; lack of capacity to generate and analyse sex-disaggregated data and translate gender-based research findings into policy and programme inputs. Recognizing that gender equality is vital to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals Governments are enjoined to enhance efforts in translating commitments into concrete actions.
{"title":"Towards gender equality in Asia and the Pacific: response, progress and challenges.","authors":"T. Osteria","doi":"10.18356/122CE8FA-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/122CE8FA-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Millennium Development Goals and the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference in 2002 provide a broad framework for assessing the progress made towards attaining gender equality in the region. Within this purview issues and challenges confronting countries are identified and the trajectory is prognosticated based on current levels and trends. Although there has been progress in narrowing the gender gap in many countries of the region results were uneven and in many cases the education levels remained relatively low. There has been a significant increase in the number of Governments that have developed and institutionalized mechanisms for addressing gender inequality and promoting womens empowerment. This was done through the establishment of national machineries and focal points for gender-sensitive policy development incorporating gender into sectoral and local plans promulgating laws dealing with violence against women and initiating poverty alleviation measures directed towards poor women. Increasing concern has been expressed over the marginalization of women in the midst of globalization and trade liberalization; the feminization of migration poverty and ageing; girl child labour exploitation; insufficient male responsibility and involvement in reproductive health; lack of capacity to generate and analyse sex-disaggregated data and translate gender-based research findings into policy and programme inputs. Recognizing that gender equality is vital to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals Governments are enjoined to enhance efforts in translating commitments into concrete actions.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"117-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67675494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper highlights the various linkages between the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty of the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference (Fifth APPC) the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It presents the progress achieved and challenges faced by countries in the Asian and Pacific region in areas relating to poverty reduction maternal and reproductive health education and gender equality among others. While the region has forged ahead towards achieving development goals the global financial crisis compounded by the food-fuel crises and climate change have exposed the region to enormous human and environmental costs and unprecedented threats with adverse effects particularly on poor countries and disadvantaged populations.
{"title":"The Fifth APPC Plan of Action, the ICPD Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals: linkages, progress and challenges.","authors":"R. Desiderio","doi":"10.18356/4C7965AA-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/4C7965AA-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the various linkages between the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty of the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference (Fifth APPC) the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It presents the progress achieved and challenges faced by countries in the Asian and Pacific region in areas relating to poverty reduction maternal and reproductive health education and gender equality among others. While the region has forged ahead towards achieving development goals the global financial crisis compounded by the food-fuel crises and climate change have exposed the region to enormous human and environmental costs and unprecedented threats with adverse effects particularly on poor countries and disadvantaged populations.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"11-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67701778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted by the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference contained seven recommendations on international migration addressed to Governments civil society organizations and international community and three recommendations on data collection research and training to be implemented in support of the first seven. Substantial progress has been accomplished towards achieving the goals of the Fifth APPC related to international migration. Many countries have continued to develop and strengthen policies aimed at regularizing labour migration. The volume of remittances has increased rapidly. Countries in the region have made concerted efforts to address irregular migration and trafficking in persons although significant challenges remain in these areas. Data collection research and information dissemination have also greatly expanded. Areas in which inadequate progress has been achieved include: (a) the ratification of international instruments related to international migration; and (b) regional cooperation on both labour and highly-skilled migration. Development strategies such as five-year development plans or poverty reduction strategy papers do not adequately integrate migration issues. More research is needed on migration and development migration mechanisms and several social issues associated with international migration.
{"title":"Progress towards achieving the Fifth APPC plan of action goals on international migration.","authors":"J. W. Huguet","doi":"10.18356/F9F0A9DF-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F9F0A9DF-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted by the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference contained seven recommendations on international migration addressed to Governments civil society organizations and international community and three recommendations on data collection research and training to be implemented in support of the first seven. Substantial progress has been accomplished towards achieving the goals of the Fifth APPC related to international migration. Many countries have continued to develop and strengthen policies aimed at regularizing labour migration. The volume of remittances has increased rapidly. Countries in the region have made concerted efforts to address irregular migration and trafficking in persons although significant challenges remain in these areas. Data collection research and information dissemination have also greatly expanded. Areas in which inadequate progress has been achieved include: (a) the ratification of international instruments related to international migration; and (b) regional cooperation on both labour and highly-skilled migration. Development strategies such as five-year development plans or poverty reduction strategy papers do not adequately integrate migration issues. More research is needed on migration and development migration mechanisms and several social issues associated with international migration.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"197-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67777283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Half of all new HIV infections in East and South-East Asia occur among young people below 25 years of age with the epidemic impacting on more women than men. HIV transmission generally happens through sex and the exchange of needles0; to a lesser extent it is transmitted from an HIV infected mother to her newborn child. While most countries in the region have national HIV prevalence rates of less than 1 per cent vulnerable populations especially youths are much more prone to HIV infection owing to a lack of access to adequate reproductive health services and correct health information as well as poverty and gender discrimination and indulgence in risky behaviour. This article presents the findings of a systematic review of programmes in East and South-East Asian countries aimed at preventing HIV/AIDS infection among young people in the context of their reproductive and sexual health. The objective of the study was to assess whether countries in the subregion are doing enough to stem the tide of the HIV epidemic among young people. After analysing the various programmes the article recommends a number of strategic actions to improve adolescent reproductive health and move forward in the battle against the epidemic.
{"title":"HIV/AIDS prevention among young people in East and South-East Asia in the context of reproductive and sexual health.","authors":"Peter F. Chen","doi":"10.18356/2F9CF12D-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2F9CF12D-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Half of all new HIV infections in East and South-East Asia occur among young people below 25 years of age with the epidemic impacting on more women than men. HIV transmission generally happens through sex and the exchange of needles0; to a lesser extent it is transmitted from an HIV infected mother to her newborn child. While most countries in the region have national HIV prevalence rates of less than 1 per cent vulnerable populations especially youths are much more prone to HIV infection owing to a lack of access to adequate reproductive health services and correct health information as well as poverty and gender discrimination and indulgence in risky behaviour. This article presents the findings of a systematic review of programmes in East and South-East Asian countries aimed at preventing HIV/AIDS infection among young people in the context of their reproductive and sexual health. The objective of the study was to assess whether countries in the subregion are doing enough to stem the tide of the HIV epidemic among young people. After analysing the various programmes the article recommends a number of strategic actions to improve adolescent reproductive health and move forward in the battle against the epidemic.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"7-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67690253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study examines the experiences and health care strategies of Gonoshasthaya Kendra (GK) the first NGO to tackle rural health care delivery in Bangladesh in reducing maternal mortality. A close scrutiny of the GK experience shows that reduction in maternal mortality in rural Bangladesh is possible even while keeping the place of delivery at home and at a low cost with the support of trained traditional birth attendants provided (a) they are integrated into the formal rural health delivery system through which they are linked with local-level-government trained health workers for effective supervision and referrals and (b) a system of accountability is institutionalized by which trained 4 traditional birth attendants along with health workers are accountable to their supervisors and the community they serve through village health committees and local government. The GK experience of involving village-level trained paramedics and trained traditional birth attendants in the rendering of maternal and child care services can be replicated by the Government through improving skills of traditional birth attendants in pregnancy management through continuing in-service training and linking them with the existing reproductive health care systems. The finding calls for a fundamental shift in the current nature of public service provision in Bangladesh to make public service providers directly accountable at the local level. Further reduction in maternal mortality is possible in rural Bangladesh through vigorous campaigns against smoking prevention of births to women with four or more children the delay of births to primigravidas prevention and treatment of anaemia and promotion of full doses of tetanus vaccines for pregnant women.
{"title":"Maternal mortality in rural Bangladesh: lessons learned from Gonoshasthaya Kendra Programme villages.","authors":"R. H. Chaudhury, Z. Chowdhury","doi":"10.18356/DBE9EBA2-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/DBE9EBA2-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the experiences and health care strategies of Gonoshasthaya Kendra (GK) the first NGO to tackle rural health care delivery in Bangladesh in reducing maternal mortality. A close scrutiny of the GK experience shows that reduction in maternal mortality in rural Bangladesh is possible even while keeping the place of delivery at home and at a low cost with the support of trained traditional birth attendants provided (a) they are integrated into the formal rural health delivery system through which they are linked with local-level-government trained health workers for effective supervision and referrals and (b) a system of accountability is institutionalized by which trained 4 traditional birth attendants along with health workers are accountable to their supervisors and the community they serve through village health committees and local government. The GK experience of involving village-level trained paramedics and trained traditional birth attendants in the rendering of maternal and child care services can be replicated by the Government through improving skills of traditional birth attendants in pregnancy management through continuing in-service training and linking them with the existing reproductive health care systems. The finding calls for a fundamental shift in the current nature of public service provision in Bangladesh to make public service providers directly accountable at the local level. Further reduction in maternal mortality is possible in rural Bangladesh through vigorous campaigns against smoking prevention of births to women with four or more children the delay of births to primigravidas prevention and treatment of anaemia and promotion of full doses of tetanus vaccines for pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"55-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67761504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper is to assess analyse and explain the structures and processes of migration and urbanization in Nepal from a development perspective based on secondary sources of data. For the purpose of diagnosis analysis and description of migration and urbanization in the country data were drawn from published sources including censuses and surveys. Historical trends of migration to urban areas were based on data and information gathered from other secondary sources. To assess the level of migration and urbanization relevant quantitative analyses such as correlation and regression were performed. The article concludes that migration in Nepal like elsewhere is a strong phenomenon but that the pattern is predominantly rural-to-rural rather than rural-to-urban. The study also concludes that while urbanization in Nepal remains low it is becoming recognized as one of the engines of growth and development. The notion of urbanization along with planned migration to a certain extent is one of the most viable processes of development for which immediate intervention is warranted. Long-term policies and short-term strategies on national urbanization and migration are required as part of overall national development.
{"title":"Urban migration and urbanization in Nepal.","authors":"I. P. Tiwari","doi":"10.18356/7132F3DF-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/7132F3DF-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to assess analyse and explain the structures and processes of migration and urbanization in Nepal from a development perspective based on secondary sources of data. For the purpose of diagnosis analysis and description of migration and urbanization in the country data were drawn from published sources including censuses and surveys. Historical trends of migration to urban areas were based on data and information gathered from other secondary sources. To assess the level of migration and urbanization relevant quantitative analyses such as correlation and regression were performed. The article concludes that migration in Nepal like elsewhere is a strong phenomenon but that the pattern is predominantly rural-to-rural rather than rural-to-urban. The study also concludes that while urbanization in Nepal remains low it is becoming recognized as one of the engines of growth and development. The notion of urbanization along with planned migration to a certain extent is one of the most viable processes of development for which immediate intervention is warranted. Long-term policies and short-term strategies on national urbanization and migration are required as part of overall national development.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"79-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67712781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Japanese elderly as a social safety net","authors":"N. Ogawa","doi":"10.18356/F9851A41-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/F9851A41-EN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67776988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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