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Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies for Microplastics Identification: Progress and Challenges 用于识别微塑料的先进光学成像技术:进展与挑战
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400038
Yanmin Zhu, Yuxing Li, Jianqing Huang, Yunping Zhang, Yuen-Wa Ho, James Kar‐Hei Fang, E. Lam
Global concern about microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles is continuously rising with their proliferation worldwide. Effective identification methods for MP and NP pollution monitoring are highly needed, but due to different requirements and technical challenges, much of the work is still in progress. Herein, the advanced optical imaging systems that are successfully applied or have the potential for MP identification are focused on. Compared with chemical and thermal analyses, optical methods have the unique advantages of being nondestructive and noncontact and allow fast detection without complex sample preprocessing. Furthermore, they are capable of revealing the morphology, anisotropy, and material characteristics of MP for their quick and robust detection. This review aims to present a comprehensive discussion of the relevant optical imaging systems, emphasizing their operating principles, strengths, and drawbacks. Multiple comparisons and analyses among these technologies are conducted in order to provide practical guidelines for researchers. In addition, the combination of optical and other alternative technologies is described and the representative portable MP detection devices are highlighted. Together, they shed light on the prospects for long‐term MP pollution monitoring and environmental protection.
随着微塑料(MP)和纳米塑料(NP)颗粒在全球范围内的扩散,全球对它们的关注度不断上升。监测 MP 和 NP 污染亟需有效的识别方法,但由于要求和技术难度不同,许多工作仍在进行中。在此,将重点介绍已成功应用于或有潜力应用于 MP 识别的先进光学成像系统。与化学分析和热分析相比,光学方法具有无损、非接触、无需复杂样品预处理即可快速检测等独特优势。此外,它们还能揭示 MP 的形态、各向异性和材料特性,从而实现快速、可靠的检测。本综述旨在全面讨论相关的光学成像系统,强调其工作原理、优点和缺点。对这些技术进行了多方面的比较和分析,以便为研究人员提供实用的指导。此外,还介绍了光学技术与其他替代技术的结合,并重点介绍了具有代表性的便携式 MP 检测设备。它们共同揭示了长期 MP 污染监测和环境保护的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetron Sputter Deposition of Amorphous Silicon–SiO2 Quantized Nanolaminates 磁控溅射沉积非晶硅-二氧化硅定量纳米层压板
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400057
S. S. Thöny, Manuel Bärtschi, Marietta Batzer, Manuel Baselgia, Raphael Gmünder, Amit Sharma, Tijmen Vermeij, Xavier Maeder, Stephan Waldner
Quantization effects in nanolaminate structures of oxide materials are proposed and experimentally demonstrated only recently. Herein, the material combination of amorphous silicon and SiO2 deposited by magnetron sputtering is investigated and it is shown that the quantization effect can be observed indeed. Transmission electron microscopy characterization gives evidence of continuous layers of amorphous silicon and SiO2 with well‐defined interfaces. The deposition process is described and the tunability of the refractive index and the bandgap energy is demonstrated. By doing so, the advantages of this novel material over classical optical materials are shown and feasibility is proved. As an example, a longpass optical interference filter with edge at 720 nm is deposited using quantized nanolaminates as the high and SiO2 as the low refractive index material. This filter can be deposited successfully with close match to the design. It shows a blocking range throughout the visible spectrum whereas a comparable filter based on SiO2–TiO2 only blocks 500–700 nm.
氧化物材料纳米层状结构中的量子化效应直到最近才被提出并在实验中得到证实。本文研究了通过磁控溅射沉积的非晶硅和二氧化硅的材料组合,结果表明确实可以观察到量子化效应。透射电子显微镜表征表明,非晶硅和二氧化硅层是连续的,且界面清晰。对沉积过程进行了描述,并展示了折射率和带隙能的可调性。通过这种方法,展示了这种新型材料相对于传统光学材料的优势,并证明了其可行性。例如,以量子化纳米层板为高折射率材料,二氧化硅为低折射率材料,沉积了一个边缘波长为 720 纳米的长通光学干涉滤波器。该滤光片的沉积非常成功,与设计非常吻合。它的阻挡范围覆盖整个可见光谱,而基于二氧化硅-二氧化钛的同类滤光片只能阻挡 500-700 纳米的波长。
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引用次数: 0
Structural Colors Derived from the Combination of Core–Shell Particles with Cellulose 核壳粒子与纤维素结合产生的结构色彩
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400091
Regina Leiner, Lukas Siegwardt, Catarina Ribeiro, Jonas Dörr, Christian Dietz, Robert W. Stark, Markus Gallei

Combining cellulose-based components with functional materials is highly interesting in various research fields due to the improved strength and stiffness of the materials combined with their low weight. Herein, the mechanical properties of opal films are improved by incorporating cellulose fibers and microcrystalline cellulose. This is evidenced by the increase in tensile strength of 162.8% after adding 10 wt% of microcrystalline cellulose. For this purpose, core–shell particles with a rigid, crosslinked polystyrene core and a soft shell of poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) are synthesized via starved-feed emulsion polymerization. The synthesized particles’ well-defined shape, morphology, and thermal properties are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Free-standing mechanochromic opal films with incorporated cellulose and structural colors are obtained after processing the core–shell particles with cellulose via extrusion and the melt-shear organization technique. The homogeneous distribution of the cellulose within the composite material is investigated using fluorescent-labeled cellulose. The opal film's angle-dependent structural color is demonstrated using reflection spectroscopy.

将纤维素基成分与功能材料相结合在各个研究领域都非常有意义,因为纤维素基材料的强度和刚度都有所提高,而且重量轻。在这里,通过加入纤维素纤维和微晶纤维素,乳白薄膜的机械性能得到了改善。加入 10 wt% 的微晶纤维素后,拉伸强度提高了 162.8%,这就是证明。为此,我们通过饥饿进料乳液聚合法合成了具有刚性交联聚苯乙烯芯和聚丙烯酸乙酯和聚丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯软壳的核壳颗粒。利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热法测量分析了合成颗粒的明确形状、形态和热性能。通过挤压和熔融剪切组织技术将核壳颗粒与纤维素一起加工后,得到了含有纤维素和结构色的独立机械变色乳白色薄膜。使用荧光标记的纤维素对纤维素在复合材料中的均匀分布进行了研究。利用反射光谱法展示了蛋白石薄膜随角度变化的结构颜色。
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引用次数: 0
From Pixels to Information: Artificial Intelligence in Fluorescence Microscopy 从像素到信息:荧光显微镜中的人工智能
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202300308
Seungjae Han, Joshua Yedam You, Minho Eom, Sungjin Ahn, Eun-Seo Cho, Young-Gyu Yoon

This review explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming fluorescence microscopy, providing an overview of its fundamental principles and recent advancements. The roles of AI in improving image quality and introducing new imaging modalities are discussed, offering a comprehensive perspective on these changes. Additionally, a unified framework is introduced for comprehending AI-driven microscopy methodologies and categorizing them into linear inverse problem-solving, denoising, and nonlinear prediction. Furthermore, the potential of self-supervised learning techniques that address the challenges associated with training the networks are explored, utilizing unlabeled microscopy data to enhance data quality and expand imaging capabilities. It is worth noting that while the specific examples and advancements discussed in this review focus on fluorescence microscopy, the general approaches and theories are directly applicable to other optical microscopy methods.

这篇综述探讨了人工智能(AI)如何改变荧光显微技术,概述了其基本原理和最新进展。文章讨论了人工智能在提高图像质量和引入新成像模式方面的作用,为这些变化提供了一个全面的视角。此外,还介绍了一个统一的框架,用于理解人工智能驱动的显微镜方法,并将其分为线性逆向问题解决、去噪和非线性预测。此外,还探讨了自监督学习技术的潜力,这些技术可以利用未标记的显微镜数据来提高数据质量并扩展成像能力,从而解决与训练网络相关的挑战。值得注意的是,虽然本综述中讨论的具体例子和进展侧重于荧光显微镜,但一般方法和理论可直接适用于其他光学显微镜方法。
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引用次数: 0
Radioluminescence Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy 现代放射治疗中的放射剂量测量法
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202300350
Arash Darafsheh, Sreekrishna Murty Goddu, Jeffrey Williamson, Tiezhi Zhang, Lee G. Sobotka

Accurate and precise measurement of radiation energy delivered to and absorbed by the patient's tissue is of great importance in radiation therapy (RT) quality assurance. Radioluminescence (RL) dosimetry has shown great potential for high spatiotemporal resolution dose measurement of RT fields. Implementation of efficient RL dosimetry in RT requires multidisciplinary effort and skills in optics, medical physics, radiation physics, electronics, and imaging science. In this review, a wide overview of fundamentals and applications of RL properties of media for RT dosimetry with emphasis on their potential use for multidimensional, small-field, and ultra-high dose rate RT dosimetry is provided.

准确、精确地测量照射到患者组织上的辐射能量以及患者组织对辐射能量的吸收情况,对于保证放射治疗(RT)的质量具有重要意义。放射线发光(RL)剂量测定在高时空分辨率 RT 场剂量测量方面显示出巨大的潜力。在放射治疗中实施高效的 RL 剂量测定需要光学、医学物理学、放射物理学、电子学和成像科学等多学科的努力和技能。本综述广泛概述了 RT 剂量测定介质的 RL 特性的基本原理和应用,重点介绍了它们在多维、小场和超高剂量率 RT 剂量测定中的潜在用途。
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引用次数: 0
Shedding Light on Luminescence Lifetime Measurement and Associated Data Treatment 发光寿命测量及相关数据处理的启示
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400081
Waygen Thor, Jean‐Claude G. Bünzli, Ka‐Leung Wong, P. A. Tanner
Luminescence lifetime is a crucial parameter in photophysical studies that bears essential physical and chemical information and that is used to quantify a variety of phenomena, from the determination of quenching mechanisms to temperature sensing and bioimaging. The current perception of lifetime measurement is that it is a trivial and fast experiment. However, despite this apparent simplicity, measuring luminescence decay and fitting the obtained data to a suitable model can be far more intricate. In this perspective, the influence of experimental parameters and fitting procedures on the determination of lifetimes are investigated and, through carefully chosen examples, it is shown that large variations, up to 10%, can be induced by varying parameters such as the data acquisition time, the baseline evaluation, or the mathematical fitting model. In order to present to a wider audience, detailed mathematical descriptions are kept out of the manuscript.
发光寿命是光物理研究中的一个重要参数,它承载着重要的物理和化学信息,可用于量化各种现象,包括确定淬灭机制、温度传感和生物成像。目前,人们对寿命测量的看法是,这是一个微不足道的快速实验。然而,尽管表面上看似简单,测量发光衰减并将获得的数据拟合到一个合适的模型中却要复杂得多。从这个角度出发,我们研究了实验参数和拟合程序对测定寿命的影响,并通过精心挑选的例子说明,改变数据采集时间、基线评估或数学拟合模型等参数,可以引起高达 10% 的巨大变化。为了向更广泛的读者介绍,手稿中没有详细的数学说明。
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引用次数: 0
Unequilibrated Charge Carrier Mobility in Organic Semiconductors Measured Using Injection Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Charge Extraction by Linearly Increasing Voltage 利用线性增加电压的注入式金属-绝缘体-半导体电荷提取法测量有机半导体中的非平衡电荷载流子迁移率
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202300325
Mile Gao, Paul L. Burn, Gytis Juška, Almantas Pivrikas

The charge carrier mobility in tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA), a host and hole transport material typically used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), is measured using charge carrier electrical injection metal–insulator–semiconductor charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (i-MIS-CELIV). By employing the injection current i-MIS-CELIV method, charge transport at time scales shorter than the transit times typically observed in standard MIS-CELIV is measured. The i-MIS-CELIV technique enables the experimental measurement of unequilibrated and pretrapped charge carriers. Through a comparison of injection and extraction current transients obtained from i-MIS-CELIV and MIS-CELIV, it is concluded that hole trapping is negligible in evaporated neat films of TCTA within the time-scales relevant to the operational conditions of optoelectronic devices, such as OLEDs. Furthermore, photocarrier generation in conjunction with i-MIS-CELIV (photo-i-MIS-CELIV) to quantify the properties of charge injection from the electrode to the semiconductor of the MIS devices is utilized. Based on the photo-i-MIS-CELIV measurements, it is observed that the contact resistance does not limit the injection current at the TCTA/molybdenum oxide/silver interface. Therefore, when TCTA is employed as the hole transport/electron-blocking layer in OLEDs, it does not significantly reduce the injection current and remains compatible with the high injection current densities required for efficient OLED operation.

三(4-咔唑酰-9-基苯基)胺(TCTA)是一种通常用于有机发光二极管(OLED)的主电荷和空穴传输材料,我们采用电荷载流子电注入金属-绝缘体-半导体电荷萃取线性增加电压法(i-MIS-CELIV)测量了这种材料中的电荷载流子迁移率。通过采用注入电流 i-MIS-CELIV 方法,可以测量到电荷传输的时间尺度短于标准 MIS-CELIV 通常观察到的传输时间。i-MIS-CELIV 技术能够对未平衡和预俘获的电荷载流子进行实验测量。通过比较 i-MIS-CELIV 和 MIS-CELIV 获得的注入和萃取瞬时电流,可以得出结论:在与 OLED 等光电设备的工作条件相关的时间尺度内,蒸发的 TCTA 纯薄膜中的空穴捕获可以忽略不计。此外,光载流子生成与 i-MIS-CELIV(光 i-MIS-CELIV)相结合,可量化电荷从电极注入 MIS 器件半导体的特性。根据光-i-MIS-CELIV 测量结果,可以发现接触电阻不会限制 TCTA/氧化钼/银界面的注入电流。因此,当 TCTA 用作 OLED 中的空穴传输/电子阻挡层时,它不会显著降低注入电流,并且仍然符合高效 OLED 运行所需的高注入电流密度。
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引用次数: 0
Low‐Defect Quantum Dot Lasers Directly Grown on Silicon Exhibiting Low Threshold Current and High Output Power at Elevated Temperatures 直接在硅上生长的低缺陷量子点激光器在高温条件下表现出低阈值电流和高输出功率
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400082
Konstantinos Papatryfonos, Jean‐Christophe Girard, M. Tang, H. Deng, Alwyn Seeds, Christophe David, G. Rodary, Huiyun Liu, D. Selviah
The direct growth of III‐V materials on silicon is a key enabler for developing monolithically integrated lasers, offering substantial potential for ultradense photonic integration in vital communications and computing technologies. However, the III‐V/Si lattice and thermal expansion mismatch pose significant hurdles, leading to defects that degrade lasing performance. This study overcomes this challenge, demonstrating InAs/GaAs‐on‐Si lasers that perform on par with top‐tier lasers on native GaAs substrates. This is achieved through a newly developed epitaxial approach comprising a series of rigorously optimized growth strategies. Atomic‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy experiments reveal exceptional material quality in the active region and elucidate the impact of each growth strategy on defect dynamics. The optimized III‐V‐on‐silicon ridge‐waveguide lasers demonstrate a continuous‐wave threshold current as low as 6 mA and high‐temperature operation reaching 165 °C. At 80 °C, critical for data center applications, they maintain a 12 mA threshold and 35 mW output power. Furthermore, lasers fabricated on both Si and GaAs substrates using identical processes exhibit virtually identical average threshold current. By eliminating the performance limitations associated with the GaAs/Si mismatch, this study paves the way for robust and high‐density integration of a broad spectrum of critical III‐V photonic technologies into the silicon ecosystem.
在硅上直接生长 III-V 材料是开发单片集成激光器的关键因素,为重要通信和计算技术中的超密集光子集成提供了巨大潜力。然而,III-V/Si 晶格和热膨胀不匹配构成了重大障碍,导致了降低激光性能的缺陷。本研究克服了这一挑战,展示了 InAs/GaAs-on-Si 激光器,其性能与原生砷化镓衬底上的顶级激光器相当。这是通过新开发的外延方法(包括一系列严格优化的生长策略)实现的。原子分辨率扫描隧道显微镜和光谱学实验揭示了有源区的优异材料质量,并阐明了每种生长策略对缺陷动力学的影响。经过优化的 III-V 硅脊波导激光器显示出低至 6 mA 的连续波阈值电流和高达 165 °C 的高温工作温度。在 80 °C(数据中心应用的关键温度)时,它们能保持 12 mA 的阈值电流和 35 mW 的输出功率。此外,使用相同工艺在硅衬底和砷化镓衬底上制造的激光器显示出几乎相同的平均阈值电流。通过消除与砷化镓/硅不匹配相关的性能限制,这项研究为在硅生态系统中稳健、高密度地集成各种关键的 III-V 族光子技术铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Unique Optoelectronic Properties and Applications of Lead‐Free Perovskites and Derivatives 无铅过氧化物及其衍生物的独特光电特性和应用
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400095
Mingbian Li, Weijun Li, Haotong Wei
The pursuit of lead‐free alternatives to lead halide perovskites has gained significant momentum due to the environmental concerns associated with lead toxicity. The adverse effects of lead on human health and the environment have prompted a shift toward developing sustainable and eco‐friendly perovskite materials for various optoelectronic devices. This shift is particularly vital in emerging technologies where perovskites play a crucial role, such as solar cells, X‐ray detectors, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), etc. Consequently, it is paramount to understand the fundamental properties, synthesis methods, and structural characteristics of lead‐free perovskites. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between the structures and properties of lead‐free perovskites, shedding light on their applications across diverse fields. The focus on environmentally benign, high‐performing, and lead‐free perovskite materials underscores the urgency and significance of research efforts in driving the development of sustainable and efficient optoelectronic technologies.
由于与铅毒性相关的环境问题,人们对卤化铅包晶石无铅替代品的追求获得了巨大的动力。铅对人类健康和环境的不利影响促使人们转向开发用于各种光电设备的可持续和生态友好型过氧化物材料。这种转变在新兴技术中尤为重要,因为在这些技术中,包晶石发挥着至关重要的作用,如太阳能电池、X 射线探测器、光电探测器、发光二极管 (LED) 等。因此,了解无铅包晶的基本性质、合成方法和结构特征至关重要。本综述旨在全面分析无铅包光体结构与性能之间的复杂关系,揭示其在不同领域的应用。对环境友好、高性能和无铅包光体材料的关注强调了研究工作在推动可持续高效光电技术发展方面的紧迫性和重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Multifunctional Intelligent Metamaterial Computing System: Independent Parallel Analog Signal Processing 多功能智能超材料计算系统:独立并行模拟信号处理
IF 3.7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202400002
Javad Shabanpour

Analog computing based on miniaturized surfaces has gained attention for its high-speed and low-power mathematical operations. Building on recent advances, an anisotropic space-time digital metasurface for parallel and programmable wave-based mathematical operations is proposed. Using frequency conversions, our metasurface performs 1st-order and 2nd-order spatial differentiations, integrodifferential equations, and sharp edge detection in spatially encoded images. The anisotropic nature of the meta-particle enables independent and simultaneous operations for two orthogonal polarizations. Reconfigurability is achieved through tunable gate biasing of an indium tin oxide layer. Illustrative examples demonstrate that the metasurface's output signals and transfer functions closely match ideal transfer functions, confirming its versatility and effectiveness. Unlike other wave-based signal processors, the design handles wide spatial frequency bandwidths, even with high spatial frequency inputs.

基于微型表面的模拟计算因其高速、低功耗的数学运算而备受关注。在最近取得的进展基础上,我们提出了一种各向异性时空数字元面,用于并行和可编程的基于波的数学运算。利用频率转换,我们的元面可执行一阶和二阶空间微分、积分微分方程以及空间编码图像的锐边检测。元粒子的各向异性使其能够同时对两个正交极化进行独立操作。可重构性是通过氧化铟锡层的可调栅偏压实现的。举例说明表明,元表面的输出信号和传递函数与理想的传递函数非常接近,证实了它的多功能性和有效性。与其他基于波的信号处理器不同,该设计可处理宽空间频率带宽,甚至是高空间频率输入。
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引用次数: 0
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Advanced Photonics Research
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