Pub Date : 2015-10-10DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000123
Benjamin Wolk
Advanced engines can achieve higher efficiencies and reduced emissions by operating in regimes with diluted fuel-air mixtures and higher compression ratios, but the range of stable engine operation is constrained by combustion initiation and flame propagation when dilution levels are high. An advanced ignition technology that reliably extends the operating range of internal combustion engines will aid practical implementation of nextgeneration high-efficiency engines. The microwave-assisted spark plug under development by Imagineering, Inc. of Japan has previously been shown to expand the stable operating range of gasoline-fueled engines through plasmaassisted combustion, but the factors limiting its operation were not well characterized. The present experimental study has two main goals: (1) to investigate the capability of the microwave-assisted spark plug towards expanding the stable operating range of wet-ethanol-fueled engines, and (2) to examine the factors affecting the extent to which microwaves enhance ignition processes. The stability range is investigated by examining the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure as a metric for instability, and indicated specific ethanol consumption as a metric for efficiency. Engine efficiency improved when the engine was run at slightly-lean air-fuel ratios, with the onset of instability eventually eliminating efficiency gains associated with lean-burn when mixtures become too dilute. Microwave-assisted ignition reduced dilution-triggered instability, improving efficiency compared to unstable spark-only operation at ultra-lean conditions. Microwave-assisted spark also promotes faster average early flame kernel development when un-enhanced flame kernel development is sufficiently slow. Correlations between microwave-assisted flame development enhancement and calculated in-cylinder parameters suggest a relation between enhancement and the amount of energy deposited into the flame kernel, but scatter prevented derivation of a unifying empirical correlation governing all tested cases.
{"title":"Stability Limit Extension of a Wet Ethanol-fueled SI Engine using aMicrowave-assisted Spark","authors":"Benjamin Wolk","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000123","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced engines can achieve higher efficiencies and reduced emissions by operating in regimes with diluted fuel-air mixtures and higher compression ratios, but the range of stable engine operation is constrained by combustion initiation and flame propagation when dilution levels are high. An advanced ignition technology that reliably extends the operating range of internal combustion engines will aid practical implementation of nextgeneration high-efficiency engines. The microwave-assisted spark plug under development by Imagineering, Inc. of Japan has previously been shown to expand the stable operating range of gasoline-fueled engines through plasmaassisted combustion, but the factors limiting its operation were not well characterized. The present experimental study has two main goals: (1) to investigate the capability of the microwave-assisted spark plug towards expanding the stable operating range of wet-ethanol-fueled engines, and (2) to examine the factors affecting the extent to which microwaves enhance ignition processes. The stability range is investigated by examining the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure as a metric for instability, and indicated specific ethanol consumption as a metric for efficiency. Engine efficiency improved when the engine was run at slightly-lean air-fuel ratios, with the onset of instability eventually eliminating efficiency gains associated with lean-burn when mixtures become too dilute. Microwave-assisted ignition reduced dilution-triggered instability, improving efficiency compared to unstable spark-only operation at ultra-lean conditions. Microwave-assisted spark also promotes faster average early flame kernel development when un-enhanced flame kernel development is sufficiently slow. Correlations between microwave-assisted flame development enhancement and calculated in-cylinder parameters suggest a relation between enhancement and the amount of energy deposited into the flame kernel, but scatter prevented derivation of a unifying empirical correlation governing all tested cases.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90343440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-30DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000122
A. Taherkhani, deBoer Gn, P. Gaskell, C. Gilkeson, R. Hewson, A. Keech, H. Thompson, Toropov
This paper presents the first experimental and computational investigation into the aerodynamics of emergency response vehicles and focuses on reducing the additional drag that results from the customary practice of adding light-bars onto the vehicles’ roofs. A series of wind tunnel experiments demonstrate the significant increase in drag that results from the light bars and show these can be minimized by reducing the flow separation caused by them. Simple potential improvements in the aerodynamic design of the light bars are investigated by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Design of Experiments and metamodelling methods. An aerofoil-based roof design concept is shown to reduce the overall aerodynamic drag by up to 20% and an analysis of its effect on overall fuel consumption indicates that it offers a significant opportunity for improving the fuel economy and reducing emissions from emergency response vehicles. These benefits are now being realised by the UK’s ambulance services.
{"title":"Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Emergency Response Vehicles","authors":"A. Taherkhani, deBoer Gn, P. Gaskell, C. Gilkeson, R. Hewson, A. Keech, H. Thompson, Toropov","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first experimental and computational investigation into the \u0000aerodynamics \u0000of emergency response vehicles and focuses on reducing the additional drag that results from the customary practice of adding light-bars onto the vehicles’ roofs. A series of wind tunnel experiments demonstrate the significant increase in drag that results from the light bars and show these can be minimized by reducing the flow separation caused by them. Simple potential improvements in the aerodynamic design of the light bars are investigated by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Design of Experiments and metamodelling methods. An aerofoil-based roof design concept is shown to reduce the overall aerodynamic drag by up to 20% and an analysis of its effect on overall fuel consumption indicates that it offers a significant opportunity for improving the fuel economy and reducing emissions from emergency response vehicles. These benefits are now being realised by the UK’s ambulance services.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"150 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77835645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-10DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000120
Elias George
The heading of this article may give the idea that we are going to deal with the future automobile concepts like ‘driverless cars’, ‘fuel cell vehicles’ etc. But this article focuses purely on the design and engineering aspects of the future cars related to technologies already existing today. These technologies once fine-tuned can greatly help us in engineering the future automobiles. Two important concepts which dominate how the new automobiles are designed and built are the ‘frugal engineering’ and ‘world car’.
{"title":"The Novel Designed Car for Future","authors":"Elias George","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000120","url":null,"abstract":"The heading of this article may give the idea that we are going to deal with the future automobile concepts like ‘driverless cars’, ‘fuel cell vehicles’ etc. But this article focuses purely on the design and engineering aspects of the future cars related to technologies already existing today. These technologies once fine-tuned can greatly help us in engineering the future automobiles. Two important concepts which dominate how the new automobiles are designed and built are the ‘frugal engineering’ and ‘world car’.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87014886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-10DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000121
Rajapakse Rmg, Senarathna Kgc, A. Kondo, Jayawardena Ps, M. Shimomura
Fuel cells offer an enabling alternative energy technology for the present day useful energy crisis. However, one of the major obstacles of fuel cells in powering motor vehicles is the enormous cost associated with the catalysts used in both half-reactions which are Pt and Pt-Rh, respectively, for the anodic and cathodic half-reactions. Among several strategies put forward to reduce the cost of fuel cells, lowering of the amount of platinum used and replacing highly expensive platinum by low-cost catalysts are two major approaches to realize the development of fuel cellpowered motor vehicles. We have been pioneered in developing such low-cost catalysts for the difficult half-reaction, viz., the oxygen reduction half reaction of the fuel cells. We present here the development and the activity of Ag/ Polypyrrole/Montmorillonite Clay catalyst which performs equally to expensive Pt-Rh catalyst used for the oxygen reduction half-reaction of fuel cells. We show that this catalyst functions very similar to highly expensive Pt-Rh catalyst and hence the former can be conveniently substituted for the latter in practical applications.
{"title":"Extremely Low-Cost Alternative for the Oxygen Reduction Catalyst of FuelCell","authors":"Rajapakse Rmg, Senarathna Kgc, A. Kondo, Jayawardena Ps, M. Shimomura","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000121","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel cells offer an enabling alternative energy technology for the present day useful energy crisis. However, one of the major obstacles of fuel cells in powering motor vehicles is the enormous cost associated with the catalysts used in both half-reactions which are Pt and Pt-Rh, respectively, for the anodic and cathodic half-reactions. Among several strategies put forward to reduce the cost of fuel cells, lowering of the amount of platinum used and replacing highly expensive platinum by low-cost catalysts are two major approaches to realize the development of fuel cellpowered motor vehicles. We have been pioneered in developing such low-cost catalysts for the difficult half-reaction, viz., the oxygen reduction half reaction of the fuel cells. We present here the development and the activity of Ag/ Polypyrrole/Montmorillonite Clay catalyst which performs equally to expensive Pt-Rh catalyst used for the oxygen reduction half-reaction of fuel cells. We show that this catalyst functions very similar to highly expensive Pt-Rh catalyst and hence the former can be conveniently substituted for the latter in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"1972 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90228333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-07DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119
M. Trivedi, G. Nayak, S. Patil, R. M. Tallapragada, Omprakash Latiyal, S. Jana
Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of bio-field treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received bio-field treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the bio-field treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after bio-field treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the bio-field treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the bio-field treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.
{"title":"Evaluation of Bio-field Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder","authors":"M. Trivedi, G. Nayak, S. Patil, R. M. Tallapragada, Omprakash Latiyal, S. Jana","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000119","url":null,"abstract":"Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of bio-field treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received bio-field treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the bio-field treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after bio-field treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the bio-field treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the bio-field treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90994446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-05DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000117
N. Banapurmath, Kh, al Sv, L. RanganathaSwamy, rashekar Tk
The objective of improving the combustion, reducing the pollutants and to enhance the performance of diesel engines have intensified research in diesel engines. The goal of this study was to percept the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using oxygenated fuels (blending agents). In view of this, experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine using ethanol and diethyl ether blended fuels in different volume ratios with diesel fuel. The experimental investigation was performed with four different blends of ethanol (E0 -neat diesel, E5, E10, E15 and E20)and diethyl ether (DEE0 - neat diesel, DEE5,DEE10, DEE15 and DEE20) to assess the impact of using ethanol and diethyl ether-diesel blends on diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions. In addition, 2% Ethyl acetate has been added to ethanol diesel blend to retain homogeneity and prevent the interfacial tension between two liquids. For the same rated speed and compression ratio, different blended fuels as well as pure diesel, various engine parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption, combustion parameters such as peak cylinder pressure and exhaust emissions such as smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, CO, and NOx, were measured. The results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency increased with an increase in ethanol and DEE contents in the blended fuels at overall operating conditions. At higher loads, reduced CO emission levels were observed for blends of ethanol and DEE at high load. HC emissions increased for all blends of ethanol and DEE compared with diesel fuel due to high fuel consumption and high latent heat of vaporization which lowers cylinder temperatures and causes the emission of unburned hydrocarbons at lower load. NOx emission slightly reduced with ethanol and DEE blends compared to diesel at lower loads. Further, due to lower calorific value and high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol and DEE results in reduced flame temperature and lower NOx emissions. The NOx emission is almost identical compared to diesel at higher engine loads. Ethanol and DEE showed lowest smoke emissions at high engine loads compared to diesel fuel operation.
{"title":"Alcohol (Ethanol and Diethyl Ethyl Ether)-Diesel Blended Fuels for Diesel Engine Applications-A Feasible Solution","authors":"N. Banapurmath, Kh, al Sv, L. RanganathaSwamy, rashekar Tk","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000117","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of improving the combustion, reducing the pollutants and to enhance the performance of diesel engines have intensified research in diesel engines. The goal of this study was to percept the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using oxygenated fuels (blending agents). In view of this, experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine using ethanol and diethyl ether blended fuels in different volume ratios with diesel fuel. The experimental investigation was performed with four different blends of ethanol (E0 -neat diesel, E5, E10, E15 and E20)and diethyl ether (DEE0 - neat diesel, DEE5,DEE10, DEE15 and DEE20) to assess the impact of using ethanol and diethyl ether-diesel blends on diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions. In addition, 2% Ethyl acetate has been added to ethanol diesel blend to retain homogeneity and prevent the interfacial tension between two liquids. For the same rated speed and compression ratio, different blended fuels as well as pure diesel, various engine parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption, combustion parameters such as peak cylinder pressure and exhaust emissions such as smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, CO, and NOx, were measured. The results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency increased with an increase in ethanol and DEE contents in the blended fuels at overall operating conditions. At higher loads, reduced CO emission levels were observed for blends of ethanol and DEE at high load. HC emissions increased for all blends of ethanol and DEE compared with diesel fuel due to high fuel consumption and high latent heat of vaporization which lowers cylinder temperatures and causes the emission of unburned hydrocarbons at lower load. NOx emission slightly reduced with ethanol and DEE blends compared to diesel at lower loads. Further, due to lower calorific value and high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol and DEE results in reduced flame temperature and lower NOx emissions. The NOx emission is almost identical compared to diesel at higher engine loads. Ethanol and DEE showed lowest smoke emissions at high engine loads compared to diesel fuel operation.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79850694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-02DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000118
Rahul Kumar, T. Gupta, R. Bajaj
The main objective of this study is to analyse performance of an internal combustion engine components to obtain detailed information of stress/strain distributions. Component that is analysed crankpin. This study deals with two subjects, first, conventional design of the components, and second, static stress analysis of the components using the finite element method. Component geometry is obtained using conventional design methods. The loads acting on the component as a function of time are obtained. Two-dimensional static finite element analysis is performed at several positions and by varying the number of elements. The stress distributions of the components are illustrated in the form of graphs and the various results are studied comparatively. Design and analysis are done with the help of MATLAB programs which have been included in the study. It is the conclusion of this study that the finite element method can be used to compute localised stresses and results achieved from aforementioned analysis can be used in optimization of the components.
{"title":"Conventional Design and Static Stress Analysis of IC Engine Component (Crank Pin) Using the Finite Element Method","authors":"Rahul Kumar, T. Gupta, R. Bajaj","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000118","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to analyse performance of an internal combustion engine components to obtain detailed information of stress/strain distributions. Component that is analysed crankpin. This study deals with two subjects, first, conventional design of the components, and second, static stress analysis of the components using the finite element method. Component geometry is obtained using conventional design methods. The loads acting on the component as a function of time are obtained. Two-dimensional static finite element analysis is performed at several positions and by varying the number of elements. The stress distributions of the components are illustrated in the form of graphs and the various results are studied comparatively. Design and analysis are done with the help of MATLAB programs which have been included in the study. It is the conclusion of this study that the finite element method can be used to compute localised stresses and results achieved from aforementioned analysis can be used in optimization of the components.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"90 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78067720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-21DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000116
M. A. Rubio, K. Jaojaruek
Hydrogen is notable for its unique properties making it the most viable alternative fuel for electricity generation and engine power. This element is highly abundant and is being used in numerous applications industrially. But hydrogen can be an important source of fuel and with the proper knowledge of its different technologies, innovations for hydrogen fuel production can then be addressed. Steam reforming of natural gas is the widely used hydrogen production technology. But environmentally safe production had been a pressing issue. Hence, a shift to a cleaner and more sustainable primary energy source is very essential. This paper gives brief background of the different hydrogen production techniques using two primary energy resources as well as the developments, the gaps, and the further improvements needed to be made. Note however, that comprehensive R&D details should be sought in specialist papers for a more thorough background. The sustainability of hydrogen production technology lies from where it is produced, thus this paper also aims to highlight the hydrogen fuel production from biomass citing its developments and its potential for high hydrogen yield.
{"title":"Hydrogen The Future Fuel","authors":"M. A. Rubio, K. Jaojaruek","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000116","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen is notable for its unique properties making it the most viable alternative fuel for electricity generation and engine power. This element is highly abundant and is being used in numerous applications industrially. But hydrogen can be an important source of fuel and with the proper knowledge of its different technologies, innovations for hydrogen fuel production can then be addressed. Steam reforming of natural gas is the widely used hydrogen production technology. But environmentally safe production had been a pressing issue. Hence, a shift to a cleaner and more sustainable primary energy source is very essential. This paper gives brief background of the different hydrogen production techniques using two primary energy resources as well as the developments, the gaps, and the further improvements needed to be made. Note however, that comprehensive R&D details should be sought in specialist papers for a more thorough background. The sustainability of hydrogen production technology lies from where it is produced, thus this paper also aims to highlight the hydrogen fuel production from biomass citing its developments and its potential for high hydrogen yield.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85002481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-14DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.C1.003
Carolina Senabre Blanes Sergio Valero Verd, E. Velasco
A industry today is challenged by a large number of complexes and often conflicting constraints and requirements such as reduce the cost and weight of vehicles, compress vehicle development cycle time, and improve product performances, e.g., Safety, NVH, Durability, etc. More recently, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a systematic tool to integrate all the attributes in vehicle design and find a compromise solution to satisfy those stringent performances and requirements. In addition, as most computer aided engineering (CAE) simulations are computation intensive, special optimization methods and processes are often required. This presentation will focus on historical developments and applications of optimization and robustness methods for vehicle designs. It will address significant technologies, such as advanced model bias updating method, data mining based design space identification involving large-scale engineering problems, and score function based reliability design method considering data uncertainty. Lastly, a vehicle example of minimizing the weight and satisfying safety and NVH requirements is presented to demonstrate the proposed methodology.
{"title":"SOM - Self organizing maps","authors":"Carolina Senabre Blanes Sergio Valero Verd, E. Velasco","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.C1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.C1.003","url":null,"abstract":"A industry today is challenged by a large number of complexes and often conflicting constraints and requirements such as reduce the cost and weight of vehicles, compress vehicle development cycle time, and improve product performances, e.g., Safety, NVH, Durability, etc. More recently, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a systematic tool to integrate all the attributes in vehicle design and find a compromise solution to satisfy those stringent performances and requirements. In addition, as most computer aided engineering (CAE) simulations are computation intensive, special optimization methods and processes are often required. This presentation will focus on historical developments and applications of optimization and robustness methods for vehicle designs. It will address significant technologies, such as advanced model bias updating method, data mining based design space identification involving large-scale engineering problems, and score function based reliability design method considering data uncertainty. Lastly, a vehicle example of minimizing the weight and satisfying safety and NVH requirements is presented to demonstrate the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80832536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-13DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000114
M. SubrataKr, P. Maji, S. Karmakar
This paper describes the failure analysis of an intermediate shaft used in a prototype, which had been failed during the trial run of the prototype. The shaft was found to be bending. The investigation was carried out in order to establish whether the failure was the cause or a consequence of the accident. A study of the bend shaft shows how vulnerable such a rotating component can be to failure by fatigue, even when operating under steady conditions, if basic preventative design actions are not taken. The analysis considers the effects of both transmission torque and weight (thus bending) upon stress levels and assesses their individual affect on the breakage and upon any subsequent modifications needed to improve the design. Results indicate that the axle shaft bends due to fatigue as a result of improper design. The drive shaft arrangement is compared with the feasible alternative of using a driven wheel arrangement rotating on a stationary axle. Findings confirm the importance of recognizing in advance the salient factors leading to fatigue and the necessity in paying adequate attention to detail during design and manufacture if long service life is to be achieved.
{"title":"Analysis of an Intermediate Rear Axle Shaft Failure","authors":"M. SubrataKr, P. Maji, S. Karmakar","doi":"10.4172/2167-7670.1000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000114","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the failure analysis of an intermediate shaft used in a prototype, which had been failed during the trial run of the prototype. The shaft was found to be bending. The investigation was carried out in order to establish whether the failure was the cause or a consequence of the accident. A study of the bend shaft shows how vulnerable such a rotating component can be to failure by fatigue, even when operating under steady conditions, if basic preventative design actions are not taken. The analysis considers the effects of both transmission torque and weight (thus bending) upon stress levels and assesses their individual affect on the breakage and upon any subsequent modifications needed to improve the design. Results indicate that the axle shaft bends due to fatigue as a result of improper design. The drive shaft arrangement is compared with the feasible alternative of using a driven wheel arrangement rotating on a stationary axle. Findings confirm the importance of recognizing in advance the salient factors leading to fatigue and the necessity in paying adequate attention to detail during design and manufacture if long service life is to be achieved.","PeriodicalId":7286,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Automobile Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78606982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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