首页 > 最新文献

Energy and climate change最新文献

英文 中文
Carbon management technology pathways for reaching a U.S. Economy-Wide net-Zero emissions goal 实现美国全经济净零排放目标的碳管理技术途径
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100154
Matthew Binsted , Ellie Lochner , Jae Edmonds , José Benitez , John Bistline , Morgan Browning , Francisco De La Chesnaye , Jay Fuhrman , Leonard Göke , Gokul Iyer , Kathleen Kennedy , Page Kyle , Carol Lenox , Haewon McJeon , Kowan O'Keefe , Patrick O'Rourke , Amogh Prabhu , Ron Sands , Luis Sarmiento , Sharon Showalter , Mei Yuan

The Carbon Management Study Group of the 37th Energy Modeling Forum (EMF 37) designed seven scenarios to explore the role of three potentially key technology suites – point source carbon dioxide capture and storage (PSCCS), direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DACCS), and hydrogen systems (H2) – in shaping the broader technology pathways to reaching net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in United States by 2050. Each scenario was run by up to 13 models participating in the EMF 37 study. Results show that carbon dioxide removal technologies were consistently a major part of successful pathways to net-zero U.S. CO2 emissions in 2050. Achieving this net-zero CO2 goal without any form of carbon dioxide capture and storage was found to be impossible for most models; some models also found it impossible to reach net-zero without DACCS. The marginal cost of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions in 2050 was between two and 10 times higher without PSCCS and/or DACCS available. The carbon price at which DACCS was deployed as a backstop technology depended upon the assumed cost at which DACCS was available at scale. Carbon prices were between $250 and $500 per ton CO2 when DACCS deployed as a backstop. The average CO2 capture rate across all models in 2050 in the central net-zero scenario was 1.3 GtCO2/year, which implies a substantial upscaling of capacity to move and store CO2. Hydrogen sensitivity scenarios showed that H2 typically constituted a relatively small share of the overall U.S. energy system; however, H2 deployed in applications that are considered hard to decarbonize, facilitating transition towards net-zero emissions.

第 37 届能源建模论坛(EMF 37)碳管理研究小组设计了七种情景,以探讨点源二氧化碳捕集与封存(PSCCS)、直接空气捕集二氧化碳(DACCS)和氢气系统(H2)这三种潜在的关键技术套件在塑造到 2050 年实现美国二氧化碳(CO2)净零排放的更广泛技术途径中的作用。参与 EMF 37 研究的多达 13 个模型运行了每种情景。结果显示,二氧化碳去除技术始终是实现 2050 年美国二氧化碳净零排放的成功途径的主要部分。大多数模型都发现,如果没有任何形式的二氧化碳捕集与封存,就不可能实现二氧化碳净零排放的目标;一些模型还发现,如果没有 DACCS,也不可能实现净零排放。如果没有 PSCCS 和/或 DACCS,2050 年实现二氧化碳净零排放的边际成本要高出 2 到 10 倍。DACCS 作为后备技术的碳价格取决于 DACCS 大规模应用的假定成本。当采用 DACCS 作为后备技术时,碳价格在每吨二氧化碳 250 美元到 500 美元之间。在中央净零情景下,2050 年所有模型的平均二氧化碳捕集率为 1.3 GtCO2/年,这意味着移动和储存二氧化碳的能力将大幅提升。氢气敏感性情景显示,氢气在整个美国能源系统中所占的比例通常相对较小;但是,氢气部署在被认为难以去碳化的应用中,促进了向净零排放的过渡。
{"title":"Carbon management technology pathways for reaching a U.S. Economy-Wide net-Zero emissions goal","authors":"Matthew Binsted ,&nbsp;Ellie Lochner ,&nbsp;Jae Edmonds ,&nbsp;José Benitez ,&nbsp;John Bistline ,&nbsp;Morgan Browning ,&nbsp;Francisco De La Chesnaye ,&nbsp;Jay Fuhrman ,&nbsp;Leonard Göke ,&nbsp;Gokul Iyer ,&nbsp;Kathleen Kennedy ,&nbsp;Page Kyle ,&nbsp;Carol Lenox ,&nbsp;Haewon McJeon ,&nbsp;Kowan O'Keefe ,&nbsp;Patrick O'Rourke ,&nbsp;Amogh Prabhu ,&nbsp;Ron Sands ,&nbsp;Luis Sarmiento ,&nbsp;Sharon Showalter ,&nbsp;Mei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Carbon Management Study Group of the 37<sup>th</sup> Energy Modeling Forum (EMF 37) designed seven scenarios to explore the role of three potentially key technology suites – point source carbon dioxide capture and storage (PSCCS), direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DACCS), and hydrogen systems (H<sub>2</sub>) – in shaping the broader technology pathways to reaching net-zero carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions in United States by 2050. Each scenario was run by up to 13 models participating in the EMF 37 study. Results show that carbon dioxide removal technologies were consistently a major part of successful pathways to net-zero U.S. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2050. Achieving this net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> goal without any form of carbon dioxide capture and storage was found to be impossible for most models; some models also found it impossible to reach net-zero without DACCS. The marginal cost of achieving net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2050 was between two and 10 times higher without PSCCS and/or DACCS available. The carbon price at which DACCS was deployed as a backstop technology depended upon the assumed cost at which DACCS was available at scale. Carbon prices were between $250 and $500 per ton CO<sub>2</sub> when DACCS deployed as a backstop. The average CO<sub>2</sub> capture rate across all models in 2050 in the central net-zero scenario was 1.3 GtCO<sub>2</sub>/year, which implies a substantial upscaling of capacity to move and store CO<sub>2</sub>. Hydrogen sensitivity scenarios showed that H<sub>2</sub> typically constituted a relatively small share of the overall U.S. energy system; however, H<sub>2</sub> deployed in applications that are considered hard to decarbonize, facilitating transition towards net-zero emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modeling hydrogen markets: Energy system model development status and decarbonization scenario results 氢市场建模:能源系统模型开发现状和去碳化情景结果
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100153
M.W. Melaina , C.S. Lenox , M. Browning , D.L. McCollum , O. Bahn , S. Ou
Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier and chemical feedstock to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially in difficult-to-decarbonize markets such as medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, aviation and maritime, iron and steel, and the production of fuels and chemicals. Significant literature has been accumulated on engineering-based assessments of various hydrogen technologies, and real-world projects are validating technology performance at larger scales and for low-carbon supply chains. While energy system models continue to be updated to track this progress, many are currently limited in their representation of hydrogen, and as a group they tend to generate highly variable results under decarbonization constraints. The present work provides insights into the development status and decarbonization scenario results of 15 energy system models participating in study 37 of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF37), focusing on the U.S. energy system. The models and scenario results vary widely in multiple respects: hydrogen technology representation, scope and type of hydrogen end-use markets, relative optimism of hydrogen technology input assumptions, and market uptake results reported for 2050 under various decarbonization assumptions. Most models report hydrogen market uptake increasing with decarbonization constraints, though some models report high carbon prices being required to achieve these increases and some find hydrogen does not compete well when assuming optimistic assumptions for all advanced decarbonization technologies. Across various scenarios, hydrogen market success tends to have an inverse relationship to success with direct air capture (DAC) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. While most model-scenario combinations predict modest hydrogen uptake by 2050 – <10 million metric tons (MMT) – aggregating the top 10 % of market uptake results across sectors suggests an upper range demand potential of 42–223 MMT. The high degree of variability across both modeling methods and market uptake results suggests that increased harmonization of both input assumptions and subsector competition scope would lead to more consistent results across energy system models. The wide variability in results indicates strongly divergent conclusions on the role of hydrogen in a decarbonized energy future.
氢气可用作能源载体和化学原料,以减少温室气体排放,尤其是在中型和重型车辆、航空和海运、钢铁以及燃料和化学品生产等难以脱碳的市场。在对各种氢气技术进行基于工程的评估方面,已经积累了大量文献,而实际项目也在更大规模和低碳供应链中验证技术性能。虽然能源系统模型在不断更新,以跟踪这一进展,但目前许多模型对氢的表现有限,而且作为一个群体,它们往往会在去碳化约束条件下产生非常多变的结果。本研究对参与斯坦福能源建模论坛(EMF37)第 37 项研究的 15 个能源系统模型的开发状况和去碳化情景结果进行了深入分析,重点关注美国能源系统。这些模型和情景结果在多个方面存在很大差异:氢能技术的代表性、氢能终端应用市场的范围和类型、氢能技术输入假设的相对乐观程度,以及在各种去碳化假设下报告的 2050 年市场吸收结果。大多数模型报告称,随着去碳化约束条件的增加,氢气的市场吸收量也在增加,但一些模型报告称,要实现这些增长需要高碳价格,还有一些模型发现,在对所有先进的去碳化技术进行乐观假设时,氢气的竞争能力并不强。在各种情景下,氢气市场的成功与否往往与直接空气捕集(DAC)和碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术的成功与否成反比关系。虽然大多数模型-情景组合预测到 2050 年氢气吸收量不大--1,000 万吨 (MMT),但汇总各行业前 10% 的市场吸收量结果,则表明需求潜力上限为 4,200 万吨至 2,2300 万吨。建模方法和市场吸收结果之间的高度差异表明,加强输入假设和分部门竞争范围的协调将使各能源系统模型的结果更加一致。结果的巨大差异表明,关于氢气在去碳化能源未来中的作用的结论存在很大分歧。
{"title":"Modeling hydrogen markets: Energy system model development status and decarbonization scenario results","authors":"M.W. Melaina ,&nbsp;C.S. Lenox ,&nbsp;M. Browning ,&nbsp;D.L. McCollum ,&nbsp;O. Bahn ,&nbsp;S. Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier and chemical feedstock to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially in difficult-to-decarbonize markets such as medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, aviation and maritime, iron and steel, and the production of fuels and chemicals. Significant literature has been accumulated on engineering-based assessments of various hydrogen technologies, and real-world projects are validating technology performance at larger scales and for low-carbon supply chains. While energy system models continue to be updated to track this progress, many are currently limited in their representation of hydrogen, and as a group they tend to generate highly variable results under decarbonization constraints. The present work provides insights into the development status and decarbonization scenario results of 15 energy system models participating in study 37 of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF37), focusing on the U.S. energy system. The models and scenario results vary widely in multiple respects: hydrogen technology representation, scope and type of hydrogen end-use markets, relative optimism of hydrogen technology input assumptions, and market uptake results reported for 2050 under various decarbonization assumptions. Most models report hydrogen market uptake increasing with decarbonization constraints, though some models report high carbon prices being required to achieve these increases and some find hydrogen does not compete well when assuming optimistic assumptions for all advanced decarbonization technologies. Across various scenarios, hydrogen market success tends to have an inverse relationship to success with direct air capture (DAC) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. While most model-scenario combinations predict modest hydrogen uptake by 2050 – &lt;10 million metric tons (MMT) – aggregating the top 10 % of market uptake results across sectors suggests an upper range demand potential of 42–223 MMT. The high degree of variability across both modeling methods and market uptake results suggests that increased harmonization of both input assumptions and subsector competition scope would lead to more consistent results across energy system models. The wide variability in results indicates strongly divergent conclusions on the role of hydrogen in a decarbonized energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Operationalisation of low-carbon energy for sustainable agricultural production among smallholder women farmers in Nigeria 在尼日利亚小农妇女中推广低碳能源,促进可持续农业生产
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100159
Ejiofor Emmanuel Omeje, Anselm Anibueze Enete, Ridwan Mukaila, Ogochukwu Gabriela Onah, Ikenna Charles Ukwuaba, Chris Nnamdi Onyekwe

The use of high-carbon energy (HCE) causes adverse effects on the environment and sustainable food production. Yet, low-carbon energy (LCE) use among women farmers is missing in the literature. Therefore, this study investigates the operationalization of LCE use for sustainable agricultural production among smallholder women farmers in Nigeria. Data collected from randomly selected 350 women farmers were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and an economics cost model. The results revealed that the women farmers were aware of LCE and used LCE for drying farm output, lighting and heating pens. The average cost of ownership and installation of LCE (solar power systems) by women farmers was N500,000 (USD 510.20) while the cost of ownership/installation of generators was N210,000 (USD 214.29). In the first period, the cost of installing the solar system was higher than that of installing fossil generators by the HCE users. The economic cost model showed that the LCE remained at N500,000 (USD 510.20) while HCE was put at N1,250,000 (USD 1,275.51) in the fifth year. The output of the LCE user (7,108.47 kg) was significantly higher than the users of HCE (4,446.84 kg). In the same vein, users of LCE had a higher income of N1,246,536 (USD 1,271.98) than the users of HCE with an average income of N941,232 (USD 960.44). Thus, the use of LCE is not only for a sustainable environment but also for sustainable production and income. Therefore, this study calls for the promotion of the use of LCE to have a sustainable and productive farming enterprise.

使用高碳能源(HCE)会对环境和可持续粮食生产造成不利影响。然而,文献中却缺少女性农民使用低碳能源(LCE)的情况。因此,本研究调查了尼日利亚小农妇女使用低碳能源促进可持续农业生产的实际情况。研究采用描述性统计、t 检验和经济成本模型对随机抽取的 350 名女农民的数据进行了分析。结果表明,女农民了解 LCE,并将 LCE 用于干燥农场产出、照明和加热围栏。女农民拥有和安装 LCE(太阳能发电系统)的平均成本为 50 万纽币(510.20 美元),而拥有/安装发电机的成本为 21 万纽币(214.29 美元)。在第一阶段,HCE 用户安装太阳能系统的成本高于安装化石发电机的成本。经济成本模型显示,在第五年,LCE 的成本仍为 500,000 纳克法郎(510.20 美元),而 HCE 的成本为 1,250,000 纳克法郎(1,275.51 美元)。LCE 用户的产量(7 108.47 公斤)明显高于 HCE 用户(4 446.84 公斤)。同样,LCE 用户的收入为 1,246,536 纳克法郎(1,271.98 美元),高于 HCE 用户的平均收入 941,232 纳克法郎(960.44 美元)。因此,使用 LCE 不仅是为了可持续的环境,也是为了可持续的生产和收入。因此,本研究呼吁推广使用 LCE,以实现农业企业的可持续发展和高产。
{"title":"Operationalisation of low-carbon energy for sustainable agricultural production among smallholder women farmers in Nigeria","authors":"Ejiofor Emmanuel Omeje,&nbsp;Anselm Anibueze Enete,&nbsp;Ridwan Mukaila,&nbsp;Ogochukwu Gabriela Onah,&nbsp;Ikenna Charles Ukwuaba,&nbsp;Chris Nnamdi Onyekwe","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of high-carbon energy (HCE) causes adverse effects on the environment and sustainable food production. Yet, low-carbon energy (LCE) use among women farmers is missing in the literature. Therefore, this study investigates the operationalization of LCE use for sustainable agricultural production among smallholder women farmers in Nigeria. Data collected from randomly selected 350 women farmers were analysed using descriptive statistics, <em>t</em>-tests, and an economics cost model. The results revealed that the women farmers were aware of LCE and used LCE for drying farm output, lighting and heating pens. The average cost of ownership and installation of LCE (solar power systems) by women farmers was <del>N</del>500,000 (USD 510.20) while the cost of ownership/installation of generators was <del>N</del>210,000 (USD 214.29). In the first period, the cost of installing the solar system was higher than that of installing fossil generators by the HCE users. The economic cost model showed that the LCE remained at <del>N</del>500,000 (USD 510.20) while HCE was put at <del>N</del>1,250,000 (USD 1,275.51) in the fifth year. The output of the LCE user (7,108.47 kg) was significantly higher than the users of HCE (4,446.84 kg). In the same vein, users of LCE had a higher income of <del>N</del>1,246,536 (USD 1,271.98) than the users of HCE with an average income of <del>N</del>941,232 (USD 960.44). Thus, the use of LCE is not only for a sustainable environment but also for sustainable production and income. Therefore, this study calls for the promotion of the use of LCE to have a sustainable and productive farming enterprise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can energy transition interventions promote financial inclusion? Measuring unintended effects of Ghana's energy transition program 能源转型干预措施能否促进金融包容性?衡量加纳能源转型计划的意外影响
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100157
Kwame Adjei-Mantey , Eric Evans Osei Opoku

Global concerns about climate change and its effects and the quest for sustainable development have necessitated policy actions, including energy interventions. Besides the intended goal of energy transition, these interventions often have unintended impacts, which ought to be measured when assessing the overall effects of these energy interventions. This study investigated the impact of a clean cooking fuel transition program in Ghana on financial inclusion. It used a cross-sectional survey of over 900 households in two districts in Ghana where a clean energy transition intervention had been implemented. The study employed linear probability and matching techniques and found that clean energy interventions can promote financial inclusion among beneficiary households. The probability of being significantly associated with financial inclusion is at least 6.6% higher for treated households than it is for households that did not benefit from the program. The findings are robust across different outcome variables and the potential transmission mechanisms are discussed. The study provides evidence for policymakers to count the effect of financial inclusion in measuring the program's overall impact. Furthermore, the findings underscore the need for policies that provide the needed infrastructure and financial ‘ecosystem’ to support financial inclusion, particularly in rural areas where the energy interventions are implemented.

全球对气候变化及其影响的关注,以及对可持续发展的追求,使得有必要采取政策行 动,包括能源干预措施。除了能源转型的预期目标外,这些干预措施往往会产生意想不到的影响,在评估这些能源干预措施的总体效果时,应衡量这些影响。本研究调查了加纳清洁烹饪燃料过渡计划对金融包容性的影响。研究对加纳两个地区的 900 多户家庭进行了横截面调查,在这两个地区实施了清洁能源过渡干预措施。研究采用了线性概率和匹配技术,发现清洁能源干预措施可以促进受益家庭的金融包容性。与未从该计划中受益的家庭相比,接受干预的家庭与金融包容性明显相关的概率至少高出 6.6%。研究结果在不同的结果变量中都是稳健的,并讨论了潜在的传导机制。这项研究为政策制定者提供了证据,以便在衡量计划的整体影响时考虑金融包容性的影响。此外,研究结果还强调,有必要制定政策,提供所需的基础设施和金融 "生态系统",以支持金融包容性,尤其是在实施能源干预措施的农村地区。
{"title":"Can energy transition interventions promote financial inclusion? Measuring unintended effects of Ghana's energy transition program","authors":"Kwame Adjei-Mantey ,&nbsp;Eric Evans Osei Opoku","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global concerns about climate change and its effects and the quest for sustainable development have necessitated policy actions, including energy interventions. Besides the intended goal of energy transition, these interventions often have unintended impacts, which ought to be measured when assessing the overall effects of these energy interventions. This study investigated the impact of a clean cooking fuel transition program in Ghana on financial inclusion. It used a cross-sectional survey of over 900 households in two districts in Ghana where a clean energy transition intervention had been implemented. The study employed linear probability and matching techniques and found that clean energy interventions can promote financial inclusion among beneficiary households. The probability of being significantly associated with financial inclusion is at least 6.6% higher for treated households than it is for households that did not benefit from the program. The findings are robust across different outcome variables and the potential transmission mechanisms are discussed. The study provides evidence for policymakers to count the effect of financial inclusion in measuring the program's overall impact. Furthermore, the findings underscore the need for policies that provide the needed infrastructure and financial ‘ecosystem’ to support financial inclusion, particularly in rural areas where the energy interventions are implemented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666278724000333/pdfft?md5=6368677d6dd2801698a991af176f5841&pid=1-s2.0-S2666278724000333-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is energy planning consistent with climate goals? Assessing future emissions from power plants in Latin America and the Caribbean 能源规划是否符合气候目标?评估拉丁美洲和加勒比地区发电厂未来的排放量
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100151
Catalina Marinkovic , Adrien Vogt-Schilb

Ten Latin American and Caribbean countries have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality since 2019. We assess whether electricity planning in the region has evolved towards reaching this goal. We compare power generation capacity in 2023 with announced plans in 2019. We then estimate committed emissions from existing and planned power plants – emissions that would result from the normal operation of these plants during their typical lifetime – and compare them to emissions from power generation in published IPCC scenarios. We find that fossil fuel planned capacity has decreased by 47 % since 2019, compared to an increase of 24 % of planned renewable power plants. Countries with net-zero pledges tended to cancel more fossil fuel power capacity. But existing plants in the region will emit 6.7 GtCO2 during their lifespan, and if all planned fossil fuel plants are built, they will add 4.9 GtCO2. The total 11.6 GtCO2 emissions exceeds median carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C-consistent IPCC pathways (2.3 and 4.3 GtCO2). Natural gas power plants are the largest contributor to existing (62 %) and planned (75 %) emissions. We evaluate emissions reduction strategies to achieve carbon budgets. Assuming no new coal plants come into operation, announced gas and oil projects are canceled at the same rate as in the past four years, all fossil fueled plant lifetimes are reduced by 10 years, and all new natural gas displaces existing coal, committed emissions fall by 67 %, meeting the median 2 °C budget, but still falling short of the median 1.5 °C budget. While progress is being made, energy planning in the region is not yet consistent with global climate goals as reflected by IPCC scenarios.

十个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家已承诺自 2019 年起实现碳中和。我们将评估该地区的电力规划是否已朝着实现这一目标的方向发展。我们将 2023 年的发电能力与 2019 年公布的计划进行了比较。然后,我们估算了现有和规划中发电厂的承诺排放量--这些发电厂在其典型使用寿命内正常运行所产生的排放量--并将其与政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)公布的情景下的发电排放量进行比较。我们发现,自 2019 年以来,化石燃料的规划发电量减少了 47%,而规划的可再生能源发电厂则增加了 24%。净零承诺的国家倾向于取消更多的化石燃料发电能力。但是,该地区现有电厂在其生命周期内将排放 6.7 千兆吨二氧化碳,如果所有规划的化石燃料电厂都建成,则将增加 4.9 千兆吨二氧化碳。11.6 GtCO2 的总排放量超过了与 1.5 和 2 °C 一致的 IPCC 途径的碳预算中值(2.3 和 4.3 GtCO2)。天然气发电厂是现有排放量(62%)和计划排放量(75%)的最大贡献者。我们评估了实现碳预算的减排战略。假设没有新的煤电厂投产,已宣布的天然气和石油项目以与过去四年相同的速度被取消,所有化石燃料发电厂的寿命缩短 10 年,所有新的天然气取代现有的煤炭,则承诺的排放量将下降 67%,达到中位数 2 °C 预算,但仍低于中位数 1.5 °C 预算。虽然正在取得进展,但该地区的能源规划还不符合 IPCC 预测的全球气候目标。
{"title":"Is energy planning consistent with climate goals? Assessing future emissions from power plants in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"Catalina Marinkovic ,&nbsp;Adrien Vogt-Schilb","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ten Latin American and Caribbean countries have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality since 2019. We assess whether electricity planning in the region has evolved towards reaching this goal. We compare power generation capacity in 2023 with announced plans in 2019. We then estimate committed emissions from existing and planned power plants – emissions that would result from the normal operation of these plants during their typical lifetime – and compare them to emissions from power generation in published IPCC scenarios. We find that fossil fuel planned capacity has decreased by 47 % since 2019, compared to an increase of 24 % of planned renewable power plants. Countries with net-zero pledges tended to cancel more fossil fuel power capacity. But existing plants in the region will emit 6.7 GtCO<sub>2</sub> during their lifespan, and if all planned fossil fuel plants are built, they will add 4.9 GtCO<sub>2</sub>. The total 11.6 GtCO<sub>2</sub> emissions exceeds median carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C-consistent IPCC pathways (2.3 and 4.3 GtCO<sub>2</sub>). Natural gas power plants are the largest contributor to existing (62 %) and planned (75 %) emissions. We evaluate emissions reduction strategies to achieve carbon budgets. Assuming no new coal plants come into operation, announced gas and oil projects are canceled at the same rate as in the past four years, all fossil fueled plant lifetimes are reduced by 10 years, and all new natural gas displaces existing coal, committed emissions fall by 67 %, meeting the median 2 °C budget, but still falling short of the median 1.5 °C budget. While progress is being made, energy planning in the region is not yet consistent with global climate goals as reflected by IPCC scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142167501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of a coupled agent-based generation expansion planning tool with a power dispatch model 开发基于代理的发电扩展规划工具和电力调度模型
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100156
Ali Ghaffari , Fengwei Hung , Y.C. Ethan Yang , Jin Lu , Xingpeng Li

Power companies need to adapt their generation expansion planning in response to changing market, climate and regulatory conditions as global warming, electrification, and technology breakthroughs continue. To fortify energy system resilience, it is critical to understand the collective effects of their autonomous decisions on power systems operations and reliability. To this end, we developed an integrated framework, an agent-based model (ABM) coupled with a power dispatch model (PDM) (referred to as ABM-PDM), tested on the Texas 123-bus transmission system in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region. Agents (power generation companies) can invest in natural gas, solar, and wind technologies to maximize profits from 2021 to 2050, using market information from the PDM based on their capital budget and perceived costs, financial incentives for renewable energy, and climate risks. We applied ABM-PDM to assess how power companies respond to future technological advancements and climate change. After demonstrating model credibility, we explored 25 combinations of cost and capacity factors reflecting a variety of technological evolution trajectories. Results indicated that to replace wind over solar for replacing existing fossil-fuel power plants due to lower costs and higher capacity factors. Additionally, as more agents invest, the energy market becomes more competitive, and system-wide electricity prices drop. We also analyzed the impacts of temperature increases on investments using seven projections, from 0 to 6 °C, during the modeling period. The results showed that as temperatures rise, agents invest more to accommodate the increasing loads. ABM-PDM incorporates risk attitude and learning into companies’ decision-making, providing additional information on generation expansion for the non-optimal future of power systems.

随着全球变暖、电气化和技术突破的不断发展,电力公司需要调整其发电扩建规划,以应对不断变化的市场、气候和监管条件。为了加强能源系统的恢复能力,了解其自主决策对电力系统运行和可靠性的集体影响至关重要。为此,我们开发了一个综合框架,即基于代理的模型(ABM)和电力调度模型(PDM)(简称 ABM-PDM),并在德克萨斯州电力可靠性委员会(ERCOT)地区的德克萨斯 123 总线输电系统上进行了测试。代理(发电公司)可以根据其资本预算和感知成本、可再生能源的财政激励措施以及气候风险,利用 PDM 提供的市场信息,投资天然气、太阳能和风能技术,以实现 2021 年至 2050 年的利润最大化。我们应用 ABM-PDM 评估电力公司如何应对未来的技术进步和气候变化。在证明了模型的可信度后,我们探索了 25 种反映各种技术发展轨迹的成本和容量因素组合。结果表明,在替代现有化石燃料发电厂方面,风能的成本更低,产能系数更高,因此风能的替代率要高于太阳能。此外,随着投资主体的增多,能源市场的竞争会变得更加激烈,整个系统的电价也会下降。我们还分析了建模期间气温上升对投资的影响,采用了从 0 °C 到 6 °C 的七种预测。结果表明,随着气温升高,代理人会加大投资以适应不断增加的负荷。ABM-PDM 将风险态度和学习纳入公司决策,为电力系统非最佳未来的发电扩张提供了更多信息。
{"title":"Development of a coupled agent-based generation expansion planning tool with a power dispatch model","authors":"Ali Ghaffari ,&nbsp;Fengwei Hung ,&nbsp;Y.C. Ethan Yang ,&nbsp;Jin Lu ,&nbsp;Xingpeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Power companies need to adapt their generation expansion planning in response to changing market, climate and regulatory conditions as global warming, electrification, and technology breakthroughs continue. To fortify energy system resilience, it is critical to understand the collective effects of their autonomous decisions on power systems operations and reliability. To this end, we developed an integrated framework, an agent-based model (ABM) coupled with a power dispatch model (PDM) (referred to as ABM-PDM), tested on the Texas 123-bus transmission system in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region. Agents (power generation companies) can invest in natural gas, solar, and wind technologies to maximize profits from 2021 to 2050, using market information from the PDM based on their capital budget and perceived costs, financial incentives for renewable energy, and climate risks. We applied ABM-PDM to assess how power companies respond to future technological advancements and climate change. After demonstrating model credibility, we explored 25 combinations of cost and capacity factors reflecting a variety of technological evolution trajectories. Results indicated that to replace wind over solar for replacing existing fossil-fuel power plants due to lower costs and higher capacity factors. Additionally, as more agents invest, the energy market becomes more competitive, and system-wide electricity prices drop. We also analyzed the impacts of temperature increases on investments using seven projections, from 0 to 6 °C, during the modeling period. The results showed that as temperatures rise, agents invest more to accommodate the increasing loads. ABM-PDM incorporates risk attitude and learning into companies’ decision-making, providing additional information on generation expansion for the non-optimal future of power systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142150830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of electrification and the power sector in U.S. carbon neutrality 电气化和电力部门在美国碳中和中的作用
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100155
Kowan T.V. O'Keefe , Gokul Iyer , Kathleen M. Kennedy , Yang Ou , Alicia Zhao , Ryna Cui , Haewon McJeon , Nathan Hultman

The United States has pledged to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. We examine a series of net-zero CO2 scenarios to investigate the impact of advanced electrification of end-use sectors on the dynamics of America's net-zero transition through 2050. Specifically, we use an integrated assessment model, GCAM-USA, to explore how advanced electrification can influence the evolution of the electricity system in pursuit of net-zero. State-level resolution for end-use demand sectors and energy transformation is a key feature of GCAM-USA that allows for elucidation of the variation in end-use electrification across states. All scenarios in this study are designed to be consistent with the modeling protocol for the Energy Modeling Forum Study 37 model inter-comparison project. Our scenarios show the scale of transformation in the power sector with average annual capacity additions reaching 121-143 GW/year and 172-190 GW/year in 2050 net-zero CO2 scenarios and 2045 net-zero CO2 scenarios, respectively, in the 2040s — approximately three to five times the 2021-2023 average. In 2050 net-zero CO2 scenarios, electrification rates in 2050 range from 15-48 % for transportation, 65-83 % for buildings, and 20-38 % for industry. If net-zero CO2 is achieved in 2045, transportation, buildings, and industry are 27-53 %, 78-84 %, and 41-53 % electrified by 2050, respectively. Advanced electrification of end-use sectors can reduce the magnitude of reliance on negative emissions by driving down residual positive emissions by mid-century. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a net-zero transition in the United States will require deep and rapid structural changes to the energy system.

美国已承诺到 2050 年实现温室气体净零排放。我们研究了一系列二氧化碳净零排放情景,以探讨最终使用部门的先进电气化对美国到 2050 年实现净零排放的动态影响。具体来说,我们使用综合评估模型 GCAM-USA 来探索先进电气化如何影响电力系统在实现净零排放过程中的演变。GCAM-USA 的一个主要特点是在州一级对终端需求部门和能源转型进行解析,从而阐明各州在终端电气化方面的差异。本研究中的所有情景都符合能源建模论坛研究 37 模型相互比较项目的建模协议。我们的情景方案显示了电力行业的转型规模,在 2050 年二氧化碳净排放为零的情景方案和 2045 年二氧化碳净排放为零的情景方案中,2040 年代的年均新增发电能力分别达到 1.21-1.43 亿千瓦/年和 1.72-1.90 亿千瓦/年,约为 2021-2023 年平均水平的三到五倍。在 2050 年二氧化碳净零排放情景下,2050 年交通电气化率为 15-48%,建筑电气化率为 65-83%,工业电气化率为 20-38%。如果在 2045 年实现二氧化碳净零排放,到 2050 年,交通、建筑和工业的电气化率分别为 27-53%、78-84% 和 41-53%。到本世纪中叶,终端使用部门的先进电气化可降低剩余正排放量,从而减少对负排放量的依赖程度。总之,我们的研究结果表明,美国的净零排放转型需要对能源系统进行深入而快速的结构性变革。
{"title":"The role of electrification and the power sector in U.S. carbon neutrality","authors":"Kowan T.V. O'Keefe ,&nbsp;Gokul Iyer ,&nbsp;Kathleen M. Kennedy ,&nbsp;Yang Ou ,&nbsp;Alicia Zhao ,&nbsp;Ryna Cui ,&nbsp;Haewon McJeon ,&nbsp;Nathan Hultman","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The United States has pledged to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. We examine a series of net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> scenarios to investigate the impact of advanced electrification of end-use sectors on the dynamics of America's net-zero transition through 2050. Specifically, we use an integrated assessment model, GCAM-USA, to explore how advanced electrification can influence the evolution of the electricity system in pursuit of net-zero. State-level resolution for end-use demand sectors and energy transformation is a key feature of GCAM-USA that allows for elucidation of the variation in end-use electrification across states. All scenarios in this study are designed to be consistent with the modeling protocol for the Energy Modeling Forum Study 37 model inter-comparison project. Our scenarios show the scale of transformation in the power sector with average annual capacity additions reaching 121-143 GW/year and 172-190 GW/year in 2050 net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> scenarios and 2045 net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> scenarios, respectively, in the 2040s — approximately three to five times the 2021-2023 average. In 2050 net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> scenarios, electrification rates in 2050 range from 15-48 % for transportation, 65-83 % for buildings, and 20-38 % for industry. If net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> is achieved in 2045, transportation, buildings, and industry are 27-53 %, 78-84 %, and 41-53 % electrified by 2050, respectively. Advanced electrification of end-use sectors can reduce the magnitude of reliance on negative emissions by driving down residual positive emissions by mid-century. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a net-zero transition in the United States will require deep and rapid structural changes to the energy system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of the iron and steel sector in achieving net zero U.S. CO2 emissions by 2050 钢铁行业在 2050 年实现美国二氧化碳净零排放中的作用
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100152
Siddarth Durga, Simone Speizer, Jae Edmonds

The U.S. steel sector is a hard-to-abate sector because of its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and its high capital requirements. In 2015, the sector was one of the major carbon emitters, contributing 10 % of the U.S. industrial CO2 emissions. The ability to decarbonize the U.S. iron and steel sector directly affects the ability of the U.S. to achieve economy-wide net zero CO2 by 2050. In this paper, we use the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) to analyze different U.S. steel sector decarbonization pathways under varying technology, policy, and demand futures. These pathways provide insights on how various low-carbon steelmaking technologies such as those using carbon capture and storage (CCS), hydrogen, or scrap could help reduce U.S. steel emissions by mid-century. In our primary decarbonization pathway, we find that nearly all of the conventional fossil-based steelmaking capacity is fully integrated with CCS by 2050. However, without CCS availability, almost all of the conventional fossil-based steelmaking is phased-out by 2050 and is replaced by hydrogen-based production. Scrap-based production continues to remain vital across both of these decarbonization pathways. Furthermore, we find that demand reduction could help reduce the required levels of CCS and hydrogen-based production in the decarbonization pathways. Implementation of advanced energy efficiency measures could help substantially reduce the sector's energy usage. Finally, we observe that addressing the embodied carbon transfer associated with steel imports will be crucial for fully decarbonizing the U.S. steel sector.

由于严重依赖化石燃料且资本要求高,美国钢铁行业是一个难以消退的行业。2015 年,该行业是主要的碳排放者之一,占美国工业二氧化碳排放量的 10%。美国钢铁行业去碳化的能力直接影响到美国到 2050 年实现整个经济二氧化碳净零排放的能力。在本文中,我们利用全球变化分析模型(GCAM)分析了在不同技术、政策和需求前景下美国钢铁行业的不同脱碳途径。这些路径提供了各种低碳炼钢技术(如使用碳捕集与封存(CCS)、氢或废钢的技术)到本世纪中叶如何帮助减少美国钢铁排放的见解。在我们的主要去碳化路径中,我们发现到2050年,几乎所有的传统化石基炼钢能力都与CCS完全集成。然而,如果没有 CCS,到 2050 年,几乎所有的传统化石基炼钢都将被淘汰,取而代之的是氢基生产。在这两种去碳化途径中,废钢生产仍然至关重要。此外,我们还发现,减少需求有助于降低去碳化途径中所需的碳捕获与储存和氢基生产水平。实施先进的能效措施有助于大幅减少该行业的能源使用量。最后,我们注意到,解决与钢铁进口相关的内含碳转移问题对美国钢铁行业的全面脱碳至关重要。
{"title":"The role of the iron and steel sector in achieving net zero U.S. CO2 emissions by 2050","authors":"Siddarth Durga,&nbsp;Simone Speizer,&nbsp;Jae Edmonds","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The U.S. steel sector is a hard-to-abate sector because of its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and its high capital requirements. In 2015, the sector was one of the major carbon emitters, contributing 10 % of the U.S. industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The ability to decarbonize the U.S. iron and steel sector directly affects the ability of the U.S. to achieve economy-wide net zero CO<sub>2</sub> by 2050. In this paper, we use the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) to analyze different U.S. steel sector decarbonization pathways under varying technology, policy, and demand futures. These pathways provide insights on how various low-carbon steelmaking technologies such as those using carbon capture and storage (CCS), hydrogen, or scrap could help reduce U.S. steel emissions by mid-century. In our primary decarbonization pathway, we find that nearly all of the conventional fossil-based steelmaking capacity is fully integrated with CCS by 2050. However, without CCS availability, almost all of the conventional fossil-based steelmaking is phased-out by 2050 and is replaced by hydrogen-based production. Scrap-based production continues to remain vital across both of these decarbonization pathways. Furthermore, we find that demand reduction could help reduce the required levels of CCS and hydrogen-based production in the decarbonization pathways. Implementation of advanced energy efficiency measures could help substantially reduce the sector's energy usage. Finally, we observe that addressing the embodied carbon transfer associated with steel imports will be crucial for fully decarbonizing the U.S. steel sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142150829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pathways for the US food processing sector under economy-wide net zero in a multisector dynamic framework 多部门动态框架下全经济净零条件下美国食品加工业的发展路径
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100150
Siddarth Durga, Simone Speizer, Xin Zhao, Stephanie Waldoff, Jae Edmonds

The food processing sector is a large, energy-consuming and CO2-emitting industrial sector. The sector was estimated to account for 6 % of US industrial CO2 emissions in 2020. The sector uses significant amounts of fossil fuels, biomass, and electricity to perform a range of operations such as baking, drying, and refrigeration. Additionally, the sector is tightly linked to the agriculture and land use sectors. In this analysis, we use the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM), a coupled, energy-economy-agriculture-land-use-water-climate systems model, to examine the role of the food processing sector in the EMF37 2050 US net-zero CO2 scenario. We explore the implications for technology and fuel choice and go beyond to examine US food consumption, food prices, and land-use change. To better understand the sensitivity of our results to alternative developments, we assess multiple sensitivity scenarios for the US and other world regions, with a focus on varied food processing energy intensity pathways.

We find that along the EMF37 US net-zero path, the food processing sector electrifies the majority of its process heat. We also find that the industry phases-down natural gas use and completely phases-out coal. Additionally, we observe a marginal decrease in US food consumption per capita relative to our reference scenario. This primarily occurs due to the increase in consumer food prices resulting from increased demand for purpose-grown biomass crops, which compete with food crops for land resources. Finally, cumulative energy savings of 4.2 EJ are achieved from 2020 to 2050 in a scenario in which the US reduces its food processing intensity to EU-15 levels.

食品加工业是一个耗能大、二氧化碳排放量高的工业部门。据估计,2020 年该行业将占美国工业二氧化碳排放量的 6%。该部门使用大量化石燃料、生物质和电力来进行烘烤、干燥和冷藏等一系列操作。此外,该行业还与农业和土地利用行业密切相关。在本分析中,我们使用全球变化分析模型 (GCAM)(一个能源-经济-农业-土地利用-水-气候的耦合系统模型)来研究食品加工行业在 EMF37 2050 美国二氧化碳净零排放情景中的作用。我们探讨了技术和燃料选择的影响,并进一步研究了美国的食品消费、食品价格和土地利用变化。为了更好地理解我们的结果对其他发展的敏感性,我们评估了美国和世界其他地区的多种敏感性情景,重点关注不同的食品加工能源强度路径。我们还发现,该行业逐步减少天然气的使用,并完全淘汰煤炭。此外,与参考情景相比,我们发现美国人均食品消耗量略有下降。这主要是由于对专门种植的生物质农作物的需求增加导致消费者食品价格上涨,而生物质农作物与粮食作物争夺土地资源。最后,在美国将其食品加工强度降低到欧盟 15 国水平的情景下,从 2020 年到 2050 年可累计节约 4.2 EJ 能源。
{"title":"Pathways for the US food processing sector under economy-wide net zero in a multisector dynamic framework","authors":"Siddarth Durga,&nbsp;Simone Speizer,&nbsp;Xin Zhao,&nbsp;Stephanie Waldoff,&nbsp;Jae Edmonds","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The food processing sector is a large, energy-consuming and CO<sub>2-</sub>emitting industrial sector. The sector was estimated to account for 6 % of US industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2020. The sector uses significant amounts of fossil fuels, biomass, and electricity to perform a range of operations such as baking, drying, and refrigeration. Additionally, the sector is tightly linked to the agriculture and land use sectors. In this analysis, we use the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM), a coupled, energy-economy-agriculture-land-use-water-climate systems model, to examine the role of the food processing sector in the EMF37 2050 US net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> scenario. We explore the implications for technology and fuel choice and go beyond to examine US food consumption, food prices, and land-use change. To better understand the sensitivity of our results to alternative developments, we assess multiple sensitivity scenarios for the US and other world regions, with a focus on varied food processing energy intensity pathways.</p><p>We find that along the EMF37 US net-zero path, the food processing sector electrifies the majority of its process heat. We also find that the industry phases-down natural gas use and completely phases-out coal. Additionally, we observe a marginal decrease in US food consumption per capita relative to our reference scenario. This primarily occurs due to the increase in consumer food prices resulting from increased demand for purpose-grown biomass crops, which compete with food crops for land resources. Finally, cumulative energy savings of 4.2 EJ are achieved from 2020 to 2050 in a scenario in which the US reduces its food processing intensity to EU-15 levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Technological and policy directions for scaling-up blue hydrogen in India 在印度推广蓝氢的技术和政策方向
IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100149
Ajay K. Singh

The Government of India has indicated that hydrogen as an energy carrier will be a key part of its decarbonization solutions. Greater policy focus has been noticed on green hydrogen produced from electrolysis using renewable-powered electricity. That said, some other missions, such as the National Coal Gasification Mission, could directly tie into blue hydrogen production (from fossil fuels with CO2 storage). In this paper, we suggest two major policy initiatives for effective deployment of blue hydrogen. These include a comprehensive measurement programme for fugitive emissions and a level-playing field to ensure parity among sources. Moreover, we also provide insights as to why coalbed methane and underground coal gasification could provide somewhat overlooked feedstock of blue hydrogen. In doing so, the paper outlines the current state-of-the-art on blue hydrogen production in India, and recommendations for its scale-up.

印度政府表示,氢作为一种能源载体将成为其去碳化解决方案的关键部分。政策重点更多地放在利用可再生电力电解生产绿色氢气上。尽管如此,其他一些任务,如国家煤炭气化任务,也可以直接与蓝色氢气生产(利用化石燃料并储存二氧化碳)挂钩。在本文中,我们提出了有效部署蓝色氢气的两大政策措施。其中包括对散逸性排放的全面测量计划和确保不同来源之间平等的公平竞争环境。此外,我们还深入探讨了为什么煤层气和地下煤气化可以提供在某种程度上被忽视的蓝色氢气原料。在此过程中,本文概述了目前印度蓝色氢气生产的最新情况,并提出了扩大其规模的建议。
{"title":"Technological and policy directions for scaling-up blue hydrogen in India","authors":"Ajay K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Government of India has indicated that hydrogen as an energy carrier will be a key part of its decarbonization solutions. Greater policy focus has been noticed on green hydrogen produced from electrolysis using renewable-powered electricity. That said, some other missions, such as the National Coal Gasification Mission, could directly tie into blue hydrogen production (from fossil fuels with CO<sub>2</sub> storage). In this paper, we suggest two major policy initiatives for effective deployment of blue hydrogen. These include a comprehensive measurement programme for fugitive emissions and a level-playing field to ensure parity among sources. Moreover, we also provide insights as to why coalbed methane and underground coal gasification could provide somewhat overlooked feedstock of blue hydrogen. In doing so, the paper outlines the current state-of-the-art on blue hydrogen production in India, and recommendations for its scale-up.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142048527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Energy and climate change
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1